Socio-economic Status of Women in Very High Human Development Countries: Cluster Analysis

Abstract

Human development is a people-centered approach to development. Instead of focusing on economic growth, human development focuses on the ability of development to respond to human needs and build human capacity. The United Nations (UN) compares countries every year with the Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI, which is prepared by taking the geometric averages of the Healthy Living Index, the Education Index, and the Standard of Living Index, provides information about the welfare standard of both countries and individuals. According to the HDI, countries are divided into four categories. Gender is also a part of human development. The place of women in social, economic, and political life and their representation in these areas are decisive for the human development level of countries. Gender comparisons for countries are made and reported by international organizations. In this study, countries with very high human development are compared in terms of gender data. The data set of the study consists of data from the HDI 2023 report prepared by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and gender data from the World Bank. In the study where 13 variables were selected from the World Bank data, the headings where gender inequality is most evident were preferred. The study is conducted with the data mining method. In the study, 69 countries in the very high human development category of the HDI Report are taken into consideration for the analysis. However, since the data of 10 countries out of 69 countries could not be accessed, the analysis is carried out with the data of 59 countries. The data are evaluated according to canopy, hierarchical, and K-means algorithms, and the algorithm with the highest Silhouette score is preferred. In the analysis according to the Canopy clustering algorithm, countries are divided into 4 clusters.

Keywords

• Human Development
• Gender
• Cluster Analysis

Çok Yüksek İnsani Gelişim Düzeyine Sahip Ülkelerde Kadınların Sosyoekonomik Durumu: Kümeleme Analizi

Abstract

İnsani gelişme, insan merkezli bir kalkınma yaklaşımıdır. İnsani gelişme ekonomik büyüme yerine, kalkınmanın insani ihtiyaçlara cevap verebilmesi ve insanın kapasitesini geliştirebilmesine odaklanmaktır. Birleşmiş Milletler (BM), İnsani Gelişme Endeksi (İGE) ile her yıl ülkeleri karşılaştırmaktadır. Sağlıklı Yaşam Endeksi, Eğitim Endeksi ve Yaşam Standardı Endeksinin geometrik ortalamaları alınarak hazırlanan İGE hem ülkelerin hem de bireylerin refah standardı hakkında bilgi vermektedir. İGE’ye göre ülkeler, dört kategoriye ayrılmaktadır. Toplumsal cinsiyet de insani gelişmenin bir parçasıdır. Kadınların toplumsal, ekonomik ve siyasal yaşam içindeki yeri ve bu alanlardaki temsiliyeti, ülkelerin insani gelişim düzeyinde belirleyicidir. Ülkeler açısından toplumsal cinsiyet karşılaştırmaları uluslararası kuruluşlar aracılığıyla yapılmakta ve raporlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada çok yüksek insani gelişmeye sahip ülkeler, toplumsal cinsiyet verileri açısından karşılaştırılmaktadır. Çalışmanın veri seti Birleşmiş Milletler Kalkınma Programı (UNDP) tarafından oluşturulan İGE 2023 raporunun verileri ve Dünya Bankası’nın toplumsal cinsiyet verilerinden oluşmaktadır. Dünya Bankası verilerinden 13 değişkenin seçildiği çalışmada, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin en fazla belirginleştiği başlıklar tercih edilmiştir. Çalışma veri madenciliği yöntemiyle yapılmıştır. Çalışmada analizler için İGE Raporu’nda çok yüksek insani gelişme kategorisinde yer alan 69 ülke dikkate alınmıştır. 69 ülkeden 10 ülkenin verilerine ulaşılamadığından 59 ülkenin verileri ile analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler canopy, hiyerarşik ve K-means algoritmalarına göre değerlendirilmiş ve en yüksek Silhouette skoruna göre algoritma tercih edilmiştir. Canopy kümeleme algoritmasına göre yapılan analizde, ülkeler 4 kümeye ayrılmıştır.

Keywords

• İnsani Gelişme
• Toplumsal Cinsiyet
• Kümeleme Analizi

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