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The Appearance of the Khazars in the Caucasus

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 36, 1 - 22, 16.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1717306

Abstract

The early history of the Khazars is still to be thoroughly investigated. When they came to the Caucasus is lesser known than their origins. The original land of the Khazar tribe, a member of the T’ieh-le union, was likely in the South Siberian belt. They, together with the comrade tribes Suvars and Barsils, if not still others, were attacked by the Uyghurs, another T’ieh-le member, possibly in cooperation with the Avar and Türk alliance in the mid-5th century. The trio migrated to the north of the Caucasus, after expelling the Ogurs. So, the Khazars came to the west in company with the Suvars, who represented and led the interim union towards the outer world. The Suvars were closer to Persia on the Darband Gate, and the Khazars were to their north. The formers were more active in the early generations, but this meant also the speedier melting of their human source. So the Khazars became relatively more crowded. In contrast to the Romans referring only to the name ‘Suvar’ (Sabir), the Persians were able to separate between the Suvars and Khazars. Their sources have not survived to us, but were abundantly used by early medieval Muslim authors, that need to be checked for anachronism. This helped contruct this paper in a certain logic, according to which the appearance of the Khazars in the Caucasus can be taken to the beginning of the 6th century, if not a little earlier.

References

  • AGATHANGELOS, History of the Armenians, tr. R. W. Thomson, SUNY Press, Albany 1976.
  • ARTAMONOV, M. I., Istorija Hazar, Izd. Gosudarstvennogo Ərmitaža, Leningrad 1962.
  • BALÂDHURI, The Origins of the Islamic State. Kitâb Futûḥ al-Buldân -I-, (tr. Philip Khûri Ḥitti), Columbia University Press, New York 1916.
  • BAZIN, Louis, “Pour une novelle hypothése sur l’origine des Khazar”, Materiala Turcica, 7-8, 1981-1982, pp. 51-71.
  • BLOCKLEY, R. C., The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus -II-, Francis Cairns, Liverpool 1983.
  • BUDGE, Ernest A. Wallis (ed.), The Chronography of Gregory Abu’l-Faraj 1225-1286, Vol.I (rep. of 1932), Apa-Philo Press, Amsterdam 1976.
  • CHAVANNES, Édouard, Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) Occidentaux, Académie impériale des sciences, Petersburg 1903.
  • CHENG, Fangyi, “The Research on the Identification Between Tiele (鐵勒) and the Oγuric Tribes”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 19, 2012, pp. 81-115.
  • CZEGLÉDY, Károly, “Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor on the Nomads”, L. Ligeti (ed.), Studia Turcica, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1971, pp. 133-145.
  • CZEGLÉDY, Károly, “A szavárd kérdés Thury József előtt és után”, Magyar Őstörténeti Tanulmányok, Kőrösi Csoma Társaság, Budapest 1985, pp. 73-85.
  • CZEGLÉDY, Károly, “A Terhin-i ujgur rovásírásos felirat török és magyar történeti és nyelvészeti vonatkozásai”, Magyar Őstörténeti Tanulmányok, Kőrösi Csoma Társaság, Budapest 1985, pp. 146-147.
  • CZEGLÉDY, Károly, “Kaukázusi Hunok, Kaukázusi Avarok”, Magyar Őstörténeti Tanulmányok, Kőrösi Csoma Társaság, Budapest 1985, pp. 280-299.
  • DICKENS, Mark, “The Three Scythian Brothers: An Extract from the Chronicle of Michael the Great”, Parole de l’Orient, 35, 2010, pp. 145-168.
  • DİNEVERÎ, El-Ahbâr’ut-Tıvâl. Eskilerin Haberleri, (tr. Z. Akman – H. S. Aytemür), Ankara Okulu, Ankara 2017.

Hazarların Kafkaslara İlk Gelişleri

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 36, 1 - 22, 16.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1717306

Abstract

Hazarların erken tarihi halen ayrıntılı çalışmalar gerektiriyor. Kafkaslara ne zaman geldikleri, kökenlerinden daha az bilinen bir konudur. T’ieh-le birliğinin bir üyesi olan Hazar boyunun asıl yurdu muhtemelen Güney Sibirya kuşağındaydı. Yoldaş boylar Suvar ve Barsiller ve belki başkalarıyla birlikte, 5. yy ortalarında Hazarlar muhtemelen, bir diğer T’ieh-le üyesi boy olan, Avar ve Kök Türk işbirliği içindeki Uygurların saldırısına uğradılar. Bu üçlü yollarındaki Oğurları sürdükten sonra Kafkasların kuzeyine göçtü. Dolayısıyla Hazarlar dış dünyada bu geçici birliğin yöneticisi olarak görülen Suvarlarla birlikte batıya geldiler. Suvarlar Derbent Geçidi üzerinden İran’a daha yakındılar, Hazarlar ise hemen kuzeylerindeydi. Suvarlar erken dönemlerde daha etkindiler fakat bu aynı zamanda insan kaynaklarının hızlı erimesi anlamına geldi. Böylece Hazarlar nispeten kalabalık hale geldiler. Hepsine Suvar ismini kullanan Roma kaynaklarının aksine, İranlılar Hazar ve Suvarları ayırabiliyorlardı. Kaynakları günümüze ulaşmadıysa da, bazen zaman uyuşmazlığı içermekle birlikte, erken dönem Müslüman yazarlarca bolca kullanıldı. Bu sayedebu makalenin mantıki yapısı kurulmuştur. Buna göre Hazarların gelişi bir parça daha erken değilse eğer, 5. yy başlarına götürülebilir.

References

  • AGATHANGELOS, History of the Armenians, tr. R. W. Thomson, SUNY Press, Albany 1976.
  • ARTAMONOV, M. I., Istorija Hazar, Izd. Gosudarstvennogo Ərmitaža, Leningrad 1962.
  • BALÂDHURI, The Origins of the Islamic State. Kitâb Futûḥ al-Buldân -I-, (tr. Philip Khûri Ḥitti), Columbia University Press, New York 1916.
  • BAZIN, Louis, “Pour une novelle hypothése sur l’origine des Khazar”, Materiala Turcica, 7-8, 1981-1982, pp. 51-71.
  • BLOCKLEY, R. C., The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus -II-, Francis Cairns, Liverpool 1983.
  • BUDGE, Ernest A. Wallis (ed.), The Chronography of Gregory Abu’l-Faraj 1225-1286, Vol.I (rep. of 1932), Apa-Philo Press, Amsterdam 1976.
  • CHAVANNES, Édouard, Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) Occidentaux, Académie impériale des sciences, Petersburg 1903.
  • CHENG, Fangyi, “The Research on the Identification Between Tiele (鐵勒) and the Oγuric Tribes”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 19, 2012, pp. 81-115.
  • CZEGLÉDY, Károly, “Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor on the Nomads”, L. Ligeti (ed.), Studia Turcica, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1971, pp. 133-145.
  • CZEGLÉDY, Károly, “A szavárd kérdés Thury József előtt és után”, Magyar Őstörténeti Tanulmányok, Kőrösi Csoma Társaság, Budapest 1985, pp. 73-85.
  • CZEGLÉDY, Károly, “A Terhin-i ujgur rovásírásos felirat török és magyar történeti és nyelvészeti vonatkozásai”, Magyar Őstörténeti Tanulmányok, Kőrösi Csoma Társaság, Budapest 1985, pp. 146-147.
  • CZEGLÉDY, Károly, “Kaukázusi Hunok, Kaukázusi Avarok”, Magyar Őstörténeti Tanulmányok, Kőrösi Csoma Társaság, Budapest 1985, pp. 280-299.
  • DICKENS, Mark, “The Three Scythian Brothers: An Extract from the Chronicle of Michael the Great”, Parole de l’Orient, 35, 2010, pp. 145-168.
  • DİNEVERÎ, El-Ahbâr’ut-Tıvâl. Eskilerin Haberleri, (tr. Z. Akman – H. S. Aytemür), Ankara Okulu, Ankara 2017.
There are 14 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects General Turkish History (Other), Medieval Asian History
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Osman Karatay 0000-0002-1566-3283

Publication Date June 16, 2025
Submission Date November 13, 2024
Acceptance Date May 10, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 18 Issue: 36

Cite

APA Karatay, O. (2025). The Appearance of the Khazars in the Caucasus. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 18(36), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1717306
AMA Karatay O. The Appearance of the Khazars in the Caucasus. Gazi Akademik Bakış. June 2025;18(36):1-22. doi:10.19060/gav.1717306
Chicago Karatay, Osman. “The Appearance of the Khazars in the Caucasus”. Gazi Akademik Bakış 18, no. 36 (June 2025): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1717306.
EndNote Karatay O (June 1, 2025) The Appearance of the Khazars in the Caucasus. Gazi Akademik Bakış 18 36 1–22.
IEEE O. Karatay, “The Appearance of the Khazars in the Caucasus”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, vol. 18, no. 36, pp. 1–22, 2025, doi: 10.19060/gav.1717306.
ISNAD Karatay, Osman. “The Appearance of the Khazars in the Caucasus”. Gazi Akademik Bakış 18/36 (June2025), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1717306.
JAMA Karatay O. The Appearance of the Khazars in the Caucasus. Gazi Akademik Bakış. 2025;18:1–22.
MLA Karatay, Osman. “The Appearance of the Khazars in the Caucasus”. Gazi Akademik Bakış, vol. 18, no. 36, 2025, pp. 1-22, doi:10.19060/gav.1717306.
Vancouver Karatay O. The Appearance of the Khazars in the Caucasus. Gazi Akademik Bakış. 2025;18(36):1-22.