Gıda Güvencesi Bağlamında Gıda Bankacılığı: İngiltere ve Kanada Ülke Örnekleri

Year 2021, , 153 - 176, 10.01.2021

Hikmet Gülçin Beken

https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.833354

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Temel bir ihtiyaç olan gıda, gıda hakkı ve güvencesi bağlamında ele alınabilecek bir konudur. Gıdayı toplayan, dağıtan, tamamlayıcı gıda ve öğün sağlayan kurumlar olarak gıda bankalarının oluşturulmasında gıda ve gıdaya erişimin temel bir insan hakkı olduğu gerçeği ile hareket edilebileceği gibi yardımseverlik ve hayırseverlik motivasyonları da belirleyici olabilir. Gıda bankalarını tartışmaya açık hale getiren nokta, gıda bankalarının ve sağladıkları desteklerin uzun vadedeki sürdürülebilirliği ve yeterliliği üzerinedir. Ayrıca, gıda bankalarının varlığı ve yaygınlığı devletin kendisine ait bir sorumluluk alanından çekilmesi ve bu alandaki sorumluluğunu yerine getirmemesi şeklinde de yorumlanmaktadır. Liberal refah devleti örneklerinden İngiltere’deki ve Kanada’daki gıda bankalarının varlığı üzerinden sosyal destek sistemlerinin ve devlet-birey ilişkilerinin yapısına bu çalışmada yer verilmeye çalışılacaktır. COVID-19 ile mücadele kapsamında alınan önlemler ve politikalar gıda bankalarını da doğrudan ve dolaylı şekilde etkilemiştir. Bu nedenle, son dönemde ortaya çıkan küresel pandeminin gıda bankalarına yönelik talep üzerindeki etkisine de yer verilecektir.

Keywords

gıda bankası, gıda güvencesi, politik iktisat, liberal refah devleti

Food Banking in the Context of Food Security: Canada and the UK Country Cases

Abstract

Food as a basic need can be evaluated on the ground of food security and the "right to food" approach. As institutions that collect, distribute, and provide complementary food and meals, food banks can be acted upon by the fact that access to food and food is a fundamental human right, as well as charity and philanthropy motivations, can be decisive. The point that makes food banks open to debate is the long-term sustainability and adequacy of food banks and the support they provide. Besides, the existence and the generality of food banks can be interpreted as the withdrawal of the state from its area of responsibility and its failure to fulfill its responsibility in this area. The structure of social support systems and state-individual relations through the existence of food banks in the UK and Canada, among the examples of the liberal welfare state, will be included in this study. The measures and policies taken within the scope of combating COVID-19 directly and indirectly affected food banks. Therefore, the impact of the recent global pandemic on the demand for food banks will also be included.

Keywords

food bank, food security, liberal welfare state, political economy

References

• Abou-Sabe, K., Romo,C., McFadden C. & Longoria, J. (2020, 8 Nisan). COVID-19 Crisis Heaps Pressure on Nation's Food Banks. Erişim adresi: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/covid-19-crisis-heaps-pressure-nation-s-food-banks-n1178731
• Aitchison, G. (2018). Compassion in Crisis How do People in Poverty Stay Afloat in Times of Emergency?, Church Action on Poverty. Erişim adresi:http://www.church-poverty.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Compassion-in-Crisis.pdf
• Andersen, J.G. (2012). Welfare States and Welfare State Theory. Centre for Comparative Welfare Studies Working Paper, Erişim adresi: https://www.politics-society.aau.dk/digitalAssets/684/684889_nr80_welfare-states-and-welfare-state-theory.pdf
• APPG (2014). Feeding Britain: A Strategy for Zero Hunger in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The Report Of The All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Hunger in the United Kingdom, Erişim adresi: https://feeding-britain.org/
• Baumberg, B., Bell, K., Gaffney, D., Deacon, R., Hood, C. & Sage, D. (2012). Benefits Stigma in Britain. University of Kent, Elizabeth FinnCare Report.
• Bazerghi, C., McKay, F.H. & Dunn, M. (2016). The Role of Food Banks in Addressing Food Insecurity: A Systematic Review. J Community Health, 41, 732–740.
• Beland, D., Marchildo, G. P., Prince, M.J. (2020). Understanding Universality within a Liberal Welfare Regime: The Case of Universal Social Programs in Canada. Social Inclusion, 8 (1):124–132. doi:10.17645/si.v8iX1.2445
• Bell, K. (2012). Poverty, Social Security and Stigma. Erişim adresi: https://cpag.org.uk/sites/default/files/CPAG-Povertyarticle-stigma-0213.pdf
• Benjaminsen, L., Dyb, E. ve O’Sullivan, E. (2009). The Governance of Homelessness in Liberal and Social Democratic Welfare Regimes: National Strategies and Models of Intervention. European Journal of Homelessness, 3(1):23-51.
• Berg, N. ve Gabel, T. (2014). Did Canadian Welfare Reform Work?: The Effects of New Reform Strategies on Social Assistance Participation. Erişim adresi: https://www.otago.ac.nz/economics/otago113947.pdf
• Breene, K. (2016, 18 Ocak), Food Security and Why it Matters, Erişim adresi: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/food-security-and-why-it-matters/.
• Brietneff, B. (2020, 15 Nisan). Food Banks’ Demand Surges Amid COVID-19. Now They Worry About Long-Term Pressures. Erişim adresi: https://globalnews.ca/news/6816023/food-bank-demand-covid-19-long-term-worry/
• Caritas Australia (2015, 23 Nisan).What Causes Food Insecurity?. (Blog yazısı),Erişim adresi: https://www.caritas.org.au/learn/blog/blog-detail/what-causes-food-insecurity-, (Erişim 03.02.2020)
• Castles. F. G. (2010) The English Speaking Countries. (ed) Francis G.Castles, Stephan Leibfried, Jane Lewis, Herbert Obinger and Christopher Pierson. The Oxford Handbook of The Welfare State içinde (630-642), Oxford University Press, US:New York.
• Channel 4 News (2013, 30 Mayıs). Half a Million People Turn to Food banks to Survive. Erişim adresi: https://www.channel4.com/news/food-banks-half-a-million-poverty-austerity
• Channel 4 News (2014, 20 Şubat). The Truth About Food Baks:Dependency or Welfare Crisis?. Erişim adresi: https://www.channel4.com/news/food-banks-key-questions-hunger-austerity-welfare-cuts
• Clapp, J.(2014). World Hunger And The Global Economy: Strong Linkages, Weak Action. Journal of International Affairs, Spring/Summer 2014, 67 (2): 1-17.
• Cooper, N. and Dumpleton, S. (2013). Walking The Breadline: The Scandal of Food Poverty in 21st Century Britain, Church Action on Poverty and OXFAM.
• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Supporting Foodbanks. Erişim adresi: https://www.london.gov.uk/coronavirus/volunteer-and-donate/coronavirus-covid-19-supporting-foodbanks
• De Schutter, O. (2013, 27 Şubat). Food Banks Can Only Plug the Holes in Social Safety Nets, The Guardian. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/27/food-banks-social-safety-nets
• Devereux, S. (2006). Distinguishing Between Chronic And Transitory Food İnsecurity in Emergency Needs Assessments. SENAC: WFP. Rome.
• Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Polity Press, Cambridge: UK.
• FAO (1996). Rome Declaration on World Food Security. World Food Summit, 13-17 November 1996, Rome- Italy.
• FAO (2008). An Introduction to the Basic Concepts of Food Security, EC-FAO Food Security Programme. Erişim adresi: http://www.fao.org/3/a-al936e.pdf.
• FAO/ IFAD/UNICEF/WFP and WHO (2019). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019: Safeguarding Against Economic Slowdowns and Downturns. Rome, FAO.
• Feeding America. How We're Responding to Coronavirus. Erişim adresi: https://www.feedingamerica.org/take-action/coronavirus
• Food Banks Canada (2019). Hunger Count 2019. Mississauga: Food Banks Canada.
• Gentilini, U. (2013). Banking on Food: The State of Food Banks in High-Income Countries. IDS Working Paper Number 415, Institute of Development Studies.
• Glauber, J., Laborde, D., Martin,W. ve Vos, R. (2020, 27 Mart). COVID-19: Trade Restrictions Are Worst Possible Response To Safeguard Food Security. IFPRI Blog: Issue Post. Erişim adresi: https://www.ifpri.org/blog/covid-19-trade-restrictions-are-worst-possible-response-safeguard-food-security
• Goldberg, M. & Green, D. A. (2009). Understanding the Link Between Welfare Policy and the Use of Food Banks. An Economic Security Project Report. CCPA.
• Goodwin, S. (2020). Independent Food Bank Emergency Food Parcel Distribution in The UK Comparing February -April 2019 with February-April 2020. Erişim adresi: https://uploads.strikinglycdn.com/files/c181ce8c- 230943a08fbf05193a0a2d4c/INDEPENDENT%20FOOD%20BANK%20EMERGENCY%20FOOD%20PARCEL%20DISTRIBUTION%20IN%20THE%20UKFINAL.pdf
• Government of Canada. Household Food Insecurity In Canada in 2007-2008: Key Statistics and Graphics. Erişim adresi: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-nutrition-surveillance/health-nutrition-surveys/canadian-community-health-survey-cchs/household-food-insecurity-canada-overview/household-food-insecurity-canada-2007-2008-key-statistics-graphics-food-nutrition-surveillance-health-canada.html
• Görmüş, E. (2019). Food Banks and Food Insecurity: Cases of Brazil and Turkey. Forum for Development Studies, 46(1):67-81.
• Gross, R., Schoeneberger, H., Pfeifer, H. ve Preuss, H.J.A. (2000). The Four Dimensions of Food and Nutrition Security:Definitions and Concepts. http://www.fao.org/elearning/course/fa/en/pdf/p-01_rg_concept.pdf, (Erişim tarihi 10.08.2020).
• Headey, D. & Ruel, M. (2020, 23 Nisan). The COVID-19 Nutrition Crisis: What to Expect and How to Protect, IFPRI Blog: Issue Post. Erişim adresi: https://www.ifpri.org/blog/covid-19-nutrition-crisis-what-expect-and-how-protect
• Hemerijck, A. (2002). The Self Transformation of the European Social Models. Gosta Esping-Andersen, Duncan Allies, Anton Hemerijck ve John Myles(ed). Why We Need a New Welfare State içinde (173-213), Oxford University Press.
• Jawad, R. (2011). Food Banks: The Best Kept Secret of British Social Policy? (der) Liam Foster, Anne Brunton, Chris Deeming ve Tina Haux. In Defence of Welfare 2 içinde (128-130), Social Policy Assosication, England.
• Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF). Working Age in Poverty, Erişim adresi: https://www.jrf.org.uk/data/working-age-poverty.
• Kempson, E. ve Popp, C. (2020). Coronavirus Financial Impact Tracker: Key Findings from a National Survey, April 2020, Standart Life Foundation. Erişim adresi: https://www.standardlifefoundation.org.uk/data/assets/pdf_file/0021/57432/COVID-19-Tracker-April-2020-FINAL.pdf
• Kosonen, P. (1992). National Welfare State Models in the Face of European Integration. History of European Ideas. 15(1-3):47-54.
• Lambie-Mumford, H. (2015a). Addressing Food Poverty in the UK: Charity, Rights and Welfare, SPERI Paper No:18.
• Lambie-Mumford, H.(2015b). Britain’s Hunger Crisis. Where is the Social Policy. Zoë Irving, Menno Fenger and John Hudson (ed). Social Policy Review 27: Analysis and Debate in Social Policy, 2015 içinde (13-32). Policy Press/Social Policy Association, Great Britain.
• Lambie-Mumford, H. (2019). The growth of food banks in Britain and what they mean for social policy. Critical Social Policy, 39(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018318765855
• Lambie-Mumford H.& Green, M.A. (2017). Austerity, Welfare Reform and the Rising Use of Food Banks by Children in England and Wales. AREA, 49(3), 273-279.
• Lambie-Mumford, H., Crossley, D., Jensen, E., Verbeke, M. and Dowler, E. (2014). Household Food Security in the UK: A Review of Food Aid Final Report, February 2014.
• Long, M.A., Gonçalves, L., Stretesky, P.B. & Defeyter, M.A. (2020). Food Insecurity in Advanced Capitalist Nations:A Review.Sustainability, 12(9), 3654; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093654
• Loopstra, R. & Tarasuk, V. (2015). Food Bank Usage Is a Poor Indicator of Food Insecurity: Insights from Canada. Social Policy and Society, 14(03): 443–455. doi:10.1017/s1474746415000184
• Loopstra R. (2018). Rising Food Bank Use in the UK: Sign of a New Public Health Emergency? Nutrition Bulletin, 43, ss.53–60.
• Loopstra, R., Goodwin, S., Goldberg, B., Lambie-Mumford, H., May, J. and Williams, A. (2019). A Survey of Food Banks Operating Independently of the Trussell Trust Food Bank Network. Erişim adresi: http://www.foodaidnetwork.org.uk/
• Obst, T. (2013). Income Inequality and the Welfare State: How Redistributive is the Public Sector?, Working Paper No. 29, Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin, Institute for International Political Economy (IPE), Berlin.
• Pereira, A. L., Handa, S. & Holmqvist, G. (2017). Prevalence and Correlates of Food Insecurity among Children Across the Globe. UNICEF Office of Research, Innocenti Working Paper, WP-2017-09.
• Perry J., Williams, M., Sefton, T.& Haddad, M. (2014). Emergency Use Only Understanding and Reducing the Use of Food Banks in the UK. The Child Poverty Action Group, Church of England, Oxfam GB and The Trussell Trust Research Report. Erişim adresi: https://cpag.org.uk/sites/default/files/Food bank%20Report_web.pdf
• Poppendieck, J. (1994). Dilemmas of Emergency Food: A Guide for the Perplexed. Agriculture and Human Values 11, 69–76, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01530418
• Porter, I. (2020, 30 Nisan). Surge in Food Bank Use Shows We Need Stronger Lifelines to Stay Afloat. JRF Blog yazısı. Erişim adresi: https://www.jrf.org.uk/blog/surge-food-bank-use-shows-we-need-stronger-lifelines-stay-afloat
• Prime Minister of Canada (2020, 3 Nisan). Prime Minister Announces Support for Food Banks and Local Food Organizations, Erişim tarihi:https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2020/04/03/prime-minister-announces-support-food-banks-and-local-food
• Raymond, K. (2019). "Social Programs in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 01 October 2019, Historica Canada. Erişim tarihi: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/social-programs-in-canada.
• Riches, G. (1986). Food Banks and the Welfare Crisis, London:MacMillan/New York: St.Martins.
• Riches, G. (1997). Hunger, Food Security and Welfare Policies: Issues and Debates in First World Societies. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Vol:56, 63-74.
• Riches, G. (2002). Food Banks and Food Security: Welfare Reform, Human Rights and Social Policy. Lessons from Canada? Social Policy and Administration, 36(6), 648–663. doi:10.1111/1467-9515.00309
• Riches G. (2011). Thinking and Acting Outside the Charitable Food Box: Hunger and the Right to Food in Rich Societies. Development in Practice, 21:4-5, (768-775).
• Riches, G. & Tarasuk, V. (2014). Canada: Thirty Years of Food Charity and Public Policy Neglect. (ed) Graham Riches ve Tiina Silvasti. First World Hunger Revisited: Food Charity or the Right to Food? içinde (42-56), Palgrave MacMillan:UK, Second Edition.
• Roshanafshar, S.& ve Hawkins, E. (2018). Food Insecurity in Canada. Statistics Canada, Erişim adresi: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/82-624-x/2015001/article/14138-eng.pdf?st=fVW3Rfqn
• Schanbacher, W. D. (2010). The Global Conflict Between Food Security and Food Sovereignty. Praeger, Santa Barbara:California.
• Shahidi, V.F., Sod-Erdene, O., Ramraj, C., Hildebrand, V. & Siddiqi., Arjumand (2019). Government Social Assistance Programmes are Failing to Protect the Health of Low-Income Populations: Evidence from the USA and Canada (2003-2014). J Epidemiol Community Health. 73(3):198–205.
• Silvasti, T.& Riches,G. (2014). Hunger and Food Charity in Rich Societies:What Hope for the Right to Food? (ed) Graham Riches ve Tiina Silvasti. First World Hunger Revisited: Food Charity or the Right to Food? içinde (191-208), Palgrave MacMillan:UK, Second Edition.
• Smith, L.C., El Obeid, A.E. & Jensen, H.H. (2000). The Geography and Causes of Food Insecurity in Developing Countries. Agricultural Economics, 22(2), 199–215. doi:10.1016/s0169-5150(99)00051-1.
• Sosenko, F., Littlewood, M., Bramley, G., Fitzpatrick, S., Blenkinsopp, J.& Wood, J. (2019). State of Hunger: A study of Poverty and Food Insecurity in the UK, The Tussell Trust Network.
• SPERI (2014). Food Bank Provision and Welfare Reform in the UK. SPERI British Political Economy Brief No.4. Erişim adresi: http://speri.dept.shef.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/SPERI-British-Political-Economy-Brief-No4-Food-bank-provision-welfare-reform-in-the-UK.pdf
• Stamoulis, K. & Zezza, A. (2003). A Conceptual Framework for National Agricultural, Rural Development, and Food Security Strategies and Policies. ESA Working Paper No. 03-17, Agricultural and Development Economics Division, FAO, Rome. Erişim adresi: www. fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/007/ae050e/ ae050e00.htm.
• Tarasuk, V.S. & Davis, B. (1996). Responses to Food Insecurity in the Changing Canadian Welfare State . Journal of Nutrition Education, 28(2):71-75.
• Tarasuk, V. S. & Beaton, G. H. (1999). Household Food Insecurity and Hunger Among Families Using Food Banks. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 90(2): 109–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404112
• Tarasuk V. S. & Maclean, H. (1990). The Institutionalization of Food Banks In Canada: A Public Health Concern. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 81(4):331-332.
• Tarasuk, V.S. & Mitchell, A. (2020) Household Food Insecurity in Canada, 2017-18. Toronto: Research to Identify Policy Options to Reduce Food Insecurity (PROOF).
• Taylor, A. (2020, Mart). COVID-19: Latest Impact on Food. Erişim adresi: https://foodfoundation.org.uk/covid-19-latest-impact-on-food/
• Taylor-Gooby, P., Larsen, T. ve Kananen, J. (2004). Market Means and Welfare Ends: The UK Welfare State Experiment. Journal of Social Policy, 33 (4):573-592, doi:10.1017/S0047279404008001.
• The Global FoodBanking Network (GFN). https://www.foodbanking.org/why-we-exist/,
• The Global FoodBanking Network (GFN) (2019). Waste Not, Want Not:Toward Zero Hunger Food Banks as a Green Solution to Hunger.
• The Trussell Trust Foodbank (2017). Early Warnings: Universal Credit and Foodbanks.https://www.trusselltrust.org/wpcontent/uploads/sites/2/2017/04/Early-Warnings-Universal-Credit-and-Foodbanks.pdf.
• The Trussell Trust Network (2019, 25 Kasım). Record 1.6m Food Bank Parcels Given to People in Past Year as the Trussell Trust Calls for End to Universal Credit Five Week Wait. Erişim adresi: https://www.trusselltrust.org/2019/04/25/record-1-6m-food-bank-parcels/.
• The Trussel Trust Foodbank (2020, 1 Mayıs). Food Banks Report Record Spike in Need as Coalition of Anti-Poverty Charities Call For Strong Lifeline to be Thrown to Anyone Who Needs It. Erişim adresi: https://www.trusselltrust.org/2020/05/01/coalition-call/
• Thompson, C., Smith, D.& Cummins, S. (2019). Food Baking and Emergency Food Aid: Expanding the Definition of Local Food Environments and Systems. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrrition and Physical Activity, 16(2):1-3.
• Thompson, E., Jitendra, A. & Rabindrakumar, S. (2019, Eylül). #5 Weeks Too Long: Why We Need to End the Wait for Universal Credit, The Trussell Trust. Erişim adresi: https://www.trusselltrust.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/PolicyReport_Final_ForWeb.pdf
• UNDP. 2019 Human Development Index Ranking, http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking, (Erişim tarihi 12.10.2020).
• UK National Statistics. Households Below Average Income: 1994/95 to 2016/17. Erişim adresi: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/households-below-average-income-199495-to-201617
• UK National Statistics (2020,26 Mart). Households Below Average Income: An Analysis of the UK Income Distribution: 1994/95-2018/19. Erişim adresi: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/875261/households-below-average-income-1994-1995-2018-2019.pdf
• Universal Credit (t.y.). Erişim adresi: https://www.gov.uk/universal-credit
• University of Pittsburgh (t.y). How to Conceptualize the Welfare State, https://www.pitt.edu/~heinisch/concept.html
• Vis, B.& Van Kersbergen, K. (2011). Do Welfare States Do What They Promise to Do? How Welfare States Shape and Re‐Shape Poverty & Inequality. Paper prepared for the workshop “Redistribution Paradoxes: The Politics of Welfare” at the ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshop, 2011, 12‐17 April.
• Zannis, A. (2019, 2 Ekim). Cuts to Social Assistance are Detrimental to Our Social Fabric. Erişim adresi:https://cwp-csp.ca/2019/10/cuts-to-social-assistance-are-detrimental-to-our-social-fabric/
• Wallace, B., Klein, S. & Reitsma-Street, M. (2006.) Denied Assistance: Closing the Front Door on Welfare in BC. Vancouver: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives – BC Office and the Vancouver Island Public Interest Research Group.