Donanım Etkisi: Eldeki Bir Kuş Daldaki İki Kuştan İyi midir?

Öz

Bu çalışma donanım etkisi kavramını ve kültürel faktörlerin bu etki üzerindeki rolünü ele almaktadır. Donanım etkisi, bireylerin sahip oldukları ürünlere, sahip olmadan önce biçtiklerinden daha yüksek bir değer atfetmeleri durumudur. Buna göre bir ürünün birey tarafından algılanan değeri o insanın alıcı mı yoksa satıcı mı olduğuna bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Bu bakımdan ürünün sübjektif değerlendirmesini açıklamak için literatürde ürüne bağlılık, kayıptan kaçınma, işlem maliyeti, gelir etkisi, belirsizlik gibi farklı kavramlar kullanılmasına rağmen, bu durumun açıklanmasında en sık kullanılan kavram donanım etkisidir. Psikolojik ve ekonomik kökenleri olan bu etki, özellikle kayıptan kaçınma, duygusal bağlılık, statüko tercihi ve referans bağımlılığı gibi faktörlerle açıklanmaktadır. Literatürdeki deneysel çalışmalar, kişisel ve kültürel farklılıkların donanım etkisini nasıl şekillendirdiğini göstermektedir. Örneğin piyasa deneyimi yüksek bireylerde bu etkinin azaldığı, bireysellik-kolektivizm gibi kültürel unsurların ise bu eğilimi etkilediği gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çerçevede bu çalışma, donanım etkisi olarak nitelendirilen “bilişsel yanlılık”ın evrensel değil kültürel olarak inşa edilen bir fenomen olabileceğini öne sürmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Donanım Etkisi
• Bilişsel Yanlılık
• Rasyonalite
• Kültür

The Endowment Effect: Is a Bird in the Hand Worth More than Two in the Bush?

Abstract

This study examines the concept of the endowment effect and the role of cultural factors in shaping this phenomenon. The endowment effect refers to the tendency of individuals to assign a higher value to items they own compared to items they do not yet possess. Accordingly, the perceived value of a product by an individual varies depending on whether that person is a buyer or a seller. In this respect, although various concepts such as attachment to the product, loss aversion, transaction cost, income effect, and uncertainty are used in the literature to explain the subjective evaluation of a product, the most frequently employed concept in this explanation is the endowment effect. Rooted in both psychological and economic principles, this effect is explained through factors such as loss aversion, emotional attachment, status quo preference, and reference dependence. Experimental studies in the literature highlight how cultural differences influence the strength of the endowment effect. For example, it has been observed that individuals with higher market experience exhibit a weaker endowment effect, while cultural elements such as individualism and collectivism shape this tendency. The study, in this regard, suggests that the endowment effect, which is described as “cognitive bias”, is not a universal phenomenon but rather a culturally constructed concept.

Keywords

• The Endowment Effect
• Cognitive Bias
• Rationality
• Culture

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