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Kondominyum’un Sonuna Doğru Sudan’da Self-determinasyon Süreci

Year 2024, , 43 - 63, 11.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1498697

Abstract

1899’da Mehdiye Döneminin sona ermesiyle Sudan’da Kondominyum denilen İngiltere ve Mısır’ın ortak idaresiyle yeni bir döneme girilmiştir. Tarafların nüfuz mücadelesine sahne olan bu dönem daha çok İngiliz otoritelerinin etkin olduğu bir politik duruma evrilmiştir. Ancak yine de iki ülke arasındaki nüfuz mücadelesi Sudan’ın bağımsızlık sürecine kadar devam etmiştir. Hatta bu durumun çoğu zaman Sudan’ın self-determinasyon sürecine olumlu katkılarının olduğu bilinmektedir. İngiltere ve Mısır’ın Sudan’a egemen olma mücadelesi, sonraki yıllarda Sudan’da yetişen yeni neslin bağımsızlık taleplerinin önüne geçememiştir. Tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Sudan’da da özgürlük talepleri 1940’lardan itibaren yüksek sesle dile getirilmiştir. Önü alınamaz bağımsızlık taleplerine karşı İngiltere, kademeli olarak Sudan’ın özerkliğine ve nihayetinde bağımsızlığına giden süreci başlatmıştır. 1953’te Sudan’ın özerk bir statü elde etmesi politik partilerin etkinliğini daha da artırmasına neden olmuştur. Bu süreç Sudan’da ilk kez kendi kendini yönetme hakkına dayalı bir seçim sisteminin de önünü açmıştır. 1953’ün sonlarına doğru yapılan genel seçimler sonucunda İsmail El-Azhari seçimleri kazanarak Sudan’ın ilk Sudanlı Başbakanı olmuştur. Kısa süre sonra Sudan’da görev yapan İngiliz ve Mısırlı bürokratların yerini Sudanlılar almaya başlamıştır. Yapılan anayasal çalışmalar sonrası Sudan’ın tam bağımsızlığı 1 Ocak 1956’da Sudan Parlamentosu tarafından kabul edilmiştir. Böylece Sudanlılar tüm dünya ulusları gibi kendi geleceklerine kendilerinin karar verecekleri bağımsız bir ülkeye sahip olmuşlardır.

References

  • 1. Official Sources: The National Archive (PRO. FO); Sudan Archive Durham (SAD)
  • 2. Secondary Sources: A.B.H., “The Sudan for the Sudanese: The Threshold of Self-Determination”, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 11/10, (1955), 421-430.
  • BROADBENT, P. B., “Sudanese Self-Government”, International Affairs, 30/3, (1954), 320-330.
  • COLLINS, Carole, “Colonialism and Class Struggle in Sudan”, MERIP Reports, No: 46, (1976), 3-20.
  • COLLINS, Robert O., “The Independent Sudan”, University of California Press, Current History, North Africa, 44/257, (January 1963), 13-21.
  • COLLINS, Robert, O., “The Sudan Political Service: A Portrait of the ‘Imperialists”, African Affairs, 71/284, (1972), 293-303.
  • DALY, M. W., Principal Office-Holders in the Sudan Government, 1895-1955, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 17/2, 1984, p. 309-316.
  • DALY, M. W., The Development of the Governor-Generalship of the Sudan, 1899-1934, The Journal of African History, 24/1, 1983, p. 77-96.
  • SCONYERS David, “Hurrying Home: Sudanization and National Integration 1953-1956”, British Society for Middle Eastern Studies, 15/1-2, (1988), 64-66.
  • DUNCAN, J.S.R., The Sudan’s Path to Independence, William Blackwood and sons Ldt, London 1957.

The Self-Determination Process in Sudan Towards the End of the Condominium

Year 2024, , 43 - 63, 11.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1498697

Abstract

Upon the Mahdiyya era having been closed in 1899, a new period in Sudan called Condominium, designating the joint administration of England and Egypt, was entered in Sudan. This period, witnessing the struggle of both parties for influence evolved to a political state where British authorities were effectual. However, this ceaseless struggle for influence between the two countries carried on until the self-determination process of Sudan. Moreover, the contribution made by this contest to the self-determination process of Sudan is well-credited. The Anglo-Egyptian tussle could not avert the submission of the new generation in Sudan to independence in the years to follow. Just like in the whole World, the demand for independence in Sudan has been called out since 1940s. As a response to the irrepressible demand for independence, England gradually initiated the process which would lead to Sudan’s autonomy, and ultimately its independence. Sudan gaining an autonomous status in 1953 caused political parties to increase their efficacy. This process also facilitated an electoral system in Sudan based on self-governance for the first time. As a result of the general elections held towards the end of 1953, Ismail al-Azhari became the first Prime Minister of Sudan having won the elections. A short while later, the British and Egyptian bureaucrats serving in Sudan began to be replaced by the Sudanese. Upon constitutional regulations, total independence of Sudan was enacted by the Sudanese Parliament on 1 January 1956. Thus, the Sudanese owned an independent country the future of which they would determine like the countries in the rest of the world.

References

  • 1. Official Sources: The National Archive (PRO. FO); Sudan Archive Durham (SAD)
  • 2. Secondary Sources: A.B.H., “The Sudan for the Sudanese: The Threshold of Self-Determination”, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 11/10, (1955), 421-430.
  • BROADBENT, P. B., “Sudanese Self-Government”, International Affairs, 30/3, (1954), 320-330.
  • COLLINS, Carole, “Colonialism and Class Struggle in Sudan”, MERIP Reports, No: 46, (1976), 3-20.
  • COLLINS, Robert O., “The Independent Sudan”, University of California Press, Current History, North Africa, 44/257, (January 1963), 13-21.
  • COLLINS, Robert, O., “The Sudan Political Service: A Portrait of the ‘Imperialists”, African Affairs, 71/284, (1972), 293-303.
  • DALY, M. W., Principal Office-Holders in the Sudan Government, 1895-1955, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 17/2, 1984, p. 309-316.
  • DALY, M. W., The Development of the Governor-Generalship of the Sudan, 1899-1934, The Journal of African History, 24/1, 1983, p. 77-96.
  • SCONYERS David, “Hurrying Home: Sudanization and National Integration 1953-1956”, British Society for Middle Eastern Studies, 15/1-2, (1988), 64-66.
  • DUNCAN, J.S.R., The Sudan’s Path to Independence, William Blackwood and sons Ldt, London 1957.
There are 10 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Middle East Studies, Contemporary History of Middle East
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Abdullah Özdağ 0000-0002-5775-8264

Publication Date June 11, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Özdağ, A. (2024). The Self-Determination Process in Sudan Towards the End of the Condominium. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 17(34), 43-63. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1498697
AMA Özdağ A. The Self-Determination Process in Sudan Towards the End of the Condominium. Gazi Akademik Bakış. June 2024;17(34):43-63. doi:10.19060/gav.1498697
Chicago Özdağ, Abdullah. “The Self-Determination Process in Sudan Towards the End of the Condominium”. Gazi Akademik Bakış 17, no. 34 (June 2024): 43-63. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1498697.
EndNote Özdağ A (June 1, 2024) The Self-Determination Process in Sudan Towards the End of the Condominium. Gazi Akademik Bakış 17 34 43–63.
IEEE A. Özdağ, “The Self-Determination Process in Sudan Towards the End of the Condominium”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, vol. 17, no. 34, pp. 43–63, 2024, doi: 10.19060/gav.1498697.
ISNAD Özdağ, Abdullah. “The Self-Determination Process in Sudan Towards the End of the Condominium”. Gazi Akademik Bakış 17/34 (June 2024), 43-63. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1498697.
JAMA Özdağ A. The Self-Determination Process in Sudan Towards the End of the Condominium. Gazi Akademik Bakış. 2024;17:43–63.
MLA Özdağ, Abdullah. “The Self-Determination Process in Sudan Towards the End of the Condominium”. Gazi Akademik Bakış, vol. 17, no. 34, 2024, pp. 43-63, doi:10.19060/gav.1498697.
Vancouver Özdağ A. The Self-Determination Process in Sudan Towards the End of the Condominium. Gazi Akademik Bakış. 2024;17(34):43-6.

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