The examine of imagery and self-efficacy levels of athletes in terms of some variables
Year 2020,
, 614 - 625, 14.12.2020
Serdar Kocaekşi
,
Umut Sezer
,
Ayşegül Funda Alp
,
Ramazan Taşçıoğlu
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the imagery and self-efficacy beliefs of athletes. 35 male and 47 female; totally 82 athletes participated in the study. SIQ and SES scale was used to collect the data. SES (Self-Efficacy Scale) that was developed Riggs et al. (1994) was translated and adapted to Turkish by Öcel (2002). SIQ (Sport Imagery Questionnaire) especially developed for sports and it was designed by Hall et al (1998). Turkish adaptation of inventory was done by Kızıldağ in 2007.. According to t test results by gender comparative comparison, sub dimension of sport imagery questionnaire there is a statistically significant difference at the sub dimension of imagery which is the Motivational Specific Imagery and Motivational General Arousal Imagery (p<0.05). The Correlation results showed that there was a significant relationship between Cognitive Imagery and Self Efficacy; Motivational Specific Imagery and Self Efficacy; Motivational General-Mastery and Self Efficacy (p<0.05). The results of this study reveal that, the imagery change in terms of gender, imagery and self-efficacy beliefs show some relationships and this relationship is observable.
References
- Adegbesan, O. A. (2010). Analysis of Imagery Use as Predictors of Football Players’ Sport Confidence. Word Journal of Sport Sciences, 3(1), 53-58.
- Bandura, A. (1982). Self-Efficacy Mechanism in Human Agency. American Psychologist, 37 (2), 122-147.
- Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26.
- Callery, P., & Morris, T. (1997). Imagery, self –efficacy and goal-kicking performance. In: Lidor, R., Bar-Eli, M., editors. Proceedings of IX World Congress of Sport Psychology. Netanya, Israel: ISSP, p.169-171.
- Callery, P., & Morris, T. (1997). Imagery, self –efficacy and goal-kicking performance. In: Lidor, R., Bar-Eli, M., editors. Proceedings of IX World Congress of Sport Psychology. Netanya, Israel: ISSP, p.172-174.
- Callery, P,. & Morris, T. (1993). The effect of mental practice on the performance of on Austrailian Rules football skill. In: Serpa, J., Alves, V., Ferreira, APaula-Brito., editors. Proceedings of VIII World Congress of Sport Psychology. Lisbon: ISSP, p.646-651.
- Callow, N., Hardy, L. (2001). Types of Imagery Associated With Sport Confidence In Netball Players of Varying Skill Levels. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 1-17.
- Cumming, J., Hall, C., Shambrook, C. (2004). The Influence of an Imagery Workshop on Athletes’ Use of Imagery, The Journal of Sport Psychology, 6(1), 52-73.
- Denis, M., & Carfantan, M. (1985). People’s knowledge about images. Cognition, 20, 49-60.
- Feltz, D., Riessinger, C. (1990). Effects of in Vivo Imagery and Performance Feedback on Self-Efficacy and Muscular Endurance, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12, 132-143.
- Gregg, M., Hall, C., Nederhof, E. (2005). The Imagery Ability, Imagery Use, and Performance Relationship, The Sport Psychologist, 19, 93-99.
- Hall, C. R., Mack, D. E., Paivio, A., & Hausenblas, H. A. (1998). Imagery use by athletes: Development of the sport imagery questionnaire. In Smith, D., Bar-Eli, M. editors. Essential Readings in Sport and Exercise Psychology. Champaign, 111: Human Kinetics. p.258-264.
- Hall, C. R. ( 2001). Imagery in sport and exercise. In Singer, R. N., Hausenblas, H. N., Janelle, C. editors. Handbook of sport psychology, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, p.529-549.
- Kızıldağ, E., Tiryaki, Ş. (2012). Athletes in Sports Imagery Inventory for Turkish Adaptation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(1), 13-23.
- Kızıldağ, E. (2007). Identify what kind of imagery was used by athletes. For that reason Sports Imagery Questionnaire was adapted for Turkish athletes. Unpublished Thesis, Mersin.
- Lee, C. (1988). The Relationship Between Goal Setting, Self Efficacy, and Female Field Hockey Team Performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 20, 147-161.
- Martin, K., & C, Hall. (1995). Using mental imagery to enhance intrinsic motivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 54-69.
- Moritz, S. E., Hall, C. R., Martin, K. A., Vadocz, E. (1996). What Are Confident Athletes Imaging?: An Examination of Image Content. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 171-179.
- Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Watt, A. P. (2005). Imagery in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, p.16-17.
- Munroe-Chandler, K., Hall, C., Fishburne, G. (2008). Playing With Confidence: The Relationship Between Imagery Use and Self-Confidence and Self-Efficacy In Youth Soccer Players. Journal of Sport Sciences, 26(14), 1539-1546.
- Murphy, S. M. (1990). Models of imagery in sport psychology: A review. Journal of Mental Imagery, 14, 153–172.
- Öcel, H. (2002). The Role of self-efficacy collective efficacy beliefs and cohesiveness in predicting player’s evaluations of their teams past present performance and future performance expentancies. Unpublished Thesis, Ankara.
- Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Daud, W. R. B. W., Abdullah, R., & Rashid, S. (2009). The Effectiveness of Imagery and Coping Straregies In Sport Performance. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), 97-108.
- Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory: retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 45, 255-87.
- Riggs, M. L., Warka, J., Babasa, B., Betancour, R., Hooker, S. (1994). Development and Validation of Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectancy Scales for Job-Related Applications. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 793-802.
- She, W., Morris, T. (1997). Imagery, self-confidence and baseball hitting. In: Bar-Eli, M., Lidor, R. editors. Proceedings of IX World Congress of Sport Psychology. Netanya, Israel: ISSP, p.626-628.
- Short, S., Tenute, A. L., Feltz, D. (2005). Imagery Use In Sport: Mediational Effects For Efficacy. Journal of Sport Sciences, 23(9), 951-960.
- Short, S. E., Short, M. W. (2005). Differences Between High-and Low-Confident Football Players on Imagery Functions: A Consideration of the Athletes’ Perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 17, 197-208.
- Vealey, R. S. (1986). Conceptualization of sport confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrument development. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 221-246.
- Wann, L. D. (1997). Sport Psychology, Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River.
The Examine of Imagination and Self-Efficacy Levels of Athletes in Terms of Some Variables
Year 2020,
, 614 - 625, 14.12.2020
Serdar Kocaekşi
,
Umut Sezer
,
Ayşegül Funda Alp
,
Ramazan Taşçıoğlu
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı atletlerin imgeleme ve öz-yeterlik inançlarını değerlendirmektir. Çalışmaya 35 erkek ve 47 kadın olmak üzere toplam 82 sporcu katılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında Riggs ve arkadaşlarının (1994) geliştirmiş olduğu Öcel (2002) tarafından Türkçe'ye çevrilerek uyarlanmış olan Öz Yeterlilik Ölçeği-(SES) ve özellikle spor için geliştirilmiş olup, Hall ve diğerleri (1998) tarafından tasarlanmış olan, Türkçe'ye uyarlaması Kızıldağ (2007) tarafından yapılan Sporda İmgeleme Ölçeği-(SIQ) kullanılmıştır.. Cinsiyetler açısından yapılan karşılaştırma ve t testi sonuçlarına göre, imgeleme ölçeğinin alt boyutlarından Motivasyonel Özel İmgeleme ve Motivasyonel Genel Uyarılmışlık İmgeleme alt boyutlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark vardır (p <0.05). Korelasyon sonuçları, Bilişsel İmgeleme ile Öz Yeterlilik; Motivasyona Özgü İmgeleme ve Öz Yeterlilik; Motivasyonel Genel-Ustalık ve Öz Yeterlik boyutları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir (p <0.05). Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, cinsiyet, imgeleme ve öz yeterlik inançlarının cinsiyet açısından farklılaştığını imgeleme ve öz yeterlik arasında anlamlı korelasyonel ilişkiler olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
References
- Adegbesan, O. A. (2010). Analysis of Imagery Use as Predictors of Football Players’ Sport Confidence. Word Journal of Sport Sciences, 3(1), 53-58.
- Bandura, A. (1982). Self-Efficacy Mechanism in Human Agency. American Psychologist, 37 (2), 122-147.
- Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26.
- Callery, P., & Morris, T. (1997). Imagery, self –efficacy and goal-kicking performance. In: Lidor, R., Bar-Eli, M., editors. Proceedings of IX World Congress of Sport Psychology. Netanya, Israel: ISSP, p.169-171.
- Callery, P., & Morris, T. (1997). Imagery, self –efficacy and goal-kicking performance. In: Lidor, R., Bar-Eli, M., editors. Proceedings of IX World Congress of Sport Psychology. Netanya, Israel: ISSP, p.172-174.
- Callery, P,. & Morris, T. (1993). The effect of mental practice on the performance of on Austrailian Rules football skill. In: Serpa, J., Alves, V., Ferreira, APaula-Brito., editors. Proceedings of VIII World Congress of Sport Psychology. Lisbon: ISSP, p.646-651.
- Callow, N., Hardy, L. (2001). Types of Imagery Associated With Sport Confidence In Netball Players of Varying Skill Levels. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 1-17.
- Cumming, J., Hall, C., Shambrook, C. (2004). The Influence of an Imagery Workshop on Athletes’ Use of Imagery, The Journal of Sport Psychology, 6(1), 52-73.
- Denis, M., & Carfantan, M. (1985). People’s knowledge about images. Cognition, 20, 49-60.
- Feltz, D., Riessinger, C. (1990). Effects of in Vivo Imagery and Performance Feedback on Self-Efficacy and Muscular Endurance, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12, 132-143.
- Gregg, M., Hall, C., Nederhof, E. (2005). The Imagery Ability, Imagery Use, and Performance Relationship, The Sport Psychologist, 19, 93-99.
- Hall, C. R., Mack, D. E., Paivio, A., & Hausenblas, H. A. (1998). Imagery use by athletes: Development of the sport imagery questionnaire. In Smith, D., Bar-Eli, M. editors. Essential Readings in Sport and Exercise Psychology. Champaign, 111: Human Kinetics. p.258-264.
- Hall, C. R. ( 2001). Imagery in sport and exercise. In Singer, R. N., Hausenblas, H. N., Janelle, C. editors. Handbook of sport psychology, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, p.529-549.
- Kızıldağ, E., Tiryaki, Ş. (2012). Athletes in Sports Imagery Inventory for Turkish Adaptation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(1), 13-23.
- Kızıldağ, E. (2007). Identify what kind of imagery was used by athletes. For that reason Sports Imagery Questionnaire was adapted for Turkish athletes. Unpublished Thesis, Mersin.
- Lee, C. (1988). The Relationship Between Goal Setting, Self Efficacy, and Female Field Hockey Team Performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 20, 147-161.
- Martin, K., & C, Hall. (1995). Using mental imagery to enhance intrinsic motivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 54-69.
- Moritz, S. E., Hall, C. R., Martin, K. A., Vadocz, E. (1996). What Are Confident Athletes Imaging?: An Examination of Image Content. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 171-179.
- Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Watt, A. P. (2005). Imagery in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, p.16-17.
- Munroe-Chandler, K., Hall, C., Fishburne, G. (2008). Playing With Confidence: The Relationship Between Imagery Use and Self-Confidence and Self-Efficacy In Youth Soccer Players. Journal of Sport Sciences, 26(14), 1539-1546.
- Murphy, S. M. (1990). Models of imagery in sport psychology: A review. Journal of Mental Imagery, 14, 153–172.
- Öcel, H. (2002). The Role of self-efficacy collective efficacy beliefs and cohesiveness in predicting player’s evaluations of their teams past present performance and future performance expentancies. Unpublished Thesis, Ankara.
- Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Daud, W. R. B. W., Abdullah, R., & Rashid, S. (2009). The Effectiveness of Imagery and Coping Straregies In Sport Performance. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), 97-108.
- Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory: retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 45, 255-87.
- Riggs, M. L., Warka, J., Babasa, B., Betancour, R., Hooker, S. (1994). Development and Validation of Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectancy Scales for Job-Related Applications. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 793-802.
- She, W., Morris, T. (1997). Imagery, self-confidence and baseball hitting. In: Bar-Eli, M., Lidor, R. editors. Proceedings of IX World Congress of Sport Psychology. Netanya, Israel: ISSP, p.626-628.
- Short, S., Tenute, A. L., Feltz, D. (2005). Imagery Use In Sport: Mediational Effects For Efficacy. Journal of Sport Sciences, 23(9), 951-960.
- Short, S. E., Short, M. W. (2005). Differences Between High-and Low-Confident Football Players on Imagery Functions: A Consideration of the Athletes’ Perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 17, 197-208.
- Vealey, R. S. (1986). Conceptualization of sport confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrument development. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 221-246.
- Wann, L. D. (1997). Sport Psychology, Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River.