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The Examination On Public Service Announcements Prepared By UNICEF For Preventing Child Marriage In The Context Of Human Trafficking

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 144 - 168, 23.06.2020

Abstract

Child marriage or early marriage refers to the marriage of an individual under 18 years of age. Today, child marriage has been an important problem in the context of human trafficking. As a matter of fact, children are sold to adults in different countries, sometimes by force, sometimes with the consent of their families in human trafficking. Individuals who are married at an early age are deprived of their childhood, are prevented from continuing their education and maybe under a heavy workload. In this process, campaigns have been carried out by many international organizations in order to end marriage at an early age. The United Nations Children's Aid Fund (UNICEF) is one of them. In this study, 6 public service announcements prepared by UNICEF to prevent child marriages were examined by using the semiotic analysis method. As a result of the study, it was seen that public service announcements aim to raise awareness about the size of child marriage by bringing statistical data to the forefront. On the other hand, it was found that children could not live their childhood due to child marriage and experienced health problems as a result of child marriages were tried to be drawn attention.

References

  • Arpa, M. & Çakı, C. (2018a). İş Kazalarını Konu Alan İş Güvenliği Reklamlarında Duygusal Çekiciliklerin Kullanımı: Avustralya ve Singapur İş Güvenliği Reklamları Üzerine İnceleme. SGD-Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 8(2), 153-172.
  • Arpa, M., & Çakı, C. (2018b). “İş Kazası Diye Bir Şey Yoktur”: Kanada İş Güvenliği Reklamları Üzerine İnceleme. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 9(2), 75-87.
  • Braimah, T. S. (2014). Child marriage in Northern Nigeria: Section 61 of Part I of the 1999 Constitution and the protection of children against child marriage. African Human Rights Law Journal, 14(2), 474-488.
  • Chowdhury, F. D. (2004). The Socio‐Cultural Context of Child Marriage in A Bangladeshi Village. International Journal of Social Welfare, 13(3), 244-253.
  • Çakı, C., & Dündar, G. (2019). Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nde Birinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı Döneminde (1953-1957) Kadınların Propaganda Posterlerindeki Sunumu. Uluslararası Batı Karadeniz Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 13-37.
  • Erulkar, A. S., & Muthengi, E. (2009). Evaluation of Berhane Hewan: a Program to Delay Child Marriage in Rural Ethiopia. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 6-14.
  • Fayokun, K. O. (2015). Legality of Child Marriage in Nigeria and Inhibitions against Realisation of Education Rights. US-China L. Rev., 12, 812-826. Ferdousi, N. (2014). Child Marriage in Bangladesh: Socio-Legal Analysis. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 6(1), 1-7.
  • Gaffney-Rhys, R. (2011). International Law as an Instrument to Combat Child Marriage. The International Journal of Human Rights, 15(3), 359-373.
  • Gaffney-Rhys, R. (2012). A Comparison of Child Marriage and Polygamy from A Human Rights Perspective: Are The Arguments Equally Cogent?. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 34(1), 49-61.
  • Gage, A. J. (2013). Association of Child Marriage with Suicidal Thoughts and Attempts among Adolescent Girls in Ethiopia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), 654-656.
  • Gangoli, G., McCarry, M., & Razak, A. (2009). Child Marriage or Forced Marriage? South Asian Communities in North East England. Children & Society, 23(6), 418-429.
  • Gazi, M. A., & Çakı, C. (2018). Siyahi Ayrımcılığa Karşı Hazırlanan Kamu Spotu Reklamları, International Journal of Labour, Life and Social Policy, 1(2), 48-62.
  • Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C., & Gülada, M. O. (2018). İspanya 2000 Partisi'nin Göçmen Karşıtı Propaganda Faaliyetleri Üzerine İnceleme. Ankara Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 11-22.
  • Gazi, M. A., & Çakı, C. (2019). Şili Ulusal İnsan Hakları Örgütü’nün Göçmen Ayrımcılığına Karşı Hazırlanan Kamu Spotu Reklamları Üzerine İnceleme. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 50-77 .
  • Godha, D., Hotchkiss, D. R., & Gage, A. J. (2013). Association between Child Marriage and Reproductive Health Outcomes and Service Utilization: A Multi-Country Study from South Asia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), 552-558.
  • Gülada, M. O., Gazi, M. A., & Çakı, C. (2019). Nazi Propagandasının Ulusal Seferberlikte İdealize Ettiği Alman Genç Kızları:“Das Deutsche Mädel” Dergisi Üzerine İnceleme. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 6(2), 1079-1100.
  • Hampton, T. (2010). Child Marriage Threatens Girls’ Health. Jama, 304(5), 509-510. Kalamar, A. M., Lee-Rife, S., & Hindin, M. J. (2016). Interventions to Prevent Child Marriage among Young People in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of the Published and Gray Literature. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(3), S16-S21.
  • Kalkan Kocabay, H. (2008). Tiyatroda Göstergebilim. İstanbul: E Yayınları.
  • Kamal, S. M., Hassan, C. H., Alam, G. M., & Ying, Y. (2015). Child Marriage in Bangladesh: Trends and Determinants. Journal of Biosocial Science, 47(1), 120-139.
  • Lee‐Rife, S., Malhotra, A., Warner, A., & Glinski, A. M. (2012). What Works to Prevent Child Marriage: A Review of the Evidence. Studies in Family Planning, 43(4), 287- 303.
  • Le Strat, Y., Dubertret, C., & Le Foll, B. (2011). Child Marriage in the United States and its Association with Mental Health in Women. Pediatrics, 128(3), 524-530.
  • Maswikwa, B., Richter, L., Kaufman, J., & Nandi, A. (2015). Minimum Marriage Age Laws and the Prevalence of Child Marriage and Adolescent Birth: Evidence from sub- Saharan Africa. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 41(2), 58-68.
  • Mikhail, S. L. B. (2002). Child Marriage and Child Prostitution: Two Forms of Sexual Exploitation. Gender & Development, 10(1), 43-49.
  • Nasrullah, M., Muazzam, S., Bhutta, Z. A., & Raj, A. (2014). Girl Child Marriage and its Effect on Fertility in Pakistan: Findings from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 2006–2007. Maternal and child health journal, 18(3), 534-543.
  • Nguyen, M. C., & Wodon, Q. (2012). Measuring Child Marriage. Economics Bulletin, 32(1), 398-411.
  • Nguyen, M. C., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Global and Regional Trends in Child Marriage. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(3), 6-11.
  • Nour, N. M. (2006). Health Consequences of Child Marriage in Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(11), 1644-1649.
  • Nour, N. M. (2009). Child Marriage: a Silent Health and Human Rights Issue. Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2(1), 51-56. O'Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804.
  • Parsons, J., Edmeades, J., Kes, A., Petroni, S., Sexton, M., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Economic Impacts of child Marriage: a Review of the Literature. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(3), 12-22.
  • Raj, A., Saggurti, N., Balaiah, D., & Silverman, J. G. (2009). Prevalence of Child Marriage and its Effect on Fertility and Fertility-Control Outcomes of Young Women in India: a Cross-Sectional, Observational Study. The Lancet, 373(9678), 1883-1889.
  • Raj, A., McDougal, L., & Rusch, M. L. (2012). Changes in Prevalence of Girl Child Marriage in South Asia. JAMA, 307(19), 2027-2029.
  • Raj, A., & Boehmer, U. (2013). Girl Child Marriage and its Association with National Rates of HIV, Maternal Health, and Infant Mortality across 97 Countries. Violence against Women, 19(4), 536-551.
  • Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Sığırcı, İ. (2016). Göstergebilim Uygulamaları, Metinleri, Görselleri ve Olayları Okuma. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Svanemyr, J., Chandra-Mouli, V., Christiansen, C. S., & Mbizvo, M. (2012). Preventing Child Marriages: First International Day of the Girl Child “My Life, My Right, End Child Marriage”. Reproductive Health, 9(1), 31, 1-3.
  • Tanyeri Mazıcı, E., & Çakı, C. (2018). Adolf Hitler’in Korku Çekiciliği Bağlamında Kamu Spotu Reklamlarında Kullanımı, Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(3), 290-306.
  • UNICEF (2019a). "Düğün Konulu Hikâye Kitabı Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. youtube. com/ watch?v =wfbi3CxE3Lw, Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2019.
  • UNICEF (2019b). "Çocuklukları Çalınanlar Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. youtube.com /watch?v =PaucunixSnE, Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2019. UNICEF (2019c). "Her Zaman Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. youtube. com/watch? v=sk-n7q OgaL8, Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2019.
  • UNICEF (2019d). "Çocuk Evliliğini Ortadan Kaldır Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. youtube. com/ watch ?v=_ cp1aiGFVHc, Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2019.
  • UNICEF (2019e). "Okul Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. youtube. com/ watch ?v= KNV0pkBjg3U, Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2019.
  • UNICEF Statistics (2019). "Dünya Genelinde Çocuk Evliliği İstatistikleri", https:// www. unicef. org/ stories/ child- marriage -around -world, Erişim Tarihi: 29.08.2019.
  • Wardlaw, T., You, D., Newby, H., Anthony, D., & Chopra, M. (2013). Child Survival: a Message of Hope but a Call for Renewed Commitment in UNICEF Report. Reproductive Health, 10(1), 64.
  • Warner, E. (2004). Behind the Wedding Veil: Child Marriage as a Form of Trafficking in Girls. Am. UJ Gender Soc. Pol'y & L., 12, 233-271.
  • Wodon, Q., Nguyen, M. C., & Tsimpo, C. (2016). Child Marriage, Education, and Agency in Uganda. Feminist Economics, 22(1), 54-79.
  • Wodon, Q. (2016). Early Childhood Development in the Context of the Family: the Case of Child Marriage. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 17(4), 590-598.

İnsan Ticareti Bağlamında Çocuk Evliliğini Önlemeye Yönelik UNICEF Tarafından Hazırlanan Kamu Spotu Reklamları Üzerine İnceleme

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 144 - 168, 23.06.2020

Abstract

Çocuk evliliği veya bir diğer adıyla erken yaşta evlilik, 18 yaşın altındaki bir bireyin evlendirilmesini ifade etmektedir. İnsan ticareti boyutunda değerlendirildiğinde ise çocuk evlilikleri günümüzde önemli bir sorun olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Nitekim insan ticaretinde çocuklar kimi zaman zorla, kimi zaman da ailelerinin rızası alınarak farklı ülkelerde bulunan yetişkinlere satılmaktadır. Erken yaşta evlendirilen bireyler, çocukluk dönemlerini yaşamaktan mahrum olmakta, eğitimlerini sürdürmeleri engellenmekte ve ağır iş yükü altına girebilmektedir. Bu süreçte erken yaşta evliliğe son vermek amacıyla pek çok uluslararası kuruluş tarafından kampanyalar yürütülmektedir. Kampanya yürüten bu kurumların başında da Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuklara Yardım Fonu (UNICEF) gelmektedir. Çalışmada insan ticareti sonucu meydana gelen çocuk evliliklerini önlemeye yönelik UNICEF tarafından hazırlanan altı kamu spotu reklamı, göstergebilimsel analiz yöntemi kullanılarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, kamu spotu reklamlarında genel olarak istatistiki verilerin ön plana çıkarılarak çocuk evliliğinin büyüklüğü konusunda farkındalık oluşturulmasının amaçlandığı görülmektedir. Diğer yandan çocuk evliliği nedeniyle çocukların çocukluk dönemlerini yaşayamadıklarına ve çocuk evlilikleri sonucunda yaşanan sağlık sorunlarına da dikkat çekilmeye çalışıldığı ortaya çıkmıştır.

References

  • Arpa, M. & Çakı, C. (2018a). İş Kazalarını Konu Alan İş Güvenliği Reklamlarında Duygusal Çekiciliklerin Kullanımı: Avustralya ve Singapur İş Güvenliği Reklamları Üzerine İnceleme. SGD-Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 8(2), 153-172.
  • Arpa, M., & Çakı, C. (2018b). “İş Kazası Diye Bir Şey Yoktur”: Kanada İş Güvenliği Reklamları Üzerine İnceleme. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 9(2), 75-87.
  • Braimah, T. S. (2014). Child marriage in Northern Nigeria: Section 61 of Part I of the 1999 Constitution and the protection of children against child marriage. African Human Rights Law Journal, 14(2), 474-488.
  • Chowdhury, F. D. (2004). The Socio‐Cultural Context of Child Marriage in A Bangladeshi Village. International Journal of Social Welfare, 13(3), 244-253.
  • Çakı, C., & Dündar, G. (2019). Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nde Birinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı Döneminde (1953-1957) Kadınların Propaganda Posterlerindeki Sunumu. Uluslararası Batı Karadeniz Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 13-37.
  • Erulkar, A. S., & Muthengi, E. (2009). Evaluation of Berhane Hewan: a Program to Delay Child Marriage in Rural Ethiopia. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 6-14.
  • Fayokun, K. O. (2015). Legality of Child Marriage in Nigeria and Inhibitions against Realisation of Education Rights. US-China L. Rev., 12, 812-826. Ferdousi, N. (2014). Child Marriage in Bangladesh: Socio-Legal Analysis. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 6(1), 1-7.
  • Gaffney-Rhys, R. (2011). International Law as an Instrument to Combat Child Marriage. The International Journal of Human Rights, 15(3), 359-373.
  • Gaffney-Rhys, R. (2012). A Comparison of Child Marriage and Polygamy from A Human Rights Perspective: Are The Arguments Equally Cogent?. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 34(1), 49-61.
  • Gage, A. J. (2013). Association of Child Marriage with Suicidal Thoughts and Attempts among Adolescent Girls in Ethiopia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), 654-656.
  • Gangoli, G., McCarry, M., & Razak, A. (2009). Child Marriage or Forced Marriage? South Asian Communities in North East England. Children & Society, 23(6), 418-429.
  • Gazi, M. A., & Çakı, C. (2018). Siyahi Ayrımcılığa Karşı Hazırlanan Kamu Spotu Reklamları, International Journal of Labour, Life and Social Policy, 1(2), 48-62.
  • Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C., & Gülada, M. O. (2018). İspanya 2000 Partisi'nin Göçmen Karşıtı Propaganda Faaliyetleri Üzerine İnceleme. Ankara Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 11-22.
  • Gazi, M. A., & Çakı, C. (2019). Şili Ulusal İnsan Hakları Örgütü’nün Göçmen Ayrımcılığına Karşı Hazırlanan Kamu Spotu Reklamları Üzerine İnceleme. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 50-77 .
  • Godha, D., Hotchkiss, D. R., & Gage, A. J. (2013). Association between Child Marriage and Reproductive Health Outcomes and Service Utilization: A Multi-Country Study from South Asia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), 552-558.
  • Gülada, M. O., Gazi, M. A., & Çakı, C. (2019). Nazi Propagandasının Ulusal Seferberlikte İdealize Ettiği Alman Genç Kızları:“Das Deutsche Mädel” Dergisi Üzerine İnceleme. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 6(2), 1079-1100.
  • Hampton, T. (2010). Child Marriage Threatens Girls’ Health. Jama, 304(5), 509-510. Kalamar, A. M., Lee-Rife, S., & Hindin, M. J. (2016). Interventions to Prevent Child Marriage among Young People in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of the Published and Gray Literature. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(3), S16-S21.
  • Kalkan Kocabay, H. (2008). Tiyatroda Göstergebilim. İstanbul: E Yayınları.
  • Kamal, S. M., Hassan, C. H., Alam, G. M., & Ying, Y. (2015). Child Marriage in Bangladesh: Trends and Determinants. Journal of Biosocial Science, 47(1), 120-139.
  • Lee‐Rife, S., Malhotra, A., Warner, A., & Glinski, A. M. (2012). What Works to Prevent Child Marriage: A Review of the Evidence. Studies in Family Planning, 43(4), 287- 303.
  • Le Strat, Y., Dubertret, C., & Le Foll, B. (2011). Child Marriage in the United States and its Association with Mental Health in Women. Pediatrics, 128(3), 524-530.
  • Maswikwa, B., Richter, L., Kaufman, J., & Nandi, A. (2015). Minimum Marriage Age Laws and the Prevalence of Child Marriage and Adolescent Birth: Evidence from sub- Saharan Africa. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 41(2), 58-68.
  • Mikhail, S. L. B. (2002). Child Marriage and Child Prostitution: Two Forms of Sexual Exploitation. Gender & Development, 10(1), 43-49.
  • Nasrullah, M., Muazzam, S., Bhutta, Z. A., & Raj, A. (2014). Girl Child Marriage and its Effect on Fertility in Pakistan: Findings from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 2006–2007. Maternal and child health journal, 18(3), 534-543.
  • Nguyen, M. C., & Wodon, Q. (2012). Measuring Child Marriage. Economics Bulletin, 32(1), 398-411.
  • Nguyen, M. C., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Global and Regional Trends in Child Marriage. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(3), 6-11.
  • Nour, N. M. (2006). Health Consequences of Child Marriage in Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(11), 1644-1649.
  • Nour, N. M. (2009). Child Marriage: a Silent Health and Human Rights Issue. Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2(1), 51-56. O'Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804.
  • Parsons, J., Edmeades, J., Kes, A., Petroni, S., Sexton, M., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Economic Impacts of child Marriage: a Review of the Literature. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(3), 12-22.
  • Raj, A., Saggurti, N., Balaiah, D., & Silverman, J. G. (2009). Prevalence of Child Marriage and its Effect on Fertility and Fertility-Control Outcomes of Young Women in India: a Cross-Sectional, Observational Study. The Lancet, 373(9678), 1883-1889.
  • Raj, A., McDougal, L., & Rusch, M. L. (2012). Changes in Prevalence of Girl Child Marriage in South Asia. JAMA, 307(19), 2027-2029.
  • Raj, A., & Boehmer, U. (2013). Girl Child Marriage and its Association with National Rates of HIV, Maternal Health, and Infant Mortality across 97 Countries. Violence against Women, 19(4), 536-551.
  • Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Sığırcı, İ. (2016). Göstergebilim Uygulamaları, Metinleri, Görselleri ve Olayları Okuma. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Svanemyr, J., Chandra-Mouli, V., Christiansen, C. S., & Mbizvo, M. (2012). Preventing Child Marriages: First International Day of the Girl Child “My Life, My Right, End Child Marriage”. Reproductive Health, 9(1), 31, 1-3.
  • Tanyeri Mazıcı, E., & Çakı, C. (2018). Adolf Hitler’in Korku Çekiciliği Bağlamında Kamu Spotu Reklamlarında Kullanımı, Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(3), 290-306.
  • UNICEF (2019a). "Düğün Konulu Hikâye Kitabı Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. youtube. com/ watch?v =wfbi3CxE3Lw, Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2019.
  • UNICEF (2019b). "Çocuklukları Çalınanlar Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. youtube.com /watch?v =PaucunixSnE, Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2019. UNICEF (2019c). "Her Zaman Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. youtube. com/watch? v=sk-n7q OgaL8, Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2019.
  • UNICEF (2019d). "Çocuk Evliliğini Ortadan Kaldır Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. youtube. com/ watch ?v=_ cp1aiGFVHc, Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2019.
  • UNICEF (2019e). "Okul Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. youtube. com/ watch ?v= KNV0pkBjg3U, Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2019.
  • UNICEF Statistics (2019). "Dünya Genelinde Çocuk Evliliği İstatistikleri", https:// www. unicef. org/ stories/ child- marriage -around -world, Erişim Tarihi: 29.08.2019.
  • Wardlaw, T., You, D., Newby, H., Anthony, D., & Chopra, M. (2013). Child Survival: a Message of Hope but a Call for Renewed Commitment in UNICEF Report. Reproductive Health, 10(1), 64.
  • Warner, E. (2004). Behind the Wedding Veil: Child Marriage as a Form of Trafficking in Girls. Am. UJ Gender Soc. Pol'y & L., 12, 233-271.
  • Wodon, Q., Nguyen, M. C., & Tsimpo, C. (2016). Child Marriage, Education, and Agency in Uganda. Feminist Economics, 22(1), 54-79.
  • Wodon, Q. (2016). Early Childhood Development in the Context of the Family: the Case of Child Marriage. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 17(4), 590-598.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Ozan Gülada This is me 0000-0001-8233-2321

Publication Date June 23, 2020
Submission Date August 30, 2019
Acceptance Date April 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gülada, M. O. (2020). İnsan Ticareti Bağlamında Çocuk Evliliğini Önlemeye Yönelik UNICEF Tarafından Hazırlanan Kamu Spotu Reklamları Üzerine İnceleme. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 144-168.