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Relationship between smoking and periodontal disease

Year 2013, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 49 - 53, 11.03.2013

Eylem Ayhan Alkan , Ahu Dikilitaş Özer Alkan Ateş Parlar

Abstract

Smoking is recognized as the most important cause of preventable death and disease. Cigarette smoking is a strong risk factor for oral mucosal lesions and periodontal disease. An association between periodontal disease and smoking has been found in many studies. The negative influence of smoking on the response to non surgical and surgical periodontal therapy has also been indicated in the literature. The aim of this review is to update the general knowledge about the effects of smoking on periodontal disease process.

Keywords

Gingivitis Implant Nicotine Periodontal Disease Periodontitis Smoking

References

  • Office of Applied Studies. Results from the 2004 national survey on drug use and health: national findings (DHHS Publication No. SMA 05-4062, NSDUH Series H-28). Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2005.
  • Moimaz SA, Zina LG, Saliba O, Garbin CA. Smoking and periodontal disease: clinical evidence for an association. Oral Health Prev Dent 2009;7:369-76.
  • Shea AK, Steiner M. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Nicotine Tob Res 2008;10:267-78.
  • Pietinalho A, Pelkonen A, Rytila P. Linkage between smoking and asthma. Allergy 2009;64:1722-7.
  • Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2007;298:2654-64.
  • Adler L, Modin C, Friskopp J, Jansson L. Relationship between smoking and periodontal probing pocket depth profile. Swed Dent J 2008;32:157-63.
  • Laxman VK, Annaji S. Tobacco use and its effects on the periodontium and periodontal therapy. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008;9: 97-107.
  • Payne JB, Johnson GK, Reinhardt RA, Dyer JK, Maze CA, Dunning DG. Nicotine effects on PGE2 and IL-1 beta release by LPS- treated human monocytes J Periodontol Res 1996;31:99-104.
  • Johnson GK, Guthmiller JM, Joly S, Organ CC, Dawson DV. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-8 in nicotine- and lipopolysaccharide-exposed gingival keratinocyte cultures. J Periodontal Res 2010;45:583-8.
  • Mahanonda R, Sa-Ard-Iam N, Eksomtramate M, Rerkyen P, Phairat B, Schaecher KE, et al. Cigarette smoke extract modulates human betadefensin-2 and interleukin-8 expression in human gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res 2009;44:557-64.
  • Zhang W, Song F, Windsor LJ. Effects of tobacco and P. gingivalis on gingival fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2010;89:527-31.
  • Zhang W, Fang M, Song F, Windsor LJ. Effects of cigarette smoke condensate and nicotine on human gingival fibroblast-mediated collagen degradation. J Periodontol 2011;82:1071-9.
  • Shchipkova AY, Nagaraja HN, Kumar PS. Subgingival microbial profiles of smokers with periodontitis. J Dent Res 2010;89:1247-53.
  • Grossi SG, Goodson JM, Gunsolley JC, Otomo-Corgel J, Bland PS, Doherty F, et al. Mechanical therapy with adjunctive minocycline microspheres reduces red-complex bacteria in smokers. J Periodontol 2007;78:1741-50.
  • Cogo K, Calvi BM, Mariano MS, Franco GC, Gonçalves RB, Groppo FC. The effects of nicotine and cotinine on Porphyromonas gingivalis colonisation of epithelial cells. Arch Oral Biol 2009;54:1061-7.
  • Pabst MJ, Pabst KM, Collier JA, Coleman TC, Lemons-Prince ML, Godat MS, et al. Inhibition of neutrophil and monocyte defensive functions by nicotine. J Periodontol 1995;66:1047-55.
  • Eren K, Özmeriç N, Çopur Alaaddinoğlu EE, Bal B, Özcan G, Tekin İ. Sigara içen ve içmeyen diş hekimliği fakültesi öğrencilerinde serum ve dişeti oluğu sıvısında IgG altgruplarının belirlenmesi. GÜ Dis Hek Fak Derg 2000;17:25-30.
  • Evans P, Der G, Ford G, Hucklebridge F, Hunt K, Lambert S. Social class, sex, and age differences in mucosal immunity in a large community sample. Brain Behav Immun 2000;14:41-8.
  • Persson L, Bergström J, Ito H, Gustafsson A. Tobacco smoking and neutrophil activity in patients with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2001;72:90-5.
  • Mariggio MA, Guida L, Laforgia A, Santacroce R, Curci E, Montemurro P, et al. Nicotine effects on polymorphonuclear cell apoptosis and lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte functions. A possible role in periodontal disease? J Periodontal Res 2001;36:32-9.
  • Imirzalıoğlu P, Uckan S, Alaaddinoğlu EE, Haberal A, Uçkan D. Cigarette smoking and apoptosis. J Periodontol 2005;76:737-9.
  • Mavropoulous A, Aars H, Brodin P. Hyperaemic response to cigarette smoking in healty gingiva. J Clin Periodontol 2003;30:214-21.
  • Baab DA, Oberg PA. The effect of cigarette smoking on gingival blood flow in humans. J Clin Periodontol 1987;14: 418-24.
  • Ryder MI, Fujitaki R, Lebus S, Mahboub M, Faia B, Muhaimin D, et al. Alterations of neutrophil L- selection and CD18 expression by tobacco smoke: implications for periodontal diseases. J Periodont Res 1998;33:359-68.
  • Seri M, Dalessandro A, Seri S, The effect of cigarette smoking on vitamin C and vitamin E levels of gingival crevicular fluid. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1999;75:21-5.
  • Tipton DA, Dabbous MK. Effects of nicotine on proliferation and extracellular matrix production of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. J Periodontol 1995;66:1056-64.
  • Gomes SC, Piccinin FB, Oppermann RV, Susin C, Marcantonio RA. The effect of smoking ongingival crevicular fluid volume during the treatment of gingivitis. Acta Odontol Latinoam 2009;22:201-6.
  • Mızrak T, Kaya FA. Sigara kullanımının periodontal dokular üzerine olan etkisi. Dicle Tıp Derg 2005;32:102-7.
  • Rowland RW. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Ann Periodontol 1999;4:65-73.
  • Clarke NG, Shephard BC, Hirsch RS. The effects of intraarterial epinefrine and nicotine on gingival circulation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1981;52:577-82.
  • Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Relationship of cigarette smoking to attachment level profiles. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:283-95.
  • Levin L, Levine J. Cigarette smoking and radiographic alveolar bone height and density. N Y State Dent J 2010;76:31-5.
  • Pejcic A, Obradovic R, Kesic L, Kojovic D. Smoking and periodontal disease a review. Medicine and Biology 2007;14:53-9.
  • Scabbia A, Cho KS, Sigurdsson TJ, Kim CK, Trombelli L. Cigarette smoking negatively affects healing response following flap debridement surgery. J Periodontol 2001;72:43-9.
  • Williams RC, Paquette DW, Offenbacher S, Adams DF, Armitage GC, Bray K, et al. Treatment of periodontitis by local administration of minocycline microspheres: a controlled trial. J Periodontol 2001;72:1535-44.
  • Meisel P, Timm R, Sawaf H, Fanghanel J, Siegmund W, Kocher T. Polymorphism of the N-acetyltransferase (NAT2), smoking and the potential risk of periodontal disease. Arch Toxicol 2000;74:343-8.
  • Meisel P, Schwahn C, Gesch D, Bernhardt O, John U, Kocher T, et al. Dose-effect relation of smoking and the interleukin-1 gene polymorphism in periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2004;75:236-42.
  • Khan GJ, Mehmood R, Salah-ud-Din, Marwat FM, Ihtesham-ul-Haq, Jamil-ur-Rehman. Secretion of calcium in the saliva of long term tobacco users. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2005;17:60-2.
  • Shimazaki Y, Siato T, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Kubo M, Iida M, et al. The influence of current and former smoking on gingival bleeding: the Hisayama study. J Periodontol 2006;77:1430-5.
  • Winkel EG, Winkelhoff AJ, Timmerman MF, van der Velden U, van der Weijden GA. Amoxicillin plus metronidazole in the treatment of adult periodontitis patients. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:296-305.
  • Silva CO, de Lima AF, Sallum AW, Tatakis DN. Coronally positioned flap for root coverage in smokers and non-smokers: Stability of outcomes between 6 months and 2 years. J Periodontol 2007;78:1702-7.
  • Silva CO, Ribeiro EDP, Sallum AW, Tatkis DN. Free gingival grafts: graft shrinkage and donor- site healing in smokers and non-smokers. J Periodontol 2010;81:692-701.
  • Kinane DF. Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000;25:8-20.
  • Strietzel FP, Reichart PA, Kale A, Kulkarni M, Wegner B, Küchler I. Smoking interferes with the prognosis of dental implant treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2007;34:523-44.
  • Bain CA, Moy PK. The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1993;8:572-7.
  • Bayat E, Bauss O. Effect of smoking on the failure rates of orthodontic miniscrews. J Orofac Orthop 2010;71:117-24.
  • Delima SL, McBride RK, Preshaw PM, Heasman PA, Kumar PS. Response of subgingival bacteria to smoking cessation. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:2344-9.
  • Underner M, Maes I, Urban T, Meurice JC. Effects of smoking on periodontal disease. Rev Mal Respir 2009;26:1057-73.
  • Grossi SG, Zambon J, Machtei EE, Schifferle R, Andreana S, Genco RJ, et al. Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on healing after mechanical periodontal theraphy. J Am Dent Assoc 1997;128:599-607.
  • Kaldahl WB, Johnson GK, Patil KD, Kalkwarf KL. Levels of cigarette consumption and response to periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 1996;67:675-81.
  • Barrera R, Shi W, Amar D, Thaler HT, Gabovich N, Bains MS, et al. Smoking and timing of cessation: impact on pulmonary complications after thoracotomy. Chest 2005;127:1977-83.
  • Sridharan S, Ganiger K, Rahul A, Shetty S, Satyanarayana A. Effect of environmental tobacco smoke from smoker parent on gingival pigmentation in children and young adults. a cross-sectional study. J Periodontol 2011;82:956-62.
  • Robson N, Bond A, Wolff K. Salivary nicotine and cotinine concentrations in unstimulated and stimulated saliva. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2010;4:61-5.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. Lyon: IARC Monographs; 2004. 1452 p.
  • James JA, Sayers NM, Drucker DB, Hull PS. Effects of tobacco products on the attachment and growth of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Periodontol 1999;70:518-25.

Sigara ve periodontal hastalık ilişkisi

Year 2013, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 49 - 53, 11.03.2013

Eylem Ayhan Alkan , Ahu Dikilitaş Özer Alkan Ateş Parlar

Abstract

Sigara önlenebilir ölümlerin ve hastalıkların en önemli nedeni olarak kabul edilmektedir. Sigara içimi oral mukozal lezyonlar ve periodontal hastalıklar için güçlü bir risk faktörüdür. Periodontal hastalık ile sigara arasında ki ilişki birçok çalışmada ortaya konmuştur. Sigaranın cerrahi ve cerrahi olmayan periodontal tedaviye olan negatif etkisi de literatürde gösterilmiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı sigaranın periodontal hastalık üzerine etkileri hakkındaki bilgileri güncellemektir.

Keywords

Gingivitis İmplant Nikotin Periodontal Hastalık Periodontitis Sigara

References

  • Office of Applied Studies. Results from the 2004 national survey on drug use and health: national findings (DHHS Publication No. SMA 05-4062, NSDUH Series H-28). Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2005.
  • Moimaz SA, Zina LG, Saliba O, Garbin CA. Smoking and periodontal disease: clinical evidence for an association. Oral Health Prev Dent 2009;7:369-76.
  • Shea AK, Steiner M. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Nicotine Tob Res 2008;10:267-78.
  • Pietinalho A, Pelkonen A, Rytila P. Linkage between smoking and asthma. Allergy 2009;64:1722-7.
  • Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2007;298:2654-64.
  • Adler L, Modin C, Friskopp J, Jansson L. Relationship between smoking and periodontal probing pocket depth profile. Swed Dent J 2008;32:157-63.
  • Laxman VK, Annaji S. Tobacco use and its effects on the periodontium and periodontal therapy. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008;9: 97-107.
  • Payne JB, Johnson GK, Reinhardt RA, Dyer JK, Maze CA, Dunning DG. Nicotine effects on PGE2 and IL-1 beta release by LPS- treated human monocytes J Periodontol Res 1996;31:99-104.
  • Johnson GK, Guthmiller JM, Joly S, Organ CC, Dawson DV. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-8 in nicotine- and lipopolysaccharide-exposed gingival keratinocyte cultures. J Periodontal Res 2010;45:583-8.
  • Mahanonda R, Sa-Ard-Iam N, Eksomtramate M, Rerkyen P, Phairat B, Schaecher KE, et al. Cigarette smoke extract modulates human betadefensin-2 and interleukin-8 expression in human gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res 2009;44:557-64.
  • Zhang W, Song F, Windsor LJ. Effects of tobacco and P. gingivalis on gingival fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2010;89:527-31.
  • Zhang W, Fang M, Song F, Windsor LJ. Effects of cigarette smoke condensate and nicotine on human gingival fibroblast-mediated collagen degradation. J Periodontol 2011;82:1071-9.
  • Shchipkova AY, Nagaraja HN, Kumar PS. Subgingival microbial profiles of smokers with periodontitis. J Dent Res 2010;89:1247-53.
  • Grossi SG, Goodson JM, Gunsolley JC, Otomo-Corgel J, Bland PS, Doherty F, et al. Mechanical therapy with adjunctive minocycline microspheres reduces red-complex bacteria in smokers. J Periodontol 2007;78:1741-50.
  • Cogo K, Calvi BM, Mariano MS, Franco GC, Gonçalves RB, Groppo FC. The effects of nicotine and cotinine on Porphyromonas gingivalis colonisation of epithelial cells. Arch Oral Biol 2009;54:1061-7.
  • Pabst MJ, Pabst KM, Collier JA, Coleman TC, Lemons-Prince ML, Godat MS, et al. Inhibition of neutrophil and monocyte defensive functions by nicotine. J Periodontol 1995;66:1047-55.
  • Eren K, Özmeriç N, Çopur Alaaddinoğlu EE, Bal B, Özcan G, Tekin İ. Sigara içen ve içmeyen diş hekimliği fakültesi öğrencilerinde serum ve dişeti oluğu sıvısında IgG altgruplarının belirlenmesi. GÜ Dis Hek Fak Derg 2000;17:25-30.
  • Evans P, Der G, Ford G, Hucklebridge F, Hunt K, Lambert S. Social class, sex, and age differences in mucosal immunity in a large community sample. Brain Behav Immun 2000;14:41-8.
  • Persson L, Bergström J, Ito H, Gustafsson A. Tobacco smoking and neutrophil activity in patients with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2001;72:90-5.
  • Mariggio MA, Guida L, Laforgia A, Santacroce R, Curci E, Montemurro P, et al. Nicotine effects on polymorphonuclear cell apoptosis and lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte functions. A possible role in periodontal disease? J Periodontal Res 2001;36:32-9.
  • Imirzalıoğlu P, Uckan S, Alaaddinoğlu EE, Haberal A, Uçkan D. Cigarette smoking and apoptosis. J Periodontol 2005;76:737-9.
  • Mavropoulous A, Aars H, Brodin P. Hyperaemic response to cigarette smoking in healty gingiva. J Clin Periodontol 2003;30:214-21.
  • Baab DA, Oberg PA. The effect of cigarette smoking on gingival blood flow in humans. J Clin Periodontol 1987;14: 418-24.
  • Ryder MI, Fujitaki R, Lebus S, Mahboub M, Faia B, Muhaimin D, et al. Alterations of neutrophil L- selection and CD18 expression by tobacco smoke: implications for periodontal diseases. J Periodont Res 1998;33:359-68.
  • Seri M, Dalessandro A, Seri S, The effect of cigarette smoking on vitamin C and vitamin E levels of gingival crevicular fluid. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1999;75:21-5.
  • Tipton DA, Dabbous MK. Effects of nicotine on proliferation and extracellular matrix production of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. J Periodontol 1995;66:1056-64.
  • Gomes SC, Piccinin FB, Oppermann RV, Susin C, Marcantonio RA. The effect of smoking ongingival crevicular fluid volume during the treatment of gingivitis. Acta Odontol Latinoam 2009;22:201-6.
  • Mızrak T, Kaya FA. Sigara kullanımının periodontal dokular üzerine olan etkisi. Dicle Tıp Derg 2005;32:102-7.
  • Rowland RW. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Ann Periodontol 1999;4:65-73.
  • Clarke NG, Shephard BC, Hirsch RS. The effects of intraarterial epinefrine and nicotine on gingival circulation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1981;52:577-82.
  • Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Relationship of cigarette smoking to attachment level profiles. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:283-95.
  • Levin L, Levine J. Cigarette smoking and radiographic alveolar bone height and density. N Y State Dent J 2010;76:31-5.
  • Pejcic A, Obradovic R, Kesic L, Kojovic D. Smoking and periodontal disease a review. Medicine and Biology 2007;14:53-9.
  • Scabbia A, Cho KS, Sigurdsson TJ, Kim CK, Trombelli L. Cigarette smoking negatively affects healing response following flap debridement surgery. J Periodontol 2001;72:43-9.
  • Williams RC, Paquette DW, Offenbacher S, Adams DF, Armitage GC, Bray K, et al. Treatment of periodontitis by local administration of minocycline microspheres: a controlled trial. J Periodontol 2001;72:1535-44.
  • Meisel P, Timm R, Sawaf H, Fanghanel J, Siegmund W, Kocher T. Polymorphism of the N-acetyltransferase (NAT2), smoking and the potential risk of periodontal disease. Arch Toxicol 2000;74:343-8.
  • Meisel P, Schwahn C, Gesch D, Bernhardt O, John U, Kocher T, et al. Dose-effect relation of smoking and the interleukin-1 gene polymorphism in periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2004;75:236-42.
  • Khan GJ, Mehmood R, Salah-ud-Din, Marwat FM, Ihtesham-ul-Haq, Jamil-ur-Rehman. Secretion of calcium in the saliva of long term tobacco users. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2005;17:60-2.
  • Shimazaki Y, Siato T, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Kubo M, Iida M, et al. The influence of current and former smoking on gingival bleeding: the Hisayama study. J Periodontol 2006;77:1430-5.
  • Winkel EG, Winkelhoff AJ, Timmerman MF, van der Velden U, van der Weijden GA. Amoxicillin plus metronidazole in the treatment of adult periodontitis patients. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:296-305.
  • Silva CO, de Lima AF, Sallum AW, Tatakis DN. Coronally positioned flap for root coverage in smokers and non-smokers: Stability of outcomes between 6 months and 2 years. J Periodontol 2007;78:1702-7.
  • Silva CO, Ribeiro EDP, Sallum AW, Tatkis DN. Free gingival grafts: graft shrinkage and donor- site healing in smokers and non-smokers. J Periodontol 2010;81:692-701.
  • Kinane DF. Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000;25:8-20.
  • Strietzel FP, Reichart PA, Kale A, Kulkarni M, Wegner B, Küchler I. Smoking interferes with the prognosis of dental implant treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2007;34:523-44.
  • Bain CA, Moy PK. The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1993;8:572-7.
  • Bayat E, Bauss O. Effect of smoking on the failure rates of orthodontic miniscrews. J Orofac Orthop 2010;71:117-24.
  • Delima SL, McBride RK, Preshaw PM, Heasman PA, Kumar PS. Response of subgingival bacteria to smoking cessation. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:2344-9.
  • Underner M, Maes I, Urban T, Meurice JC. Effects of smoking on periodontal disease. Rev Mal Respir 2009;26:1057-73.
  • Grossi SG, Zambon J, Machtei EE, Schifferle R, Andreana S, Genco RJ, et al. Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on healing after mechanical periodontal theraphy. J Am Dent Assoc 1997;128:599-607.
  • Kaldahl WB, Johnson GK, Patil KD, Kalkwarf KL. Levels of cigarette consumption and response to periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 1996;67:675-81.
  • Barrera R, Shi W, Amar D, Thaler HT, Gabovich N, Bains MS, et al. Smoking and timing of cessation: impact on pulmonary complications after thoracotomy. Chest 2005;127:1977-83.
  • Sridharan S, Ganiger K, Rahul A, Shetty S, Satyanarayana A. Effect of environmental tobacco smoke from smoker parent on gingival pigmentation in children and young adults. a cross-sectional study. J Periodontol 2011;82:956-62.
  • Robson N, Bond A, Wolff K. Salivary nicotine and cotinine concentrations in unstimulated and stimulated saliva. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2010;4:61-5.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. Lyon: IARC Monographs; 2004. 1452 p.
  • James JA, Sayers NM, Drucker DB, Hull PS. Effects of tobacco products on the attachment and growth of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Periodontol 1999;70:518-25.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review Article
Authors

Eylem Ayhan Alkan

Ahu Dikilitaş This is me

Özer Alkan This is me

Ateş Parlar This is me

Publication Date March 11, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 30 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ayhan Alkan, E., Dikilitaş, A., Alkan, Ö., Parlar, A. (2013). Sigara ve periodontal hastalık ilişkisi. Acta Odontologica Turcica, 30(1), 49-53.
AMA Ayhan Alkan E, Dikilitaş A, Alkan Ö, Parlar A. Sigara ve periodontal hastalık ilişkisi. Acta Odontol Turc. April 2013;30(1):49-53.
Chicago Ayhan Alkan, Eylem, Ahu Dikilitaş, Özer Alkan, and Ateş Parlar. “Sigara Ve Periodontal hastalık ilişkisi”. Acta Odontologica Turcica 30, no. 1 (April 2013): 49-53.
EndNote Ayhan Alkan E, Dikilitaş A, Alkan Ö, Parlar A (April 1, 2013) Sigara ve periodontal hastalık ilişkisi. Acta Odontologica Turcica 30 1 49–53.
IEEE E. Ayhan Alkan, A. Dikilitaş, Ö. Alkan, and A. Parlar, “Sigara ve periodontal hastalık ilişkisi”, Acta Odontol Turc, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 49–53, 2013.
ISNAD Ayhan Alkan, Eylem et al. “Sigara Ve Periodontal hastalık ilişkisi”. Acta Odontologica Turcica 30/1 (April 2013), 49-53.
JAMA Ayhan Alkan E, Dikilitaş A, Alkan Ö, Parlar A. Sigara ve periodontal hastalık ilişkisi. Acta Odontol Turc. 2013;30:49–53.
MLA Ayhan Alkan, Eylem et al. “Sigara Ve Periodontal hastalık ilişkisi”. Acta Odontologica Turcica, vol. 30, no. 1, 2013, pp. 49-53.
Vancouver Ayhan Alkan E, Dikilitaş A, Alkan Ö, Parlar A. Sigara ve periodontal hastalık ilişkisi. Acta Odontol Turc. 2013;30(1):49-53.