YAPAY GÖRME SİSTEMLERİ İÇİN GELİŞTİRİLEN GAUSS DAĞILIMI TABANLI YENİ BİR ADAPTİF SİMÜLASYON ALGORİTMASI
Yıl 2011,
Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 0 - , 20.02.2013
Mustafa Özden
İrfan Karagöz
Öz
Görsel protez sistemlerinin simülasyonu, tamamen görme kayıplı kişilerde görsel restorasyonu hedef alan busistemlerin geliştirilmesinde oldukça önemli bir adımdır. Literatürde bu konuda bazı çalışmalar sunulmuş olsa dahastalara oldukça düşük çözünürlüklü “ışık kümeleri”nden (fosfen) oluşan bir görüntü sunan görsel protezsistemlerinin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlayacak olan görsel protez simülasyonu algoritmalarının geliştirilmesineihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada renkli görüntü dizilerini adaptif bir yaklaşımla Gauss dağılımını kullanarak“fosfen görüntülerine” dönüştüren yeni bir görsel protez simülasyon algoritması geliştirilmiştir. Algoritmadakullanılan ön işlemler ve adaptif olarak Gauss noktaları ile fosfen görüntüsü oluşturan ana işlem adımları detaylıolarak açıklanmıştır. Sunulan algoritmanın performansını sayısal sonuçlarla ifade edebilmek için orijinal vefosfen görüntülerinin bölütlenmiş versiyonları arasındaki ortalama karesel hata (MSE) değerleri hesaplanmıştır.Ayrıca, literatürdeki simülasyon çalışmalarında kullanılan düzgün dağılımlı noktaları ve Gauss dağılımlınoktaları kullanan algoritmalarla da karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırmalarda ortalama karesel hataölçütünün yanında, bazı önemli görsel ipuçlarının (örneğin köşeler, bölge sayısı ve kenarlar) korunması da gözönüne alınmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar çubuk grafik şeklinde sunulmuş ve çalışmanın görsel protez sistemlerineyapacağı katkı tartışılmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Brindley, G.S., Lewin, W.S., “The sensations
- produced by electrical stimulation of the visual
- cortex”, J. Physiol., Cilt 196, 479-493, 1968.
- Boyle, J., Maeder, A., Boles, W. “Static Image
- Simulation of Electronic Visual Prostheses”. 7th
- Australian and New Zealand intelligent
- information systems conference, Western
- Australia, 85-88, November 2001.
- Veraart, C.W., Defalque, M.C., Gérard, B.,
- Vanlierde, A., Delbeke, J., “Pattern recognition
- with the optic nerve visual prosthesis”, Artificial
- Organs, Cilt 27, No 11, 996–1004, 2003.
- Cai, S., Fu, L., Zhang, H., Hu, G., Liang, Z.,
- “Prosthetic visual acuity in irregular phosphene
- arrays under two down-sampling schemes: a
- simulation study”, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE
- Engineering in Medicine and Biology, China,
- -5227, September 2005.
- Chen, S.C., Lovell, N.H., Suaning, G.J., “Effect
- on prosthetic vision visual acuity by filtering
- schemes, filter cut-off frequency and phosphene
- matrix: A virtual reality simulation”, 26th annual
- international conference of the IEEE EMBS,
- San Francisco, 4201-4204, September 2004.
- Sommerhalder, J., Oueghlani, E., Bagnoud, M.,
- Leonards, U., Safran, A.B., Pelizzone, M.,
- “Simulation of artificial vision: I. Eccentric
- reading of isolated words, and perceptual
- learning”, Vision Research, Cilt 43, 269–283,
- -
- Sommerhalder, J., Rappaz, B., Haller, R., Fornos,
- A.P., Safran, A.B., Pelizzone, M., “Simulation of
- artificial vision: II. Eccentric reading of full-page
- text and the learning of this task”, Vision Research, Cilt 44, 1693–1706, 2004.
- Cha, K., Horch, K., Normann, R., “Simulation of a
- phosphene-based visual field: Visual acuity in a
- pixelized vision system”, Annals of Biomedical
- Engineering, Cilt 20, 439-449, 1992.
- Cha,K., Horch, K., Normann, R., “Mobility
- performance with a pixelized vision system”,
- Vision Research, Cilt 32, 1367-1372, 1992.
- Cha, K., Horch, K., Normann, R., Boman, D.,
- “Reading speed with a pixelized vision system”,
- Journal of the Optical Society of America A:
- Optics And Image Science, Cilt 9, 673-677,
- -
- Wang, L., Yang, L., Dagnelie, G., “Virtual way
- finding using simulated prosthetic vision in gazelocked
- viewing”, Optometry and Vision Science,
- Cilt 85 No 11, E1057–E1063, 2008.
- Dagnelie, G., Keane, P., Narla, V., Yang, L.,
- Weiland, J. Humayun, M., “Real and virtual
- mobility performance in simulated prosthetic
- vision” Journal of Neural Engineering, Cilt 4,
- –101, 2007.
- Dagnelie, G., Barnett, D., Humayun, M.S.,
- Thompson, R.W., “Paragraph text reading using a
- pixelized prosthetic vision simulator: parameter
- dependence and task learning in free-viewing
- conditions”, Investigative Ophthalmology &
- Visual Science, Cilt 47 No 3, 1241-1250, 2006.
- Dobelle, W.H., Mladejovsky, M.G., Girvin, J.P.,
- “Artificial vision for the blind: electrical
- stimulation of visual cortex offers hope for a
- functional prosthesis”, Science; Cilt 183, No 123,
- –444, 1974.
- Hayes, J.S., Yin, V.T. Piyathaisere, D., Weiland,
- J.D., Humayun, M.S., Dagnelie, G., “Visually
- guided performance of simple tasks using
- simulated prosthetic vision”, Artificial Organs,
- Cilt 27, 1016-1028, 2003.
- Thompson, R.W., Barnett, G.D., Humayun, M.S.,
- Dagnelie, G., “Facial recognition using simulated
- prosthetic pixelised vision”, Investigative
- Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Cilt 44, 5035-
- , 2003.
- Chen, S.C., Hallum, L.E., Lovell, N.H., Suaning,
- G.J., “Visual acuity measurement of prosthetic
- vision: A virtual-reality simulation study”, J.
- Neural Eng., Cilt 2, 135–145, 2005.
- Chen, S.C., Suaning, G.J., Morley, J.W., Lovell,
- N.H., “Simulating prosthetic vision: I. Visual
- models of phosphenes”, Vision Research, Cilt 49,
- –1506, 2009.
- Chen, S.C., Suaning, G.J., Morley, J.W., Lovell,
- N.H., “Simulating prosthetic vision: II. Measuring
- functional capacity”, Vision Research, Cilt 49,
- –2343, 2009.
- Ling, S., Dai, C., Fan, J., Zhao, Y., Chen, P., Ren,
- Q., Chai, X., “Study of Simulated Phosphene Size
- Based on Tactile Perception with Three
- Distributions”, ICBBE, Beijing, China,1-3, 2009.
- Buffoni, L.X., Coulombe, J., Sawan, M., “Image
- processing strategies dedicated to visual cortical
- stimulators: A survey”, Artificial Organs, Cilt 29
- No 8, 658–664, 2005.
- Gonzalez, R., Woods, R., Digital Image
- Processing, Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, Jan. 2008.
- Sonka, M., Hlavac, V., Boyle, R., “Image
- Processing, Analysis and Machine Vision”,
- Brooks and Cole Co. USA 1999
- Selim, S. Z., Ismail, M. A., “K-Means-Type
- Algorithms: A Generalized Convergence Theorem
- and Characterization of Local Optimality”, IEEE
- T Pattern Anal, Cilt 6, 81-87, 1984.
- Xi, X., Ji, F., Han, D., Hong, M., Chen, A.
- “Electrode Interaction in Cochlear Implant
- Recipients: Comparison of Straight and Contour
- Electrode Arrays”, J. Otolaryngol-Head N, Cilt
- , No 4, 228-237, 2009
- Horsager, A., Greenberg, R.J., Fine, I.,
- “Spatiotemporal Interactions in Retinal Prosthesis
- Subjects”, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., Cilt 51,
- No 2, 1223-1233, 2010
- Nie, K., Stickney, G., Zeng, F., “Encoding
- Frequency Modulation to Improve Cochlear”,
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering,
- Cilt 52, No. 1, 64-73, 2005.
Yıl 2011,
Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 0 - , 20.02.2013
Mustafa Özden
İrfan Karagöz
Kaynakça
- Brindley, G.S., Lewin, W.S., “The sensations
- produced by electrical stimulation of the visual
- cortex”, J. Physiol., Cilt 196, 479-493, 1968.
- Boyle, J., Maeder, A., Boles, W. “Static Image
- Simulation of Electronic Visual Prostheses”. 7th
- Australian and New Zealand intelligent
- information systems conference, Western
- Australia, 85-88, November 2001.
- Veraart, C.W., Defalque, M.C., Gérard, B.,
- Vanlierde, A., Delbeke, J., “Pattern recognition
- with the optic nerve visual prosthesis”, Artificial
- Organs, Cilt 27, No 11, 996–1004, 2003.
- Cai, S., Fu, L., Zhang, H., Hu, G., Liang, Z.,
- “Prosthetic visual acuity in irregular phosphene
- arrays under two down-sampling schemes: a
- simulation study”, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE
- Engineering in Medicine and Biology, China,
- -5227, September 2005.
- Chen, S.C., Lovell, N.H., Suaning, G.J., “Effect
- on prosthetic vision visual acuity by filtering
- schemes, filter cut-off frequency and phosphene
- matrix: A virtual reality simulation”, 26th annual
- international conference of the IEEE EMBS,
- San Francisco, 4201-4204, September 2004.
- Sommerhalder, J., Oueghlani, E., Bagnoud, M.,
- Leonards, U., Safran, A.B., Pelizzone, M.,
- “Simulation of artificial vision: I. Eccentric
- reading of isolated words, and perceptual
- learning”, Vision Research, Cilt 43, 269–283,
- -
- Sommerhalder, J., Rappaz, B., Haller, R., Fornos,
- A.P., Safran, A.B., Pelizzone, M., “Simulation of
- artificial vision: II. Eccentric reading of full-page
- text and the learning of this task”, Vision Research, Cilt 44, 1693–1706, 2004.
- Cha, K., Horch, K., Normann, R., “Simulation of a
- phosphene-based visual field: Visual acuity in a
- pixelized vision system”, Annals of Biomedical
- Engineering, Cilt 20, 439-449, 1992.
- Cha,K., Horch, K., Normann, R., “Mobility
- performance with a pixelized vision system”,
- Vision Research, Cilt 32, 1367-1372, 1992.
- Cha, K., Horch, K., Normann, R., Boman, D.,
- “Reading speed with a pixelized vision system”,
- Journal of the Optical Society of America A:
- Optics And Image Science, Cilt 9, 673-677,
- -
- Wang, L., Yang, L., Dagnelie, G., “Virtual way
- finding using simulated prosthetic vision in gazelocked
- viewing”, Optometry and Vision Science,
- Cilt 85 No 11, E1057–E1063, 2008.
- Dagnelie, G., Keane, P., Narla, V., Yang, L.,
- Weiland, J. Humayun, M., “Real and virtual
- mobility performance in simulated prosthetic
- vision” Journal of Neural Engineering, Cilt 4,
- –101, 2007.
- Dagnelie, G., Barnett, D., Humayun, M.S.,
- Thompson, R.W., “Paragraph text reading using a
- pixelized prosthetic vision simulator: parameter
- dependence and task learning in free-viewing
- conditions”, Investigative Ophthalmology &
- Visual Science, Cilt 47 No 3, 1241-1250, 2006.
- Dobelle, W.H., Mladejovsky, M.G., Girvin, J.P.,
- “Artificial vision for the blind: electrical
- stimulation of visual cortex offers hope for a
- functional prosthesis”, Science; Cilt 183, No 123,
- –444, 1974.
- Hayes, J.S., Yin, V.T. Piyathaisere, D., Weiland,
- J.D., Humayun, M.S., Dagnelie, G., “Visually
- guided performance of simple tasks using
- simulated prosthetic vision”, Artificial Organs,
- Cilt 27, 1016-1028, 2003.
- Thompson, R.W., Barnett, G.D., Humayun, M.S.,
- Dagnelie, G., “Facial recognition using simulated
- prosthetic pixelised vision”, Investigative
- Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Cilt 44, 5035-
- , 2003.
- Chen, S.C., Hallum, L.E., Lovell, N.H., Suaning,
- G.J., “Visual acuity measurement of prosthetic
- vision: A virtual-reality simulation study”, J.
- Neural Eng., Cilt 2, 135–145, 2005.
- Chen, S.C., Suaning, G.J., Morley, J.W., Lovell,
- N.H., “Simulating prosthetic vision: I. Visual
- models of phosphenes”, Vision Research, Cilt 49,
- –1506, 2009.
- Chen, S.C., Suaning, G.J., Morley, J.W., Lovell,
- N.H., “Simulating prosthetic vision: II. Measuring
- functional capacity”, Vision Research, Cilt 49,
- –2343, 2009.
- Ling, S., Dai, C., Fan, J., Zhao, Y., Chen, P., Ren,
- Q., Chai, X., “Study of Simulated Phosphene Size
- Based on Tactile Perception with Three
- Distributions”, ICBBE, Beijing, China,1-3, 2009.
- Buffoni, L.X., Coulombe, J., Sawan, M., “Image
- processing strategies dedicated to visual cortical
- stimulators: A survey”, Artificial Organs, Cilt 29
- No 8, 658–664, 2005.
- Gonzalez, R., Woods, R., Digital Image
- Processing, Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, Jan. 2008.
- Sonka, M., Hlavac, V., Boyle, R., “Image
- Processing, Analysis and Machine Vision”,
- Brooks and Cole Co. USA 1999
- Selim, S. Z., Ismail, M. A., “K-Means-Type
- Algorithms: A Generalized Convergence Theorem
- and Characterization of Local Optimality”, IEEE
- T Pattern Anal, Cilt 6, 81-87, 1984.
- Xi, X., Ji, F., Han, D., Hong, M., Chen, A.
- “Electrode Interaction in Cochlear Implant
- Recipients: Comparison of Straight and Contour
- Electrode Arrays”, J. Otolaryngol-Head N, Cilt
- , No 4, 228-237, 2009
- Horsager, A., Greenberg, R.J., Fine, I.,
- “Spatiotemporal Interactions in Retinal Prosthesis
- Subjects”, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., Cilt 51,
- No 2, 1223-1233, 2010
- Nie, K., Stickney, G., Zeng, F., “Encoding
- Frequency Modulation to Improve Cochlear”,
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering,
- Cilt 52, No. 1, 64-73, 2005.