Assessment of oral hygiene habits and periodontal status of patients during and after orthodontic treatment

Year 2024, Volume: 41 Issue: 3, 94 - 104, 04.09.2024

Tuğba Şahin

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the relationship between orthodontic treatment, oral hygiene practices, and periodontal health in individuals undergoing or completed orthodontic treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHOD: Systemically healthy patients undergoing or completed stable orthodontic treatment were included in the study. The periodontal status of 142 participants was determined using a comprehensive oral hygiene questionnaire and clinical oral examinations to assess various periodontal indices. Chi-square and t-tests were used for statistical analyses to compare periodontal status metrics between groups.
RESULTS: Statistical analyses revealed no significant differences between oral hygiene habits, periodontal indices, or periodontal status between the ongoing treatment (OT) and post-orthodontic treatment (PT) groups (p>0.05). However, significant differences
were noted in attachment level, dental visit frequency, and reasons for visits between the OT and PT groups (p<0.05). While participants generally showed similar oral hygiene awareness and practices, differences arose in toothbrushing times during orthodontic treatment and adherence to orthodontist recommendations.
CONCLUSION: This study investigated the effect of OT on oral health and concluded that OT did not change oral hygiene habits but affected attachment levels. Orthodontists should consistently guide patients on oral hygiene and managing clinical attachment loss. In these cases, the patient should be referred to a periodontist when necessary.

Keywords

gingivitis, oral hygiene, orthodontics, questionnaire

Ethical Statement

The Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, approved this study (2022/168). Informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrollment in the study.

Supporting Institution

-

Thanks

-

Ortodontik tedavi sırasında ve sonrasında hastaların ağız hijyeni alışkanlıklarının ve periodontal durumlarının değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

AMAÇ: Bu çalışma ile ortodontik tedavi görmekte olan veya tedavisini tamamlamış bireylerde ağız hijyeni uygulamaları ile periodontal sağlık ve hastalık durumu arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Sabit ortodontik tedavi görmekte olan veya tamamlamış 142 katılımcının periodontal durumları klinik indeksleri incelenerek tespit edilmiştir ve kapsamlı bir anket ile oral hijyen alışkanlıkları hakkında bilgi sahibi olunmuştur. Sistemik olarak sağlıklı, sabit ortodontik tedavi gören veya tamamlanmış hastalar çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Gruplar arasında periodontal durumların ölçümlerini karşılaştırmak için istatistiksel analizlerde kikare ve t-testleri kullanılmıştır.
BULGULAR: Ortodontik tedavisi devam eden (OT) ve postortodontik tedavi (PT) zamanında olan gruplar arasında ağız hijyeni alışkanlıkları, periodontal indeksler veya periodontal durum açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık olmadığı bulunmuştur (p>0.05). Bunun yanında OT ve PT arasında ataşman seviyesi, diş hekimi ziyaret sıklığı ve ziyaret nedenleri açısından istatistiksel
olarak anlamlı farklılık kaydedilmiştir (p<0.05). Katılımcılar genel olarak benzer ağız hijyeni farkındalığı ve alışkanlığı gösterirken, OT sırasında diş fırçalama sürelerinde ve diş hekimi tavsiyelerine uymada farklılıklar ortaya çıkmıştır.
SONUÇ: Bu çalışma OT’nin ağız sağlığı üzerindeki etkisini araştırmış ve ağız hijyeni alışkanlıklarını değiştirmediğini ancak klinik ataşman seviyelerini etkilediğini bulmuştur. Ortodontistler, hastalarını ağız hijyeni alışkanlığı kazandırmak ve klinik ataşman kaybını önlemek için periodontologlara yönlendirmelidirler.

Keywords

gingivitis, oral hijyen, ortodonti, anket

Ethical Statement

Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu bu çalışmayı onaylamıştır (2022/168). Çalışmaya katılmadan önce tüm katılımcılardan bilgilendirilmiş onam alınmıştır.

Supporting Institution

-

Thanks

-

References

• Rosan B, Lamont RJ. Dental plaque formation. Microbes Infect 2000;2:1599-607.
• Lamont RJ, Koo H, Hajishengallis G. The oral microbiota: dynamic communities and host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018;16:745-59.
• Murakami S, Mealey BL, Mariotti A, Chapple IL. Dental plaque–induced gingival conditions. J Clin Periodontol 2018;45:S17-S27.
• Darveau RP. Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010;8:481-90.
• Chhibber A, Agarwal S, Yadav S, Kuo CL, Upadhyay M. Which orthodontic appliance is best for oral hygiene? A randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2018;153:175-83.
• Zachrisson BU, Alnaes L. Periodontal condition in orthodontically treated and untreated individuals. I. Loss of attachment, gingival pocket depth and clinical crown height. Angle Orthod 1973;43:402-11.
• Zachrisson BU, Alnaes L. Periodontal condition in orthodontically treated and untreated individuals. II. Alveolar bone loss: radiographic findings. Angle Orthod 1974;44:48-55.
• Baumer C, Schmidtmann I, Ohlendorf D, Ferrari Peron P, Wehrbein H, Erbe C. Orthodontists’ instructions for oral hygiene in patients with removable and fixed orthodontic appliances. Int J Dent Hyg. 2024;22:329-36.
• Glans R, Larsson E, Øgaard B. Longitudinal changes in gingival condition in crowded and noncrowded dentitions subjected to fixed orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;124:679-82.
• Gallagher A, Sowinski J, Bowman J, Barrett K, Lowe S, Patel K, et al. The effect of brushing time and dentifrice on dental plaque removal in vivo. J Am Dent Hyg Assoc 2009;83:111-6.
• Marincak Vrankova Z, Rousi M, Cvanova M, Gachova D, Ruzicka F, Hola V, et al. Effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on gingival status and oral microbiota: a pilot study. BMC Oral Health 2022;22:455.
• Lee J, Abdullah A, Yahya N. Oral hygiene practices among fixed orthodontic patients in a university dental setting. Int J Oral Dent Health 2016;2:027.
• Mathew R, Sathasivam HP, Mohamednor L, Yugaraj P. Knowledge, attitude and practice of patients towards orthodontic treatment. BMC Oral Health 2023;23:132.
• Rodrigues L, Jamenis SC, Jawale B, Patil S, Garcha V. A questionnaire study to assess and evaluate the common gingival problems faced by patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. IP Int J Maxillofac Imaging 2021;6:101-7.
• Huang J, Yao Y, Jiang J, Li C. Effects of motivational methods on oral hygiene of orthodontic patients: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Medicine 2018;97:e13182.
• Atassi F, Awartani F. Oral hygiene status among orthodontic patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2010;11:25-32.
• Emanuel EJ. Reconsidering the Declaration of Helsinki. Lancet 2013;381:1532-3.
• Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH, et al. Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and PeriImplant Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol 2018;89:S173-S182.
• Loe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB. Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol 1965;36:177-87.
• Ikawa T, Mizutani K, Sudo T, Kano C, Ikeda Y, Akizuki T, et al. Clinical comparison of an electric-powered ionic toothbrush and a manual toothbrush in plaque reduction: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2021;19:93-8.
• Valkenburg C, Slot DE, Bakker EW, Van der Weijden FA. Does dentifrice use help to remove plaque? A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2016;43:1050-8.
• Anuwongnukroh N, Dechkunakorn S, Kanpiputana R. Oral hygiene behavior during fixed orthodontic treatment. Dentistry 2017;7:1-5.
• Nadar S, Dinesh SS. A questionnaire study about oral hygiene awareness among orthodontic patients. Int J Orthod Rehabil 2016;7:97.
• Hitz Lindenmüller I, Lambrecht JT. Oral care. Curr Probl Dermatol 2011;40:107-15.
• Martignon S, Ekstrand KR, Lemos MI, Lozano MP, Higuera C. Plaque, caries level and oral hygiene habits in young patients receiving orthodontic treatment. Community Dent Health 2010;27:133-8.
• Ohrn K, Jönsson B. A comparison of two questionnaires measuring oral health-related quality of life before and after dental hygiene treatment in patients with periodontal disease. Int J Dent Hyg 2012;10:9-14.
• Ranjini P, Ramasamy N. Attitude of patients towards oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment. Int J Pharm Sci 2016;7:594-7.
• Quaranta A, Marchisio O, D’isidoro O, Genovesi A-M, Covani U. Single-blind randomized clinical trial on the efficacy of an interdental cleaning device in orthodontic patients. Minerva Stomatol 2018;67:141-47.
• Sinha I, Sinha D. Oral Hygiene Awareness of Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment. J Res Dent Maxillofac Sci 2023;8:138-43.
• Grzegocka K, Krzyściak P, Hille-Padalis A, Loster JE, TalagaĆwiertnia K, Loster BW. Candida prevalence and oral hygiene due to orthodontic therapy with conventional brackets. BMC Oral Health 2020;20:277.
• Marini I, Bortolotti F, Parenti SI, Gatto MR, Bonetti GA. Combined effects of repeated oral hygiene motivation and type of toothbrush on orthodontic patients: a blind randomized clinical trial. Angle Orthod 2014;84:896-901.
• Bollen AM, Cunha-Cruz J, Bakko DW, Huang GJ, Hujoel PP. The effects of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health: a systematic review of controlled evidence. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139:413-22.
• Papageorgiou SN, Papadelli AA, Eliades T. Effect of orthodontic treatment on periodontal clinical attachment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod 2018;40:176-94.
• ElSayed H, Elkhadem A. Fixed orthodontic treatment has an insignificant effect on clinical attachment level. Evid Based Dent 2019;20:60-1.
• Zachrisson BU. Cause and prevention of injuries to teeth and supporting structures during orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod 1976;69:285-300.
• Agarwal V, Agarwal S, Ranjan R. Effects of bristle hardness & duration of manual tooth brushing on plaque control. Indian J of Community Health 2017;29:123-8.
• Alshawy ES, Alsharif AN. Awareness of orthodontic patients about oral hygiene: A cross-sectional study. Bahrain Med Bull 2022;44.
• Mahjoub DT, AlJabri RK, Bifari NE, Najjar RS. Oral hygiene awareness and practice in orthodontic patients in Makkah city: A cross sectional study. J Orthod Sci 2023;12:32.
• Nassar PO, Bombardelli CG, Walker CS, Neves KV, Tonet K, Nishi RN. Periodontal evaluation of different toothbrushing techniques in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Dental Press J Orthod 2013;18:76-80.
• Aljohani SR, Alsaggaf DH. Adherence to dietary advice and oral hygiene practices among orthodontic patients. Patient prefer adher 2020:1991-2000.