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Inevitable Choice for Survival: The Last Ottoman Grand Strategy
Abstract
Today most scholar in the field, defines the concept of grand strategy as the allocation of a state’s resources to meet its main objectives. In history no exceptions all states had guiding strategy to grow, exist or survive within the international environment. Even though Ottoman Empire like all other ones in history, had never used the grand strategy term to define their overall purpose, most empire’s rulers set main objectives, established priorities, allocate resources and followed long term systemic plans in order to establish regional/global supremacy from fourteenth and eighteenth century successfully. However, their political/military/financial supremacy faded away when they were not able to renew the existing grand strategy according to the shifting international environment during the eighteenth century. This study examines the Ottoman’s new revised grand strategy had emerged during the first half of the nineteenth century in order to secure the survival of empire. Within historical context, this paper designed to discuss Mahmud II’s innovative and visionary grand strategic approach in detail. While doing it this study overall linked the centralization, westernization, Ottomanization and the balance of power policy in foreign affairs as the main component of renewed grand strategy. Last but not least this study presents an analysis of the attempt to reshape the empire’s late period grand strategy aim to outmanoeuvre stronger rivals in an anarchic international order shaped by European great powers.
Keywords
References
- AGOSTON, Gabor, “The Ottomans from Frontier Principality to Empire”, John A. Olsen and Colin S. Gray, The Practice of Strategy from Alexander the Great to the Present, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011.
- AGOSTON, Gabor, “Information, Ideology, and the Limits of Imperial Policy: Ottoman Grand Strategy in the Context of Ottoman-Habsburg Rivalry,” Virginia Aksan and Daniel H. Goffman (ed) Remapping the Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
- AKSAN, H. Virginia, Ottoman Wars 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged, Routledge, New York, 2007.
- ANSCOMBE, F. Frederick, ‘The Balkan Revolutionary Age’ The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 84, No. 3, September 2012, pp. 572-606.
- BADEM, Candan, The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856), Brill, Boston, 2010.
- BALZAC Thierry, Comparative Grand Strategy A Framework and Cases, Oxford University Press, 2019.
- BATAKOVIC, Dusan, “Balkan-Style French Revolution? The 1804 Serbian Revolution in European Perspective” Balcanica, Vol XXXVI, 2005, p. 113-128.
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Politics in International Relations, Ottoman Central Organization, Late Modern Ottoman History
Journal Section
Research Article
Early Pub Date
December 16, 2023
Publication Date
December 19, 2023
Submission Date
June 21, 2022
Acceptance Date
November 20, 2023
Published in Issue
Year 2023 Volume: 17 Number: 33
APA
Toman, M., & Yavuz, F. (2023). Inevitable Choice for Survival: The Last Ottoman Grand Strategy. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 17(33), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1405866
AMA
1.Toman M, Yavuz F. Inevitable Choice for Survival: The Last Ottoman Grand Strategy. Gazi Akademik Bakış. 2023;17(33):187-206. doi:10.19060/gav.1405866
Chicago
Toman, Murat, and Fikrettin Yavuz. 2023. “Inevitable Choice for Survival: The Last Ottoman Grand Strategy”. Gazi Akademik Bakış 17 (33): 187-206. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1405866.
EndNote
Toman M, Yavuz F (December 1, 2023) Inevitable Choice for Survival: The Last Ottoman Grand Strategy. Gazi Akademik Bakış 17 33 187–206.
IEEE
[1]M. Toman and F. Yavuz, “Inevitable Choice for Survival: The Last Ottoman Grand Strategy”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, vol. 17, no. 33, pp. 187–206, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.19060/gav.1405866.
ISNAD
Toman, Murat - Yavuz, Fikrettin. “Inevitable Choice for Survival: The Last Ottoman Grand Strategy”. Gazi Akademik Bakış 17/33 (December 1, 2023): 187-206. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1405866.
JAMA
1.Toman M, Yavuz F. Inevitable Choice for Survival: The Last Ottoman Grand Strategy. Gazi Akademik Bakış. 2023;17:187–206.
MLA
Toman, Murat, and Fikrettin Yavuz. “Inevitable Choice for Survival: The Last Ottoman Grand Strategy”. Gazi Akademik Bakış, vol. 17, no. 33, Dec. 2023, pp. 187-06, doi:10.19060/gav.1405866.
Vancouver
1.Murat Toman, Fikrettin Yavuz. Inevitable Choice for Survival: The Last Ottoman Grand Strategy. Gazi Akademik Bakış. 2023 Dec. 1;17(33):187-206. doi:10.19060/gav.1405866