An Artificial Intelligence-Based Hybrid Approach to Detect the Type of Buried Objects with Broad Frequency Band Antenna Systems

Year 2024, , 362 - 376, 31.10.2024

Ebru Efeoğlu

https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1476716

Abstract

Knowing the type of buried object before excavation prevents unnecessary excavation. Moreover, it saves time and money. In this study, an experiment set was prepared for the detection of buried objects. The experimental set was composed of an antenna that sends and receives electromagnetic waves in a wide frequency band, software that records and processes reflections, and a sandbox. In the study, metallic and non-metallic objects with different depths, sizes and shapes were buried in this sand pool and measurements were taken along a profile. 2D images were created from the measurements and image processing techniques were applied to these images. Classification algorithms were used to detect the type of bruied object from processed images. To increase the success of the algorithms, correlation-based attribute selection (CFS) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used as attribute selection techniques. Genetic algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Harmony search (HA), and Evolutionary search (EA), which are among the metaheuristic optimization algorithms, were preferred as search methods in attribute selection with CFS. The performance of the algorithms was analyzed using the 10-fold cross-validation method. As a result, it was understood that the use of the PCA algorithm in attribute selection increases the classification success more than metaheuristic algorithms. The most successful among the classification algorithms used is the Random tree algorithm. After PCA, the accuracy value of this algorithm was 95.8 Therefore, a hybrid approach is proposed in which PCA and Random tree algorithms are used in the software embedded in the measurement system.

Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, Buried object, Metaheuristic optimization algorithms, PCA, Image processing.

Geniş Frekans Bantlı Anten Sistemleriyle Gömülü Nesnelerin Türünün Tespitinde Yapay Zeka Tabanlı Hibrit Bir Yaklaşım

Abstract

Kazı öncesinde gömülü nesnenin cinsinin bilinmesi gereksiz kazı yapılmasını önler. Üstelik zamandan ve paradan tasarruf sağlar. Bu çalışmada gömülü nesnelerin tespiti için bir deney seti hazırlandı. Deney seti, geniş frekans bandında elektromanyetik dalgalar gönderip alan bir anten, yansımaları kaydeden ve işleyen bir yazılımdan ve kum havuzundan oluşturuldu. Çalışmada bu kum havuzuna farklı derinlik, boyut ve şekillerde metalik ve metalik olmayan nesneler gömülerek bir profil boyunca ölçümler alındı. Yapılan ölçümlerden 2 boyutlu görüntüler oluşturuldu ve bu görüntülere görüntü işleme teknikleri uygulandı. İşlenmiş görüntülerden nesnenin türünü tespit etmek için sınıflandırma algoritmaları kullanıldı. Algoritmaların başarısını artırmak için, nitelik seçme teknikleri olarak korelasyona dayalı öznitelik seçimi (CFS) ve Temel Bileşen Analizi (PCA) kullanılmıştır. CFS ile öznitelik seçiminde arama yöntemleri olarak metasezgisel optimizasyon algoritmalarından genetik algoritma (GA), Parçacık Sürü Optimizasyonu (PSO), Harmony arama (HA) ve Evrimsel arama (EA) tercih edildi. Algoritmaların performansı 10 kat çapraz doğrulama yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edildi. Sonuç olarak PCA algoritmasının öznitelik seçiminde kullanımının metasezgisel algoritmalara göre sınıflandırma başarısını daha fazla arttırdığı anlaşıldı. Kullanılan sınıflandırma algoritmaları arasında en başarılı olanı Rastgele ağaç algoritması oldu. PCA sonrasında bu algoritmanın doğruluk değeri %95,8’e ulaşıldı. Bu nedenle ölçüm sistemine gömülü yazılımda PCA ve Rastgele ağaç algoritmalarının kullanıldığı hibrit bir yaklaşım önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Yapay Zeka, Gömülü nesne, Metasezgisel optimizasyon algoritmaları, PCA, Görüntü işleme.

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