Kurumsal Değişim Üzerine Bir Çalışma: Osmanlı Sosyal Yapısı ve Kamu Hizmetlerinin Karşılanması

Abstract

The article seeks to contribute to issues of institutions that constitute the historical plane on which ‘democratic development’ rests. With that idea in mind, it sheds light onto the institutional course of the Ottoman Empire through the examination of two phenomena: the social structure of the imperial subjects and the provision of public goods. The reason that these two phenomena are essential in assessing the historical trajectory of the empire lies in their particular developmental paths that intertwine and support each other. The Ottoman Empire, which, to an extent, can be seen as the successor state to the Byzantines - as the Byzantine Empire was to Rome-, formed the highest stage of Islamic political institutionalization, having built upon the heritage of mainly the Turks as well as the earlier Muslim polities such as the Umayyad, Abbasid, Seljukian and Mamluk dynasties -plus that of the Mongol. Keeping in mind the Western state model, in the complexity of the political and economic Ottoman organization, those differences that appear as differences of degree compared to the West, still constitute an Ottoman peculiarity. 

Keywords

• Ottoman Institutions, (Democratic) Development, (Ottoman) State, waqf, lonca, property rights 

A Study on Institutional Change: Ottoman Social Structure and the Provision of Public Goods

Abstract

Bu makale, ‘demokratik gelişim’in dayandığı tarihi zemini oluşturan kurumsal konular literatürüne katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla, iki temel olgunun irdelenmesi aracılığıyla, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun kurumsal süreçlerine ışık tutar. Bu iki olgu, imparatorluk tebasının sosyal yapısı ve kamu ürünlerinin karşılanmasıdır. Bu iki fenomenin, imparatorluğun tarihsel yörüngesini tahlil etmedeki önemi, tarihsel olarak birbiriyle kesişen gelişim yollarına dayanır. Kendisinden önce gelen Emevi, Abbasi, Selçuklu ve Memluk hanedanları, Moğol etkisi ve temelde Türk mirası üzerine inşa edilen ve bir dereceye kadar, Bizanslılar’ın halefi sayılabilecek olan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (bir anlamda Bizanslılar’ın Roma’nın halefi olmaları gibi), İslami siyasi kurumsallaşmanın en yüksek noktasını temsil etmektedir. Batı devlet modelini göz önüne aldığımızda, Osmanlı ekonomik ve siyasi organizasyonunda, Batı’ya göre, derece farkı olarak görünen farklılıklar, aslen Osmanlı’ya has kurumsal niteliklerdir. 

Keywords

• Osmanlı Kurumları, (Demokratik) Gelişme, (Osmanlı) Devlet(I), vakıf, lonca, mülkiyet hakkı

References

1. ARNAKIS, G.G. 1953. Futuwwa Traditions in the Ottoman Empire: Akhis, Bektashi
2. Dervishes, and Craftsmen. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 12 (4), 232-247.
3. BARKEY, Karen, Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization,
4. Cornell University Press, 1994.
5. BRAUDEL, Fernand, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phil- ip II, Volume I and II. London: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1972.
6. BROWN, Carl L., Imperial Legacy: The Ottoman Imprint on the Balkans and the Middle East, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
7. ÇIZAKÇA, Murat, A Comparative Evolution of Business Partnerships: The Islamic World and Eu- rope, with Specific Reference to the Ottoman Archives. E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1996. DE SOTO, Hernando, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, Basic Books, 2000.
8. GENÇ, Mehmet, Osmanli Imparatorlugu’nda Devlet ve Ekonomi. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2000. İNALCIK, Halil and Donald Quataert, eds. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire: Volume I-II, Cambridge University Press, 1994.

9. İNALCIK, Halil, Capital Formation in the Ottoman Empire, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 29, No. 1, The Tasks of Economic History (Mar., 1969), pp. 97-140.
10. IMBER, Colin, Ideals and legitimation in early Ottoman history. In Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age, ed. Metin Kunt & Christine Woodhead, 138-154, Lon- don: Longman Group Limited, 1995.
11. JONES, Eric L., The European Miracle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. KURAN, Timur, Behavioral Norms in the Islamic Doctrine of Economics: A Cri- tique, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 4, December 1983: 353-379.
12. KURAN, Timur, Islamic Influences on the Ottoman Guilds. In The Great Ottoman- Turkish Civilization: Volume II, ed-in-chief Kemal Çiçek, ed, Ercüment Kuran, Ne- jat Göyünç, and İlber Ortaylı, 43-59. Ankara: Semih Ofset, 2000.
13. KURAN, Timur, The Provision of Public Goods under Islamic Law: Origins, Impact and Limitations of the Waqf System. Law & Society Review, 35 (4), 841-898, 2001.
14. KURAN, Timur, The Islamic Commercial Crisis: Institutional Roots of Economic Un- derdevelopment in the Middle East, The Journal of Economic History, 63 (2), 414-446, 2003. LANDES, David, The Unbound Prometheus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969. LEWIS, Bernard, The Islamic Guilds, The Economic History Review, 8 (1), 20-37, 1937. NORTH, Douglass C., Structure and Change in Economic History, New York: W. W. Norton, 1981.
15. MOKYR, Joel, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress, Ox- ford University Press, 1990.
16. OLSON, Mancur, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Harvard University Press, 1965.
17. PARKER, William, Europe, America, and the Wider World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
18. SHAW, Stanford, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume I-II, Cam- bridge University Press, 1976.