How Does R&D Expenditure Affect Employment and Growth? Understanding the Impact of Sectoral R&D Expenditures: The Case of Turkey

Abstract

R&D, which is an indicator of technological developments, is an important factor in the production process. R&D expenditures may lead to changes in the employment structure of the relevant sectors by affecting production factors. In this study, in order to determine the effect of R&D expenditures on employment and growth, R&D expenditure amounts, production income, and number of employments for thirteen different sectors, which their data were obtained from the NACE Rev2 classification system using TURKSTAT data for the period 2013-2022, were analyzed by creating a panel data set with these data. As a result of the analysis, it was found that there is a long-run relationship between R&D expenditures and growth. In the model, the long-run parameters are determined as 0.128 for R&D and -1.468 for the constant coefficient, and both variables are significant. Therefore, R&D expenditures affect the growth variable in the long run. A 1% increase in R&D expenditure increases production by approximately 13%. In addition, it can be said that when sectoral R&D expenditures increase, the Manufacturing, Electricity, Education, and Arts and Entertainment Services sectors are positively affected and increase the amount of production, while it decreases the amount of production in the Professional Scientific and Technical Services sector. There is no long-run relationship between R&D expenditures and employment, but when the sectors are evaluated separately, it is found that R&D expenditures have a positive effect on employment in Mining, Manufacturing, Electricity, Information Communication, and Arts and Entertainment Services, while they have a negative effect on employment in Construction and Wholesale-Retail Trade sectors.

Keywords

• Production
• Employment
• R&D
• Panel Data Analysis

Ar-Ge Harcamaları İstihdam ve Büyümeyi Nasıl Etkiler? Sektörel Ar-Ge Harcamalarının Etkisini Anlamak: Türkiye Örneği

Abstract

Teknolojik gelişmelerin göstergesi olan Ar-Ge üretim sürecinde önemli bir faktördür. Ar-Ge harcamaları üretim faktörlerini etkileyerek ilgili sektörlerin istihdam yapısında değişikliğe yol açabilir. Araştırmada Ar-Ge harcamalarının istihdam ve büyüme üzerindeki etkisini tespit etmek amacıyla 2013-2022 dönemi TÜİK verileri kullanılarak NACE Rev2 sınıflandırma sistemine göre verilere ulaşılan on üç farklı sektöre ilişkin Ar-Ge harcama tutarları, üretim geliri ve istihdam sayısı ele alınmış ve söz konusu verilerle panel veri seti oluşturularak analiz yapılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda Ar-Ge harcamaları ve büyüme arasında uzun dönemli ilişkinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Oluşturulan modelde uzun dönem parametreleri sırasıyla Ar-Ge için 0,128 sabit katsayı için -1,468 olarak tespit edilmiş ve her iki değişkeninde anlamlı olduğu görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla uzun dönemde Ar-Ge harcamaları büyüme değişkenini etkilemektedir. Ar-Ge harcamasındaki %1’lik artış üretimi yaklaşık %13 arttırmaktadır. Ayrıca sektörel Ar-Ge harcamaları arttığında İmalat, Elektrik, Eğitim ve Sanat Gösteri Eğlence Hizmetleri sektörleri olumlu etkilenerek üretim miktarını artırırken; Mesleki Bilimsel ve Teknik Hizmetler sektöründe ise üretim miktarını azalttığı söylenebilir. Ar-Ge harcamaları ve istihdam arasında uzun dönemli ilişkin olmadığı fakat sektörler ayrı ayrı değerlendirildiğinde Ar-Ge harcamalarının Maden, İmalat, Elektrik, Bilgi İletişim ve Sanat Gösteri Eğlence Hizmetleri alanlarında istihdamı olumlu etkilerken; İnşaat ve Toptan-Perakende Ticaret sektörlerinde ise istihdamı olumsuz etkilediği tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Üretim
• İstihdam
• Ar-Ge
• Panel Veri Analizi

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