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Türkiye’de Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 761 - 778, 24.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1457539

Abstract

Türkiye’nin milli eğitim sistemi son 30 yılda önemli değişikliklere uğramıştır. 1997’de zorunlu eğitimin sekiz yıla çıkarılması ve 2012’de ortaöğretimin zorun hale getirilmesi, ülkede eğitim başarısını artırmayı amaçlayan önemli politika değişiklikleridir. Bu makale, 1997 eğitim reformunun bireylerinin kazancı üzerindeki etkisine odaklanmaktadır. Makalede belirtildiği üzere, 1997 eğitim reformundan yararlanan 1986’dan sonra doğan grup, aynı eğitim ve deneyim düzeyine sahip 1986’dan önce doğanlarla karşılaştırıldığında, kazançlarına da yansıyan daha yüksek eğitim getirisi elde etmiştir. Ayrıca, söz konusu etki kadınlarda erkeklere göre daha yüksek olarak hesaplanmıştır.

References

  • Acemoglu, D. and J. Angrist (2000). How Large Are Human-Capital Externalities? Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Laws. B. S. Bernanke and K. Rogoff (Eds.), Macroeconomics Annual. Cambridge, Massachusetts: NBER.
  • Botev, J., Égert, B., Smidova, Z. and Turner, D. (2019). A New Macroeconomic Measure of Human Capital with Strong Empirical Links to Productivity. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1575, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • Card, D. (1994). Earnings, Schooling, and Ability Revisited. Working Paper no. 4832, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Card, D. (1999). The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings. O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (Eds), Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 3A, Elsevier.
  • Card, D. (2001). Estimating the Return to Schooling: Progress on Some Persistent Econometric Problems. Econometrica, 69(5), 1127-1160.
  • Dursun, B. and Cesur, R. (2016). Transforming Lives: The Impact of Compulsory Schooling on Hope and Happiness. Journal of Population Economics, 2016(29), 911-956.
  • Easterly, William, (2002), The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists’ Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics, MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262550423, December.
  • Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R. and Timmer, M. P. (2015). The Next Generation of the Penn World Table. American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182.
  • Grenet, J. (2013). Is Extending Compulsory Schooling Alone Enough to Raise Earnings? Evidence from French and British Compulsory Schooling Laws. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 115(1), 176-210.
  • Hanushek, E. A. and Woessmann, L. (2007). The Role of School Improvement in Economic Development.
  • Hanushek, E. A. and Kimko, D. D. (2000). Schooling, Labor-Force Quality, and the Growth of Nations. American Economic Review, 90(5), 1184-1208.
  • Harmon, C. and Walker, I. (1995). Estimates of the Economic Return to Schooling for the United Kingdom. American Economic Review, 85, 1278-1286.
  • Heckman, J. and Cameron, S. V. (2001). The Dynamics of Educational Attainment for Black, Hispanic, and White Males. Journal of Political Economy.
  • Imbens, G. W. and Angrist, J. D. (1994). Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects. Econometrica, 62(2), 467-475.
  • Jorgenson, D. W. and Fraumeni, B. M. (1989). The Accumulation of Human and Non-Human Capital, 1948-1984. R. E. Lipsey and H. S. Tice (Eds.), The Measurement of Savings, Investment, and Wealth. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Jorgenson, D. W and Fraumeni, B. M. (1992a). The Output of Education Sector. Z. Griliches (Ed.), Output Measurement in the Service Sectors. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Jorgenson, D. W and Fraumeni, B. M. (1992b). Investment in Education and U.S. Economic Growth. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 94, 51-70.
  • Karatas, H. M. (2018). The Returns to Formal Schooling in Turkey Using Pseudo-Panel Data. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 4(8), 13-33.
  • Kitchen, Hannah, G. Bethell, E. Fordham, K. Henderson, and R. R. Li. 2019. OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Student Assessment in Turkey, OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • Lang, K. (1993). Ability Bias, Discount Rate Bias and the Return to Education. MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Lange, G. M., Wodon, Q. and Carey, K. (2018). The Changing Wealth of Nations 2018: Building a Sustainable Future. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Lindquist, C. (2017). Educational Reform in Turkey. International Journal of Progressive Education, 13(2), 133-142.
  • MacDonald, G. M. (1981). The Impact of Schooling on Wages. Econometrica, 49(5), 1349-359.
  • Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. New York: NBER Press.
  • Mocan, L. (2014). The Impact of Education on Wages: Analysis of an Education Reform in Turkey. Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers 1424, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
  • OECD, (2006). The Returns to Education: Links between Education, Economic Growth and Social Outcomes, in Education at a Glance 2006: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • OECD (2020), Education Policy Outlook: Turkey, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • Oreopoulos P. (2006). Estimating Average and Local Average Treatment Effects of Education When Compulsory Schooling Laws Really Matter. American Economic Review, 96, 152-175.
  • Patrinos, H. A. and Psacharopoulos, G. (2010). Returns to Education in Developing Countries. D. J. Brewer and P. J. McEwan (Eds.), Economics of Education (44-51). Elsevier, San Diego.
  • Montenegro, C. E. and Patrinos, H. A. (2014). Comparable Estimates of Returns to Schooling Around the World. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7020.
  • Patrinos, H. A., Psacharopoulos, G. and Tansel, A. (2019). Returns to Investment in Education: The Case of Turkey. Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1981). Returns to Education: An Updated International Comparison. Comparative Education, 17(3), 321-341.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1985). Returns to Education: A Further International Update and Implications. Journal of Human Resources, 20(4), 583-604.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1995). The Profitability of Investment in Education: Concepts and Methods. World Bank, Human Capital Development and Operations Policy, Working Papers No. 63.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. and Mattson, R. (1998). Estimating the Returns to Education: A Sensitivity Analysis of Methods and Sample Size. Journal of Educational Development and Administration, 12(3), 271-287.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. and Patrinos, H. A. (2004). Returns to Investment in Education: A Further Update. Education Economics, 12(2), 111-135.
  • Perkins, D. H., Radelet, S., Lindauer, D. L. and Block, S. A. (2013). Economics of Development. W. W. Norton and Company.
  • Tansel, Aysit. (2002). Determinants of School Attainment of Boys and Girls in Turkey: Individual, Household, and Community Factors. Economics of Education Review, 21, No. 5:455-470
  • Tansel, Aysit. (2015). Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper No. 9590. Institute of Labor Economics.
  • Timmer, M. (2012). The World Input-Output Database (WIOD): Contents, Sources and Methods. WIOD Working Paper Number 10.
  • Torun, H. (2015). Compulsory Schooling and Early Labor Market Outcomes in a Middle-Income Country. Working Paper No: 15/34, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
  • UNICEF, (2019), Turkey Education Sectoral and OR+ (Thematic) Report.
  • Wealth Accounting, The World Bank. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/wealth-accounting.
  • World Bank, (2011), Improving the Quality and Equity of Basic Education in Turkey : Challenges and Options. Vol. 1 of 2. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank, (2013a), Promoting excellence in Turkey's schools. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank, (2013b), Expanding and Improving Early Childhood Education in Turkey. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank, (2019), The Human Capital Project: Frequently Asked Questions, March 19, 2019. accessed through https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/human-capital/brief/the-human-capital-project-frequently-asked-questions.
  • World Bank, (2022), Türkiye in Transition - Next-Generation Human Capital Investments for Inclusive Jobs : Policy Note. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank, (2023a), Realizing Education’s Promise: A World Bank Retrospective. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank, (2023b), Türkiye Public Finance Review : Leveraging Fiscal Resources for Stability and Resilience. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Economic Forum. (2016). The Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017. (K. Schwab, Ed.) Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.

Impact of Education on Labor Market Wages in Türkiye

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 761 - 778, 24.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1457539

Abstract

Türkiye’s national education system has undergone significant changes in the last 30 years. The extension of mandatory schooling to eight years in 1997 and the requirement for secondary education in 2012 are significant policy changes that aimed to improve educational attainment in the country. This paper focuses on the impact of 1997 education reform on individual’s earnings. As the paper suggests, the cohort born after 1986, who benefited from the 1997 education reform, experienced higher returns to education, which is reflected in their earnings compared to those born before 1986 with the same level of education and experience. In addition, the impact is greater in females compared to males.

References

  • Acemoglu, D. and J. Angrist (2000). How Large Are Human-Capital Externalities? Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Laws. B. S. Bernanke and K. Rogoff (Eds.), Macroeconomics Annual. Cambridge, Massachusetts: NBER.
  • Botev, J., Égert, B., Smidova, Z. and Turner, D. (2019). A New Macroeconomic Measure of Human Capital with Strong Empirical Links to Productivity. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1575, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • Card, D. (1994). Earnings, Schooling, and Ability Revisited. Working Paper no. 4832, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Card, D. (1999). The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings. O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (Eds), Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 3A, Elsevier.
  • Card, D. (2001). Estimating the Return to Schooling: Progress on Some Persistent Econometric Problems. Econometrica, 69(5), 1127-1160.
  • Dursun, B. and Cesur, R. (2016). Transforming Lives: The Impact of Compulsory Schooling on Hope and Happiness. Journal of Population Economics, 2016(29), 911-956.
  • Easterly, William, (2002), The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists’ Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics, MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262550423, December.
  • Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R. and Timmer, M. P. (2015). The Next Generation of the Penn World Table. American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182.
  • Grenet, J. (2013). Is Extending Compulsory Schooling Alone Enough to Raise Earnings? Evidence from French and British Compulsory Schooling Laws. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 115(1), 176-210.
  • Hanushek, E. A. and Woessmann, L. (2007). The Role of School Improvement in Economic Development.
  • Hanushek, E. A. and Kimko, D. D. (2000). Schooling, Labor-Force Quality, and the Growth of Nations. American Economic Review, 90(5), 1184-1208.
  • Harmon, C. and Walker, I. (1995). Estimates of the Economic Return to Schooling for the United Kingdom. American Economic Review, 85, 1278-1286.
  • Heckman, J. and Cameron, S. V. (2001). The Dynamics of Educational Attainment for Black, Hispanic, and White Males. Journal of Political Economy.
  • Imbens, G. W. and Angrist, J. D. (1994). Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects. Econometrica, 62(2), 467-475.
  • Jorgenson, D. W. and Fraumeni, B. M. (1989). The Accumulation of Human and Non-Human Capital, 1948-1984. R. E. Lipsey and H. S. Tice (Eds.), The Measurement of Savings, Investment, and Wealth. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Jorgenson, D. W and Fraumeni, B. M. (1992a). The Output of Education Sector. Z. Griliches (Ed.), Output Measurement in the Service Sectors. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Jorgenson, D. W and Fraumeni, B. M. (1992b). Investment in Education and U.S. Economic Growth. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 94, 51-70.
  • Karatas, H. M. (2018). The Returns to Formal Schooling in Turkey Using Pseudo-Panel Data. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 4(8), 13-33.
  • Kitchen, Hannah, G. Bethell, E. Fordham, K. Henderson, and R. R. Li. 2019. OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Student Assessment in Turkey, OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • Lang, K. (1993). Ability Bias, Discount Rate Bias and the Return to Education. MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Lange, G. M., Wodon, Q. and Carey, K. (2018). The Changing Wealth of Nations 2018: Building a Sustainable Future. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Lindquist, C. (2017). Educational Reform in Turkey. International Journal of Progressive Education, 13(2), 133-142.
  • MacDonald, G. M. (1981). The Impact of Schooling on Wages. Econometrica, 49(5), 1349-359.
  • Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. New York: NBER Press.
  • Mocan, L. (2014). The Impact of Education on Wages: Analysis of an Education Reform in Turkey. Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers 1424, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
  • OECD, (2006). The Returns to Education: Links between Education, Economic Growth and Social Outcomes, in Education at a Glance 2006: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • OECD (2020), Education Policy Outlook: Turkey, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • Oreopoulos P. (2006). Estimating Average and Local Average Treatment Effects of Education When Compulsory Schooling Laws Really Matter. American Economic Review, 96, 152-175.
  • Patrinos, H. A. and Psacharopoulos, G. (2010). Returns to Education in Developing Countries. D. J. Brewer and P. J. McEwan (Eds.), Economics of Education (44-51). Elsevier, San Diego.
  • Montenegro, C. E. and Patrinos, H. A. (2014). Comparable Estimates of Returns to Schooling Around the World. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7020.
  • Patrinos, H. A., Psacharopoulos, G. and Tansel, A. (2019). Returns to Investment in Education: The Case of Turkey. Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1981). Returns to Education: An Updated International Comparison. Comparative Education, 17(3), 321-341.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1985). Returns to Education: A Further International Update and Implications. Journal of Human Resources, 20(4), 583-604.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1995). The Profitability of Investment in Education: Concepts and Methods. World Bank, Human Capital Development and Operations Policy, Working Papers No. 63.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. and Mattson, R. (1998). Estimating the Returns to Education: A Sensitivity Analysis of Methods and Sample Size. Journal of Educational Development and Administration, 12(3), 271-287.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. and Patrinos, H. A. (2004). Returns to Investment in Education: A Further Update. Education Economics, 12(2), 111-135.
  • Perkins, D. H., Radelet, S., Lindauer, D. L. and Block, S. A. (2013). Economics of Development. W. W. Norton and Company.
  • Tansel, Aysit. (2002). Determinants of School Attainment of Boys and Girls in Turkey: Individual, Household, and Community Factors. Economics of Education Review, 21, No. 5:455-470
  • Tansel, Aysit. (2015). Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper No. 9590. Institute of Labor Economics.
  • Timmer, M. (2012). The World Input-Output Database (WIOD): Contents, Sources and Methods. WIOD Working Paper Number 10.
  • Torun, H. (2015). Compulsory Schooling and Early Labor Market Outcomes in a Middle-Income Country. Working Paper No: 15/34, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
  • UNICEF, (2019), Turkey Education Sectoral and OR+ (Thematic) Report.
  • Wealth Accounting, The World Bank. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/wealth-accounting.
  • World Bank, (2011), Improving the Quality and Equity of Basic Education in Turkey : Challenges and Options. Vol. 1 of 2. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank, (2013a), Promoting excellence in Turkey's schools. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank, (2013b), Expanding and Improving Early Childhood Education in Turkey. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank, (2019), The Human Capital Project: Frequently Asked Questions, March 19, 2019. accessed through https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/human-capital/brief/the-human-capital-project-frequently-asked-questions.
  • World Bank, (2022), Türkiye in Transition - Next-Generation Human Capital Investments for Inclusive Jobs : Policy Note. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank, (2023a), Realizing Education’s Promise: A World Bank Retrospective. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank, (2023b), Türkiye Public Finance Review : Leveraging Fiscal Resources for Stability and Resilience. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Economic Forum. (2016). The Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017. (K. Schwab, Ed.) Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Econometric and Statistical Methods, Labor Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kenan Karakülah 0000-0002-7236-2348

Publication Date May 24, 2024
Submission Date March 23, 2024
Acceptance Date April 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karakülah, K. (2024). Impact of Education on Labor Market Wages in Türkiye. Fiscaoeconomia, 8(2), 761-778. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1457539

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