BibTex RIS Cite

ORGANİZE SANAYİ BÖLGESİ ARITMA ÇAMURLARINDAKİ POLİAROMATİK HİDROKARBONLARIN (PAH) FOTOKİMYASAL PARÇALANMA YOLUYLA GİDERİMİ: AÇIK HAVA UYGULAMALARI

Year 2015, Volume: 30 Issue: 4, 0 - 0, 25.12.2015
https://doi.org/10.17341/gummfd.26878

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, organize sanayi bölgesi (OSB) arıtma çamurlarındaki poliaromatik hidrokarbonların (PAH’lar) fotokatalizör olarak titanyum dioksit (TiO2)ve dietilamin (DEA) kullanımı ile açık hava koşullarında uzaklaştırılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. %0, %5 ve %20 oranında fotokatalizör eklenen çamur örnekleri 24 saat boyunca açık hava koşullarına maruz bırakılmıştır. Tüm deneyler 3 tekrarlı yapılmıştır. Çamurdaki 12 PAH (∑12 PAH) türünün konsantrasyon değeri 3268±170 ng/g kuru madde (KM) olarak belirlenmiştir. Fotokatalizör ilave edilmeden açık havada bekletilen çamur örneklerindeki PAH miktarlarında herhangi bir azalma olmamıştır. Çamur kuru ağırlığının %5’i kadar TiO2 ilave edilen örneklerde ∑12 PAH’ın %64’ü giderilirken, %20 TiO2 içeren örneklerde bu değerin %76’ya ulaştığı tespit edilmiştir. %5 ve %20 DEA ilave edilen çamur örneklerinde elde edilen ∑12 PAH giderim verimleri ise sırasıyla %67 ve %47’dir. Açık hava uygulamalarında, OSB arıtma çamurlarındaki PAH’ların giderimi için TiO2’nin DEA’den daha etkili bir fotokatalizör olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

References

  • Filibeli, A. ve Ayol, A., “Historical Development of Sludge Management in Turkey.” J. Res. Sci. Tech., Cilt 4, 167-171, 2007.
  • Salihoglu, N.K., Salihoglu, G., Tasdemir, Y., Cindoruk, S.S., Yolsal, D., Ogulmus, R. ve Karaca, G., “Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Levels in Sludge from Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants”, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Cilt 58, 523-534, 2010.
  • Stevens, J., Northcott, G.L., Stern, G.A., Tomy G.T. ve Jones, K.C., “PAHs, PCBs, PCNs OCPs, Synthetic Musks, and Polchlorinated N-Alkanes in U.K. Sewage Sludge: Survey Results and Implications”, Environmental Science and Technology, Cilt 37, 462-467, 2003
  • Latimer L.S ve Zheng J., The Sources, Transport and Fate of PAHs in Marine Environment, John Wiley & Sons, New York, A.B.D., 2003
  • Tasdemir, Y. ve Esen, F., “Urban air PAHs: Concentrations, Temporal Changes and Gas/particle Partitioning at a Traffic Site in Turkey”, Atmospheric Research, Cilt 84, No 1, 1-12, 2007.
  • Blanchard, M., Teil, M.J., Ollivon, D., Legenti, L. ve Chevreuil, M., “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorobiphenyls in Wastewaters and Sewage Sludges from The Paris Area (France)”, Environmental Research, Cilt 95, 184-197. 2004.
  • IARC, PAH as Occupational Carcinogens In: Bjorseth, A., Becker, G. (Eds.), PAH Work Atmosphere Occurrence and Determinmation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1-13, 1986.
  • Trably, E. ve Patureau, D., “Successful Treatment of Low PAH- Contaminated Sewage Sludge in Aerobic Bioreactors”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Cilt 13, 170-176, 2006.
  • Torretta, V. ve Katsoyiannis, A., “Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sludges from Different Stages of A Wastewater Treatment Plant in Italy”, Environmental Technology, Cilt 34, No 5-8, 937-43, 2013.
  • Gomez-Rico, M.F., Font, R., Aracil, I. ve Fullana, A., “Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Sewage Sludges from the Valencian Community (Spain)”, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Cilt 52, 306-316, 2007.
  • Ozcan, S., Tor, A. ve Aydın, M.E., “Investigation on the Levels of Heavy Metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sewage Sludge Samples and Ecotoxicological Testing”, CLEAN-Soil, Air, Water, Cilt 41, No 4, 2013.
  • Sponza, D.T. ve Oztekin, R., “Removals of Some Hydrophobic Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Daphnia Magna Acute toxicity in A Petrochemical Industry Wastewater with Ultrasound in Izmir-Turkey”, Separation and Purification Technology, Cilt 77, 301–311, 2011.
  • Sponza, D.T. ve Oztekin, R., Removals of PAHs and Acute Toxicity via Sonication in a Petrochemical Industry Wastewater”, Chemical Engineering Journal, Cilt 162, 142–150, 2010.
  • Zhang, L., Li, P., Gonga, Z. ve Xuemei, Li, “ Photocatalytic Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Soil Surfaces using TiO2 under UV Light”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Cilt 158, 478–484, 2008.
  • Salihoglu, N.K., Karaca, G., Salihoglu, G., Tasdemir, Y. “Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Municipal Sludge using UV Light”, Desalination and Water Treatment, No 44, 324-333, 2012.
  • Karaca, G. ve Tasdemir, Y., ”Effects of Temperature and Photocatalysts on Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Automotive Industry Sludge”, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Cilt 33, 380–395, 2013.
  • Quan, X., Zhao, X., Chen, S., Zhao, H., Chen, J. ve Zhao, Y., “Enhancement of p, p′-DDT Photodegradation on Soil Surfaces using TiO2 Induced by UV-light”, Chemosphere, Cilt 60, 266–273, 2005.
  • Zhao, X., Quan, X., Zhao, H., Chen, S., Zhao, Y. ve Chen, J., “Different Effects of Humic Substances on Photodegradation of P,P-DDT on Soil Surfaces in the Presence of TiO2 under UV and Visible Light”, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, Cilt 167, No 2-3, 177–183, 2004.
  • Lin, Y., Gupta, G. ve Baker, J., “Photodegradation of PCBs Congeners using Simulated Sunlight and Diethylamine”, Chemosphere, Cilt 31, No 5, 3323-3344, 1995.
  • Rababah, A. ve Matsuzawa, S., “Treatment System for Solid Matrix Contaminated with Fluoranthene. II––Recirculating Photodegradation Technique”, Chemosphere, Cilt 46 49-57, 2002.
  • Higarashi, M.M. ve Jardim, F.W., “Remediation of Pesticide Contaminated Soil using TiO2 Mediated by Solar Light”, Catalysis Today, Cilt 76, 201–207, 2002.
  • Freeman, P.K., Srinivasa, R., Campbell, J.A. ve Denizer, M.L., “The Photochemistry of Polyhaoarenes. 5. Fragmentation Pathways in Polychlorobenzen Radical Anion”, Journal of American Chemical Society, Cilt 1008, 5531-5536, 1986.
  • Lin, Y., Teng, L.S., Lee, A. ve Chen, Y.L., “Effect of Photosensitizer Diethylamine on the Photodegradation of PCBs”, Chemosphere, Cilt 55, No 6, 879-884, 2004.
  • Karaca, G., Arıtma Çamurları ve Nilüfer Çayı Sedimentindeki Poliaromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi ve Giderimlerinin Araştırılması, Doktora Tezi, Uludağ Universitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2013.
  • Esen, F., Tasdemir, Y. ve Vardar, N. “Atmospheric Concentrations of PAHs, Their Possible Sources and Gas-to-particle Partitioning at a Residential Site of Bursa-Turkey”, Atmospheric Research, Cilt 88, 243–55, 2008
  • Karaca, G. ve Tasdemir, Y., “Effect of Diethylamine on PAH Removal from Municipal Sludge under UV Light”, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, Cilt 20, No 7A, 1777-1784, 2011.
  • Tasdemir, Y., Odabaşı, M., Vardar, N., Sofuoğlu, A., Murphy, T.J. ve Holsen, T.M., “Dry Deposition Fluxes and Velocities of PCBs Associated with Particles”, Atmospheric Environment, Cilt 38, 2444-2456, 2004.
  • Hoffman, M.R., Martin, S.T., Choi, W. ve Bahnemann, D.W., “Environmental Application of Semiconductor Photocatalysis”, Chemical Reviews, Cilt 95,69-96,1995
  • Woo, O. T., Chung, W.K., Wong, K.H., Chow, A.T. ve Wong, P.K., “Photocatalitic Oxidation of PAHs: Intermediates identification and Toxicity Testing”, Journal of Hazardous Materials Cilt 168, 1192-119, 2009.
  • Kot-Wasik, A., Dabrowska, D. ve Namie´snik, J., “Photodegradation and Biodegradation Study of Benzo(a)pyrene in Different Liquid Media”, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry Cilt 168, 109–115, 2004.
  • Wen, S., Zhao, J., Sheng, G., Fu, J. ve Peng, P., “Photicatalytic Reactions of Pyrene at TiO2/Water Interfaces”, Chemosphere Cilt 20, 111-119, 2003.
  • Leyva, E. ve Saredo, R., “Photochemistry of Fluorophenyl Azides in Diethylamine”, Tetrahedron Cilt 54, 7367-7374, 1998.
  • March, J. “ Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanisms and Structures, Chapter 7. Photochemistry”, 1985.
  • Guieysse, B., Viklund, G., Toes, A.C. ve Mattiasson, B., “Combined UV-Biological Degradation of PAHs”, Chemosphere Cilt 55, 1493-1499, 2004.
  • Cebe, M., “Physicochemistry Volume II: Fundamental Concepts in Reaction Kinetics”, Uludag University Press, Turkey, 1995.
  • Huang, X.Y., Chen, J.W., Gao, L.N., Ding, G.H., Zhao, Y.Z. ve Schramm, K.W., “Data Evaluations and Quantitative Predictive Models for Vapor Pressures of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Different Temperatures”, SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research Cilt 15, 115–125, 2004.
Year 2015, Volume: 30 Issue: 4, 0 - 0, 25.12.2015
https://doi.org/10.17341/gummfd.26878

Abstract

References

  • Filibeli, A. ve Ayol, A., “Historical Development of Sludge Management in Turkey.” J. Res. Sci. Tech., Cilt 4, 167-171, 2007.
  • Salihoglu, N.K., Salihoglu, G., Tasdemir, Y., Cindoruk, S.S., Yolsal, D., Ogulmus, R. ve Karaca, G., “Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Levels in Sludge from Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants”, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Cilt 58, 523-534, 2010.
  • Stevens, J., Northcott, G.L., Stern, G.A., Tomy G.T. ve Jones, K.C., “PAHs, PCBs, PCNs OCPs, Synthetic Musks, and Polchlorinated N-Alkanes in U.K. Sewage Sludge: Survey Results and Implications”, Environmental Science and Technology, Cilt 37, 462-467, 2003
  • Latimer L.S ve Zheng J., The Sources, Transport and Fate of PAHs in Marine Environment, John Wiley & Sons, New York, A.B.D., 2003
  • Tasdemir, Y. ve Esen, F., “Urban air PAHs: Concentrations, Temporal Changes and Gas/particle Partitioning at a Traffic Site in Turkey”, Atmospheric Research, Cilt 84, No 1, 1-12, 2007.
  • Blanchard, M., Teil, M.J., Ollivon, D., Legenti, L. ve Chevreuil, M., “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorobiphenyls in Wastewaters and Sewage Sludges from The Paris Area (France)”, Environmental Research, Cilt 95, 184-197. 2004.
  • IARC, PAH as Occupational Carcinogens In: Bjorseth, A., Becker, G. (Eds.), PAH Work Atmosphere Occurrence and Determinmation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1-13, 1986.
  • Trably, E. ve Patureau, D., “Successful Treatment of Low PAH- Contaminated Sewage Sludge in Aerobic Bioreactors”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Cilt 13, 170-176, 2006.
  • Torretta, V. ve Katsoyiannis, A., “Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sludges from Different Stages of A Wastewater Treatment Plant in Italy”, Environmental Technology, Cilt 34, No 5-8, 937-43, 2013.
  • Gomez-Rico, M.F., Font, R., Aracil, I. ve Fullana, A., “Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Sewage Sludges from the Valencian Community (Spain)”, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Cilt 52, 306-316, 2007.
  • Ozcan, S., Tor, A. ve Aydın, M.E., “Investigation on the Levels of Heavy Metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sewage Sludge Samples and Ecotoxicological Testing”, CLEAN-Soil, Air, Water, Cilt 41, No 4, 2013.
  • Sponza, D.T. ve Oztekin, R., “Removals of Some Hydrophobic Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Daphnia Magna Acute toxicity in A Petrochemical Industry Wastewater with Ultrasound in Izmir-Turkey”, Separation and Purification Technology, Cilt 77, 301–311, 2011.
  • Sponza, D.T. ve Oztekin, R., Removals of PAHs and Acute Toxicity via Sonication in a Petrochemical Industry Wastewater”, Chemical Engineering Journal, Cilt 162, 142–150, 2010.
  • Zhang, L., Li, P., Gonga, Z. ve Xuemei, Li, “ Photocatalytic Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Soil Surfaces using TiO2 under UV Light”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Cilt 158, 478–484, 2008.
  • Salihoglu, N.K., Karaca, G., Salihoglu, G., Tasdemir, Y. “Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Municipal Sludge using UV Light”, Desalination and Water Treatment, No 44, 324-333, 2012.
  • Karaca, G. ve Tasdemir, Y., ”Effects of Temperature and Photocatalysts on Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Automotive Industry Sludge”, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Cilt 33, 380–395, 2013.
  • Quan, X., Zhao, X., Chen, S., Zhao, H., Chen, J. ve Zhao, Y., “Enhancement of p, p′-DDT Photodegradation on Soil Surfaces using TiO2 Induced by UV-light”, Chemosphere, Cilt 60, 266–273, 2005.
  • Zhao, X., Quan, X., Zhao, H., Chen, S., Zhao, Y. ve Chen, J., “Different Effects of Humic Substances on Photodegradation of P,P-DDT on Soil Surfaces in the Presence of TiO2 under UV and Visible Light”, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, Cilt 167, No 2-3, 177–183, 2004.
  • Lin, Y., Gupta, G. ve Baker, J., “Photodegradation of PCBs Congeners using Simulated Sunlight and Diethylamine”, Chemosphere, Cilt 31, No 5, 3323-3344, 1995.
  • Rababah, A. ve Matsuzawa, S., “Treatment System for Solid Matrix Contaminated with Fluoranthene. II––Recirculating Photodegradation Technique”, Chemosphere, Cilt 46 49-57, 2002.
  • Higarashi, M.M. ve Jardim, F.W., “Remediation of Pesticide Contaminated Soil using TiO2 Mediated by Solar Light”, Catalysis Today, Cilt 76, 201–207, 2002.
  • Freeman, P.K., Srinivasa, R., Campbell, J.A. ve Denizer, M.L., “The Photochemistry of Polyhaoarenes. 5. Fragmentation Pathways in Polychlorobenzen Radical Anion”, Journal of American Chemical Society, Cilt 1008, 5531-5536, 1986.
  • Lin, Y., Teng, L.S., Lee, A. ve Chen, Y.L., “Effect of Photosensitizer Diethylamine on the Photodegradation of PCBs”, Chemosphere, Cilt 55, No 6, 879-884, 2004.
  • Karaca, G., Arıtma Çamurları ve Nilüfer Çayı Sedimentindeki Poliaromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi ve Giderimlerinin Araştırılması, Doktora Tezi, Uludağ Universitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2013.
  • Esen, F., Tasdemir, Y. ve Vardar, N. “Atmospheric Concentrations of PAHs, Their Possible Sources and Gas-to-particle Partitioning at a Residential Site of Bursa-Turkey”, Atmospheric Research, Cilt 88, 243–55, 2008
  • Karaca, G. ve Tasdemir, Y., “Effect of Diethylamine on PAH Removal from Municipal Sludge under UV Light”, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, Cilt 20, No 7A, 1777-1784, 2011.
  • Tasdemir, Y., Odabaşı, M., Vardar, N., Sofuoğlu, A., Murphy, T.J. ve Holsen, T.M., “Dry Deposition Fluxes and Velocities of PCBs Associated with Particles”, Atmospheric Environment, Cilt 38, 2444-2456, 2004.
  • Hoffman, M.R., Martin, S.T., Choi, W. ve Bahnemann, D.W., “Environmental Application of Semiconductor Photocatalysis”, Chemical Reviews, Cilt 95,69-96,1995
  • Woo, O. T., Chung, W.K., Wong, K.H., Chow, A.T. ve Wong, P.K., “Photocatalitic Oxidation of PAHs: Intermediates identification and Toxicity Testing”, Journal of Hazardous Materials Cilt 168, 1192-119, 2009.
  • Kot-Wasik, A., Dabrowska, D. ve Namie´snik, J., “Photodegradation and Biodegradation Study of Benzo(a)pyrene in Different Liquid Media”, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry Cilt 168, 109–115, 2004.
  • Wen, S., Zhao, J., Sheng, G., Fu, J. ve Peng, P., “Photicatalytic Reactions of Pyrene at TiO2/Water Interfaces”, Chemosphere Cilt 20, 111-119, 2003.
  • Leyva, E. ve Saredo, R., “Photochemistry of Fluorophenyl Azides in Diethylamine”, Tetrahedron Cilt 54, 7367-7374, 1998.
  • March, J. “ Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanisms and Structures, Chapter 7. Photochemistry”, 1985.
  • Guieysse, B., Viklund, G., Toes, A.C. ve Mattiasson, B., “Combined UV-Biological Degradation of PAHs”, Chemosphere Cilt 55, 1493-1499, 2004.
  • Cebe, M., “Physicochemistry Volume II: Fundamental Concepts in Reaction Kinetics”, Uludag University Press, Turkey, 1995.
  • Huang, X.Y., Chen, J.W., Gao, L.N., Ding, G.H., Zhao, Y.Z. ve Schramm, K.W., “Data Evaluations and Quantitative Predictive Models for Vapor Pressures of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Different Temperatures”, SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research Cilt 15, 115–125, 2004.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Yücel Taşdemir

Gizem Karaca This is me

Publication Date December 25, 2015
Submission Date June 6, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 30 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Taşdemir, Y., & Karaca, G. (2015). ORGANİZE SANAYİ BÖLGESİ ARITMA ÇAMURLARINDAKİ POLİAROMATİK HİDROKARBONLARIN (PAH) FOTOKİMYASAL PARÇALANMA YOLUYLA GİDERİMİ: AÇIK HAVA UYGULAMALARI. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.17341/gummfd.26878
AMA Taşdemir Y, Karaca G. ORGANİZE SANAYİ BÖLGESİ ARITMA ÇAMURLARINDAKİ POLİAROMATİK HİDROKARBONLARIN (PAH) FOTOKİMYASAL PARÇALANMA YOLUYLA GİDERİMİ: AÇIK HAVA UYGULAMALARI. GUMMFD. December 2015;30(4). doi:10.17341/gummfd.26878
Chicago Taşdemir, Yücel, and Gizem Karaca. “ORGANİZE SANAYİ BÖLGESİ ARITMA ÇAMURLARINDAKİ POLİAROMATİK HİDROKARBONLARIN (PAH) FOTOKİMYASAL PARÇALANMA YOLUYLA GİDERİMİ: AÇIK HAVA UYGULAMALARI”. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 30, no. 4 (December 2015). https://doi.org/10.17341/gummfd.26878.
EndNote Taşdemir Y, Karaca G (December 1, 2015) ORGANİZE SANAYİ BÖLGESİ ARITMA ÇAMURLARINDAKİ POLİAROMATİK HİDROKARBONLARIN (PAH) FOTOKİMYASAL PARÇALANMA YOLUYLA GİDERİMİ: AÇIK HAVA UYGULAMALARI. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 30 4
IEEE Y. Taşdemir and G. Karaca, “ORGANİZE SANAYİ BÖLGESİ ARITMA ÇAMURLARINDAKİ POLİAROMATİK HİDROKARBONLARIN (PAH) FOTOKİMYASAL PARÇALANMA YOLUYLA GİDERİMİ: AÇIK HAVA UYGULAMALARI”, GUMMFD, vol. 30, no. 4, 2015, doi: 10.17341/gummfd.26878.
ISNAD Taşdemir, Yücel - Karaca, Gizem. “ORGANİZE SANAYİ BÖLGESİ ARITMA ÇAMURLARINDAKİ POLİAROMATİK HİDROKARBONLARIN (PAH) FOTOKİMYASAL PARÇALANMA YOLUYLA GİDERİMİ: AÇIK HAVA UYGULAMALARI”. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 30/4 (December 2015). https://doi.org/10.17341/gummfd.26878.
JAMA Taşdemir Y, Karaca G. ORGANİZE SANAYİ BÖLGESİ ARITMA ÇAMURLARINDAKİ POLİAROMATİK HİDROKARBONLARIN (PAH) FOTOKİMYASAL PARÇALANMA YOLUYLA GİDERİMİ: AÇIK HAVA UYGULAMALARI. GUMMFD. 2015;30. doi:10.17341/gummfd.26878.
MLA Taşdemir, Yücel and Gizem Karaca. “ORGANİZE SANAYİ BÖLGESİ ARITMA ÇAMURLARINDAKİ POLİAROMATİK HİDROKARBONLARIN (PAH) FOTOKİMYASAL PARÇALANMA YOLUYLA GİDERİMİ: AÇIK HAVA UYGULAMALARI”. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 4, 2015, doi:10.17341/gummfd.26878.
Vancouver Taşdemir Y, Karaca G. ORGANİZE SANAYİ BÖLGESİ ARITMA ÇAMURLARINDAKİ POLİAROMATİK HİDROKARBONLARIN (PAH) FOTOKİMYASAL PARÇALANMA YOLUYLA GİDERİMİ: AÇIK HAVA UYGULAMALARI. GUMMFD. 2015;30(4).