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The Effect of Old Labor Force on Unemployment After Increasing the Pension Age in Turkey: An Econometric Analysis

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 2437 - 2466, 18.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1321363

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term relationship between the change in the labor force participation rates of the 15-24, 25-54, and 55-64 age groups and the unemployment after the retirement age was increased with the change made in 2008, by considering the annual data for the period of 1988-2021 in Turkey. ARDL Bounds Test and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) were used to reveal this relationship. When the period covered in the study is examined, it was seen that there is a complementary relationship between the employment rates of the 15-24 and 25-54 age groups and the employment rate of the 55-64 age group both for the 1988-2008 period covering the early retirement period and for the 2008-2021 period after the retirement age was increased. As a result of the empirical findings obtained, it was determined that there is a cointegration relationship between the unemployment rate, GDP growth rate, and labor force participation rates of the 15-24, 25-54, and 55-64 age groups. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the labor force participation rates for the 15-24 and 55-64 age groups negatively affected the unemployment rate, while the labor force participation rate for the 25-54 age group positively influenced the unemployment rate. On the other hand, a negative but statistically insignificant relationship was obtained between the annual GDP growth rate and the unemployment rate.

References

  • Alam, I. & Quazi, R. M. (2003). Determinants of Capital Flight: An Econometric Case Study of Bangladesh. International Review of Applied Economics, 17(1). 85-103.
  • Auer, P. & Fortuny, M. (2000). Ageing of the Labour Force in OECD Countries: Economic and Social Consequences. Employment Sector International Labour Office Geneva. 1-51.
  • Baybora, D. (2010). Çalışma Yaşamında Yaş Ayrımcılığı ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Yaş Ayrımcılığı Düzenlemesi Üzerine. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(24), 1-30.
  • Bingley, P., Gupta, N. D. & Pedersen, P. J. (2010). Social Security, Retirement and Employment of the Young in Denmark. J. Gruber & D. A. Wise (Ed.), Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: The Relationship to Youth Employment (99-117). University of Chicago Press.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 37(2), 149-192.
  • Cahuc, P. & Zylberberg, A. (2004). Labor Economics. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Chandio, A. A., Yuansheng, J. & Rehman, A. (2019). Using the ARDL-ECM Approach to Investigate the Nexus Between Support Price and Wheat Production an Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies, 26(1), 139-152.
  • Clarke, S. (2009). Marx’ın Kriz Teorisi. C. Atay (Çev.). İstanbul: Otonom Yayınları.
  • Çelik, A. (2020). Sosyal Güvenliğin İşgücüne Katılma Oranına Etkisi/ The Influence of Social Security on Labor Force Participation for Selected OECD Countries: A Comparative Study. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi/Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 79, 107-128.
  • Çil, N. (2018). Finansal Ekonometri. İstanbul: DER Yayınları.
  • Disney, R. & Hawkes, D. (2003). Why Has Employment Recently Risen Among Older Workers in Britain?. R. Dickens, P. Gregg & J. Wadsworth (Ed.), The Labour Market under New Labour: The State of Working Britain II (53-69). Palgrave.
  • Euronews. (2019). OECD Ülkeleri İçinde En Erken Emeklilik Yaşı Türkiye'de, Diğerlerinde Emeklilik Yaşı Kaç?. https://tr.euronews.com/2019/11/17/oecd-ulkeleri-icinde-en-erken-emeklilik-yasi-turkiye-de-digerlerinde-emeklilik-yasi-kac (Erişim: 28 Şubat 2023).
  • Faruqee, H. (2002). Population Aging and Its Macroeconomic Implications: A Framework for Analysis. IMF Working Papers, 02/16. 1-32.
  • Fields, A., Uppal, S. & LaRochelle-Côté, S. (2017). The Impact of Ageing on Labour Market Participation Rates. Statistics Canada. Minister of Industry. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2017001/article/14826-eng.htm#a3. (Erişim: 12 Şubat 2023).
  • Fuchs, J. & Weber, E. (2017). Long-Term Unemployment and Labour Force Participation: A Decomposition of Unemployment to Test for the Discouragement and Added Worker Hypotheses. Applied Economics, 49(60). 5971-5982.
  • Gavrilov, L. A. & Heuveline, P. (2003). Aging of Population. P. Demeny & G. McNicoll (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Population (32-37). New York: Macmillan Reference USA.
  • Ghosheh Jr. N. S., Lee, S. & McCann, D. (2006). Conditions of Work and Employment for Older Workers in Industrialized Countries: Understanding the Issues. Conditions of Work and Employment Series No.15. 1-60.
  • Gruber, J. & Wise, D. A. (2002). Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World: Micro Estimation. NBER Working Papers 9407. National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. 1-54.
  • Gündoğan, N. (2001). İşgücünün Yaşlanması ve İşgücü Piyasalarına Etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 56(4), 95-108.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (2009). Tarihi Perspektif içinde Kapitalizmin Bunalımı. N. Satlıgan & S. Savran (Der.), Dünya Kapitalizminin Krizi (71-89). İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
  • Jackson, N. (2011). The Demographic Forces Shaping New Zealand’s Future. What Population Ageing [really] Means. NIDEA Workıng Papers. National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis. 1-31.
  • Jousten, A., Lefèbvre, M., Perelman, S. & Pestieau, P. (2010). The Effects of Early Retirement on Youth Unemployment: The Case of Belgium. J. Gruber & D. A. Wise (Ed.), Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: The Relationship to Youth Employment (1-31). University of Chicago Press.
  • Lundberg, S. (1985). The Added Worker Effect. Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1), 11-37.
  • Maestas, N., Mullen, K. & Powell, D. (2016). The Effect of Population Aging on Economic Growth, Whe Labor Force and Productivity. Working Paper. Rand Labor & Population. 1-55.
  • Maqbool, S., Mahmood, T., Sattar, A. & Minallah, M. N. (2013). Determinants of Unemployment Empirical Evidences from Pakistan. Economic and Social Review, 51(2), 191-207.
  • Mbandlwa, Z. & Shezi, L. (2020). An Exploration of The Relationship Between Retirement Age and Youth Unemployment in South Africa. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(11), 3480-3493.
  • Mincer, J. (1962). Labor Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labor Supply. H. Gregg Lewis (Ed.), Aspects of Labor Economics (63-105). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Munnell, A. H. (2014). The Impact of Aging Baby Boomers on Labor Force Participation. Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. No: 14-4. 1-7.
  • Narayan, P. K. & S. Narayan (2004). Estimating Income and Price Elasticities of Imports for Fiji in a Cointegration Framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3), 423-438.
  • Nordin, N., Nordin, N. & Ahmad, N. A (2015). The Effects of the Ageing Population on Healthcare Expenditure: A Comparative Study of China and India. First International Conference on Economics and Banking (ICEB-15), 297-310.
  • OECD (2023a). Population Indicators in Turkey. https://data.oecd.org/pop/population.htm. Erişim: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • OECD. (2023b). Labour Force Statistics. LFS by Sex and Age (Indicators). https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=lfs_sexage_i_r#. (Erişim: 12 Ocak 2023).
  • OECD. (2023c). Employment Rate by Age Group (Indicators). https://data.oecd.org/emp/employment-rate-by-age-group.htm. (Erişim: 12 Ocak 2023).
  • OECD. (2023d). Unemployment Rate by Age Group (Indicators). https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=lfs_sexage_i_r#. (Erişim: 12 Ocak 2023).
  • Öğütoğulları, E. & Kılıç, C. (2016). Türkiye İşgücü Piyasasında Yeni Bir Problem Alanı: 40 Yaş ve Üstü İşsizler. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 7(1), 85-97.
  • Özer, H. D. (2021). Erken Yaşlananlar’ın Emekliliği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2021(3), 1781-1811.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Rein, M., Jacobs, K. & Joshi, H. (1993). Ageing and Employment Trends: A Comparative Analysis for OECD Countries. P. Johnson & K. Zimmermann (Ed.), Labour Markets in An Ageing Europe (53-78). Cambridge University Press.
  • Røed, K. & Haugen, F. (2003). Early Retirement and Economic Incentives: Evidence from a Quasi‐natural Experiment. LABOUR, 17(2), 203-228.
  • Salem, M. B., Blanchet, D., Bozio, A. & Roger, M. (2008). Labor Force Participation by The Elderly and Employment of The Young: The Case of France. Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques Laboratoire D’economie Appliquée-Inra. Working Paper. No: 2008-57. 1-40.
  • Samorodov, A. (1999). Ageing and Labour Markets for Older Workers. Employment and Training Papers, 33, 1-38. Employment and Training Department International Labour Office Geneva.
  • Serban, A. C. (2012). Aging Population and Effects on Labour Market. Procedia Economics and Finance. International Conference on Applied Economics (ICOAE), 1, 356-364.
  • Sweezy, P. (1983). ABD’de Ekonomik Kriz. D. Sağlam & K. Çakman (Çev.), Dünya Ekonomisinde Bunalım (3-12). İstanbul: Acar Matbaacılık.
  • Şahin, L. & Yıldırım, K. (2015). On Dokuzuncu Yüzyıldan Günümüze Türkiye’de İşsizlikle Mücadele Politikaları. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2015(2), 111-152.
  • Şen, M. (2018). Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye’de İşsizliğin Seyri: İşsizlikle Mücadelede Türkiye İş Kurumu (İşkur). 2nd International Symposium Humanities and Social Sciences (96-116). 04-07 August 2018/COMRAT.
  • T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2018). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023). Sosyal Güvenlik Sisteminin Sürdürülebilirliği. Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara 2018.
  • Thießen, U. (2007). Aging and Structural Change. Discussion Papers No. 742. German Institute for Economic Research. November 2007. Berlin. 1-23.
  • TÜSİAD. (2004). Türk Emeklilik Sisteminde Reform, Mevcut Durum ve Alternatif Stratejiler. İstanbul.
  • Uğur, S. (2002). Sosyal Güvenliğimizdeki Son Değişikliklerin Değerlendirilmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(2), 131-146.
  • Uyanık, Y. & Başyiğit, R. (2018). Demografik Yapı İçinde Yaşlı Nüfusun Görünümü ve Aktif Yaşlanma Yaklaşımı Perspektifinde Politika Örnekleri. İş ve Hayat, 4(8), 273-310.
  • Wirawan, I. & Sentosa, S. U. (2021). Analysis of Factors Affecting the Unemployment Rate of Educational Labor in Indonesia. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 192, 93-97.
  • World Bank. (2023a). Population Estimates and Projections (Turkey). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/population-estimates-and-projections/Type/TABLE/preview/on#. (Erişim: 12 Şubat 2023).
  • World Bank. (2023b). Unemployment. Total (% of Total Labor Force) (National Estimate)-Turkey.https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.NE.ZS?end=2020&locations=TR-AE&start=1980. (Erişim: 12 Şubat 2023).
  • Žnidaršič, J. & Dimovski, V. (2010). Reluctance Towards Older Workers in Slovenia. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 9(2). 83-100.

Türkiye’de Emeklilik Yaşının Artırılması Sonrası Yaşlı İşgücünün İşsizliğe Etkisi: Ekonometrik Bir Analiz

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 2437 - 2466, 18.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1321363

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı; Türkiye’de 1988-2021 dönemine ait yıllık veriler ele alınarak, 2008 yılında yapılan değişiklikle emeklilik yaşının artırılması sonrası 15-24, 25-54 ve 55-64 yaş grubu işgücüne katılım oranlarında ortaya çıkan değişme ile işsizlik oranı arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Bu ilişkinin ortaya konmasında ise ARDL Sınır Testi ve Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeli (VECM) kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada ele alınan dönem incelendiğinde gerek erken emeklilik dönemini kapsayan 1988-2008 dönemi için gerekse de emeklilik yaşının artırılması sonrasındaki 2008-2021 dönemi için 15-24 ve 25-54 yaş gruplarının istihdam oranları ile 55-64 yaş gurubu istihdam oranı arasında tamamlayıcılık yönünde bir ilişkinin olduğu saptanmıştır. Elde edilen ampirik bulgular sonucunda işsizlik oranı ile GSYH büyüme oranı, 15-24, 25-54 ve 55-64 yaş grubu işgücüne katılım oranları arasında eş bütünleşme ilişkinin olduğu saptanmıştır. Analiz sonucunda; 15-24 ve 55-64 yaş grubu işgücüne katılım oranlarının işsizlik oranını negatif, 25-54 yaş grubu işgücüne katılım oranının ise işsizlik oranını pozitif yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Diğer yandan GSYH yıllık büyüme oranı ile işsizlik oranı arasında negatif ancak istatistiksel olarak anlamsız bir ilişki elde edilmiştir.

References

  • Alam, I. & Quazi, R. M. (2003). Determinants of Capital Flight: An Econometric Case Study of Bangladesh. International Review of Applied Economics, 17(1). 85-103.
  • Auer, P. & Fortuny, M. (2000). Ageing of the Labour Force in OECD Countries: Economic and Social Consequences. Employment Sector International Labour Office Geneva. 1-51.
  • Baybora, D. (2010). Çalışma Yaşamında Yaş Ayrımcılığı ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Yaş Ayrımcılığı Düzenlemesi Üzerine. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(24), 1-30.
  • Bingley, P., Gupta, N. D. & Pedersen, P. J. (2010). Social Security, Retirement and Employment of the Young in Denmark. J. Gruber & D. A. Wise (Ed.), Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: The Relationship to Youth Employment (99-117). University of Chicago Press.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 37(2), 149-192.
  • Cahuc, P. & Zylberberg, A. (2004). Labor Economics. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Chandio, A. A., Yuansheng, J. & Rehman, A. (2019). Using the ARDL-ECM Approach to Investigate the Nexus Between Support Price and Wheat Production an Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies, 26(1), 139-152.
  • Clarke, S. (2009). Marx’ın Kriz Teorisi. C. Atay (Çev.). İstanbul: Otonom Yayınları.
  • Çelik, A. (2020). Sosyal Güvenliğin İşgücüne Katılma Oranına Etkisi/ The Influence of Social Security on Labor Force Participation for Selected OECD Countries: A Comparative Study. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi/Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 79, 107-128.
  • Çil, N. (2018). Finansal Ekonometri. İstanbul: DER Yayınları.
  • Disney, R. & Hawkes, D. (2003). Why Has Employment Recently Risen Among Older Workers in Britain?. R. Dickens, P. Gregg & J. Wadsworth (Ed.), The Labour Market under New Labour: The State of Working Britain II (53-69). Palgrave.
  • Euronews. (2019). OECD Ülkeleri İçinde En Erken Emeklilik Yaşı Türkiye'de, Diğerlerinde Emeklilik Yaşı Kaç?. https://tr.euronews.com/2019/11/17/oecd-ulkeleri-icinde-en-erken-emeklilik-yasi-turkiye-de-digerlerinde-emeklilik-yasi-kac (Erişim: 28 Şubat 2023).
  • Faruqee, H. (2002). Population Aging and Its Macroeconomic Implications: A Framework for Analysis. IMF Working Papers, 02/16. 1-32.
  • Fields, A., Uppal, S. & LaRochelle-Côté, S. (2017). The Impact of Ageing on Labour Market Participation Rates. Statistics Canada. Minister of Industry. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2017001/article/14826-eng.htm#a3. (Erişim: 12 Şubat 2023).
  • Fuchs, J. & Weber, E. (2017). Long-Term Unemployment and Labour Force Participation: A Decomposition of Unemployment to Test for the Discouragement and Added Worker Hypotheses. Applied Economics, 49(60). 5971-5982.
  • Gavrilov, L. A. & Heuveline, P. (2003). Aging of Population. P. Demeny & G. McNicoll (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Population (32-37). New York: Macmillan Reference USA.
  • Ghosheh Jr. N. S., Lee, S. & McCann, D. (2006). Conditions of Work and Employment for Older Workers in Industrialized Countries: Understanding the Issues. Conditions of Work and Employment Series No.15. 1-60.
  • Gruber, J. & Wise, D. A. (2002). Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World: Micro Estimation. NBER Working Papers 9407. National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. 1-54.
  • Gündoğan, N. (2001). İşgücünün Yaşlanması ve İşgücü Piyasalarına Etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 56(4), 95-108.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (2009). Tarihi Perspektif içinde Kapitalizmin Bunalımı. N. Satlıgan & S. Savran (Der.), Dünya Kapitalizminin Krizi (71-89). İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
  • Jackson, N. (2011). The Demographic Forces Shaping New Zealand’s Future. What Population Ageing [really] Means. NIDEA Workıng Papers. National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis. 1-31.
  • Jousten, A., Lefèbvre, M., Perelman, S. & Pestieau, P. (2010). The Effects of Early Retirement on Youth Unemployment: The Case of Belgium. J. Gruber & D. A. Wise (Ed.), Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: The Relationship to Youth Employment (1-31). University of Chicago Press.
  • Lundberg, S. (1985). The Added Worker Effect. Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1), 11-37.
  • Maestas, N., Mullen, K. & Powell, D. (2016). The Effect of Population Aging on Economic Growth, Whe Labor Force and Productivity. Working Paper. Rand Labor & Population. 1-55.
  • Maqbool, S., Mahmood, T., Sattar, A. & Minallah, M. N. (2013). Determinants of Unemployment Empirical Evidences from Pakistan. Economic and Social Review, 51(2), 191-207.
  • Mbandlwa, Z. & Shezi, L. (2020). An Exploration of The Relationship Between Retirement Age and Youth Unemployment in South Africa. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(11), 3480-3493.
  • Mincer, J. (1962). Labor Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labor Supply. H. Gregg Lewis (Ed.), Aspects of Labor Economics (63-105). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Munnell, A. H. (2014). The Impact of Aging Baby Boomers on Labor Force Participation. Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. No: 14-4. 1-7.
  • Narayan, P. K. & S. Narayan (2004). Estimating Income and Price Elasticities of Imports for Fiji in a Cointegration Framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3), 423-438.
  • Nordin, N., Nordin, N. & Ahmad, N. A (2015). The Effects of the Ageing Population on Healthcare Expenditure: A Comparative Study of China and India. First International Conference on Economics and Banking (ICEB-15), 297-310.
  • OECD (2023a). Population Indicators in Turkey. https://data.oecd.org/pop/population.htm. Erişim: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • OECD. (2023b). Labour Force Statistics. LFS by Sex and Age (Indicators). https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=lfs_sexage_i_r#. (Erişim: 12 Ocak 2023).
  • OECD. (2023c). Employment Rate by Age Group (Indicators). https://data.oecd.org/emp/employment-rate-by-age-group.htm. (Erişim: 12 Ocak 2023).
  • OECD. (2023d). Unemployment Rate by Age Group (Indicators). https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=lfs_sexage_i_r#. (Erişim: 12 Ocak 2023).
  • Öğütoğulları, E. & Kılıç, C. (2016). Türkiye İşgücü Piyasasında Yeni Bir Problem Alanı: 40 Yaş ve Üstü İşsizler. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 7(1), 85-97.
  • Özer, H. D. (2021). Erken Yaşlananlar’ın Emekliliği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2021(3), 1781-1811.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Rein, M., Jacobs, K. & Joshi, H. (1993). Ageing and Employment Trends: A Comparative Analysis for OECD Countries. P. Johnson & K. Zimmermann (Ed.), Labour Markets in An Ageing Europe (53-78). Cambridge University Press.
  • Røed, K. & Haugen, F. (2003). Early Retirement and Economic Incentives: Evidence from a Quasi‐natural Experiment. LABOUR, 17(2), 203-228.
  • Salem, M. B., Blanchet, D., Bozio, A. & Roger, M. (2008). Labor Force Participation by The Elderly and Employment of The Young: The Case of France. Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques Laboratoire D’economie Appliquée-Inra. Working Paper. No: 2008-57. 1-40.
  • Samorodov, A. (1999). Ageing and Labour Markets for Older Workers. Employment and Training Papers, 33, 1-38. Employment and Training Department International Labour Office Geneva.
  • Serban, A. C. (2012). Aging Population and Effects on Labour Market. Procedia Economics and Finance. International Conference on Applied Economics (ICOAE), 1, 356-364.
  • Sweezy, P. (1983). ABD’de Ekonomik Kriz. D. Sağlam & K. Çakman (Çev.), Dünya Ekonomisinde Bunalım (3-12). İstanbul: Acar Matbaacılık.
  • Şahin, L. & Yıldırım, K. (2015). On Dokuzuncu Yüzyıldan Günümüze Türkiye’de İşsizlikle Mücadele Politikaları. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2015(2), 111-152.
  • Şen, M. (2018). Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye’de İşsizliğin Seyri: İşsizlikle Mücadelede Türkiye İş Kurumu (İşkur). 2nd International Symposium Humanities and Social Sciences (96-116). 04-07 August 2018/COMRAT.
  • T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2018). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023). Sosyal Güvenlik Sisteminin Sürdürülebilirliği. Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara 2018.
  • Thießen, U. (2007). Aging and Structural Change. Discussion Papers No. 742. German Institute for Economic Research. November 2007. Berlin. 1-23.
  • TÜSİAD. (2004). Türk Emeklilik Sisteminde Reform, Mevcut Durum ve Alternatif Stratejiler. İstanbul.
  • Uğur, S. (2002). Sosyal Güvenliğimizdeki Son Değişikliklerin Değerlendirilmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(2), 131-146.
  • Uyanık, Y. & Başyiğit, R. (2018). Demografik Yapı İçinde Yaşlı Nüfusun Görünümü ve Aktif Yaşlanma Yaklaşımı Perspektifinde Politika Örnekleri. İş ve Hayat, 4(8), 273-310.
  • Wirawan, I. & Sentosa, S. U. (2021). Analysis of Factors Affecting the Unemployment Rate of Educational Labor in Indonesia. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 192, 93-97.
  • World Bank. (2023a). Population Estimates and Projections (Turkey). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/population-estimates-and-projections/Type/TABLE/preview/on#. (Erişim: 12 Şubat 2023).
  • World Bank. (2023b). Unemployment. Total (% of Total Labor Force) (National Estimate)-Turkey.https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.NE.ZS?end=2020&locations=TR-AE&start=1980. (Erişim: 12 Şubat 2023).
  • Žnidaršič, J. & Dimovski, V. (2010). Reluctance Towards Older Workers in Slovenia. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 9(2). 83-100.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Growth, Employment
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sevilay Sarıca 0000-0002-0661-4260

Publication Date September 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sarıca, S. (2023). Türkiye’de Emeklilik Yaşının Artırılması Sonrası Yaşlı İşgücünün İşsizliğe Etkisi: Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. Fiscaoeconomia, 7(3), 2437-2466. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1321363

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