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Fabrication and characterization of conductive, flexible polymer composites from carbonized pistachio shell wastes

Year 2022, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 711 - 722, 28.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.859140

Abstract

In this study, carbonized pistachio shell wastes filled flexible conductive polymer composites were fabricated. Pistachio shell wastes were used to fabricate conductive carbon structure. For this aim, pistachio shell wastes were carbonized and flexible conductive composites were fabricated by using poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene] matrix. Solvent casting and compression molding were used for production of composite films. Composite films were prepared at different filler loading between 5-50 wt%. Volume resistivity of the samples were determined and percolation graph was drawn. Percolation region was determined around 10-30 wt% filler loading. In addition to electrical characterization, morphological and mechanical characterization were also carried out. According to outcomes, at higher filler loading both morphology and mechanical properties became worse.

References

  • Toprakci H.A.K., Kalanadhabhatla S.K., Spontak R.J.,Ghosh T.K., Polymer Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Nanofibers as Soft Printable Sensors Exhibiting Strain-Reversible Piezoresistivity. Advanced Functional Materials, 23(44), 5536-5542, 2013.
  • Turgut A., Tuhin M.O., Toprakci O., Pasquinelli M.A., Spontak R.J.,Toprakci H.A.K., Thermoplastic Elastomer Systems Containing Carbon Nanofibers as Soft Piezoresistive Sensors. ACS Omega, 3(10), 12648-12657, 2018.
  • Drobny J.G., Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers. Elsevier,2014.
  • Bhowmick A.K. , Stephens H., Handbook of elastomers. CRC Press, Boca Raton,2000.
  • Huang Y., Kormakov S., He X., Gao X., Zheng X., Liu Y., Sun J.,Wu D., Conductive polymer composites from renewable resources: an overview of preparation, properties, and applications. Polymers, 11(2), 187, 2019.
  • TOPRAKÇI O. , TOPRAKCİ H.A.K., Anode Performance of Sustainable, Hemp-derived, Flexible, Binder-free, Carbon Fabrics in Lithium-Ion Batteries. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(1), 28-32, 2020.
  • Ugbesia S., Ekebafe L.O.,Ayo M., Effect of Carbonization Temperature of Filler on the Tensile Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds Filled with Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Peel Carbon. Turkish Journal of Science Technology, 6(2), 75-80, 2011.
  • Li S., Liu D., Li W.,Sui G., Strong and heat-resistant SiC-coated carbonized natural loofah sponge for electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Sustainable Chemistry Engineering, 8(1), 435-444, 2019.
  • Li S., Li W., Nie J., Liu D.,Sui G., Synergistic effect of graphene nanoplate and carbonized loofah fiber on the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of PEEK-based composites. Carbon, 143, 154-161, 2019.
  • Li S., Li X., Chen C., Wang H., Deng Q., Gong M.,Li D., Development of electrically conductive nano bamboo charcoal/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene composites with a segregated network. Composites Science Technology, 132, 31-37, 2016.
  • Hanif M.P.M., Jalilah A.J., Anisah M.F.H.,Tilagavathy A., Chitosan/Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) Filled Carbonized Wood Fiber Conductive Composite Film. Materials Science Forum, 1010, 638-644, 2020.
  • Watson R.R. , Preedy V.R., Bioactive foods in promoting health: fruits and vegetables. Academic Press,2009.
  • Gezginç Y. , Duman A.D., Antep Fıstığı İşleme Tekniği ve Muhafazasının Kalite Üzerine Etkisi. Gida The Journal of Food 29, 373-378, 2004.
  • Aydogdu M.H., Şahin Z., Sevinç M.R., Cançelik M., Doğan H.P.,Küçük N., Analysis of Recent Trends in Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Production in Turkey, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 9 (3), 40-46, 2020.
  • Dönmez İ.E., Selçuk S., Sargın S.,Özdeveci H., Kestane, fındık ve antepfıstığı meyve kabuklarının kimyasal yapısı. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 17(2), 174-177, 2016.
  • Apaydin-Varol E., Pütün E.,Pütün A.E., Slow pyrolysis of pistachio shell. Fuel, 86(12), 1892-1899, 2007.
  • Kashaninejad M., Mortazavi A., Safekordi A.,Tabil L.G., Some physical properties of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) nut and its kernel. Journal of Food Engineering, 72(1), 30-38, 2006.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization, Top 10 Country Production of Pistachio, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/countries_by_commodity, Erişim tarihi Aralık 21, 2020.
  • Alsaadi M., Erkliğ A.,Albu-khaleefah K., Effect of Pistachio Shell Particle Content on the Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composite. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 43(9), 4689-4696, 2018.
  • Al-Khayri J.M., Jain S.M.,Johnson D.V., Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops: Volume 4, Vol. 4. Springer,2019.
  • Yeganeh M.M., Kaghazchi T.,Soleimani M., Effect of Raw Materials on Properties of Activated Carbons. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 29(10), 1247-1251, 2006.
  • Najafabadi M.A.A., Khorasani S.N.,Esfahani J.M., High Density Polyethylene/Pistachio Shell Flour/Nanoclay Composites - Effect of Accelerated Weathering Conditions on Mechanical Properties, Relative Brightness and Total Colour Change. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 25(4), 299-308, 2017.
  • Najafabadi M.A.A., Khorasani S.N.,Esfahani J.M., Water Absorption Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene/ Pistachio Shell Flour Nanocomposites in Presence of Two Different Uv Stabilizers. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 22(4), 409-416, 2014.
  • Al-Obaidi A. J., Ahmed S.J.,Abbas A.T., Investigation the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Polymer By Adding Natural Materials. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 15(4), 2544--2558, 2020.
  • Balasundar P., Narayanasamy P., Senthil S., Abdullah Al-Dhabi N., Prithivirajan R., Shyam Kumar R., Ramkumar T.,Subrahmanya Bhat K., Physico-chemical study of pistachio (Pistacia vera) nutshell particles as a bio-filler for eco-friendly composites. Materials Research Express, 6(10), 105339, 2019.
  • Küçük İ., Önal Y., Akmi̇l Başar C., The Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon Using Pistachio Shell through Carbonization and CO2 Activation. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section B: Chemical Engineering, 2(1), 35-44, 2019.
  • Noman M., Sanginario A., Jagadale P., Tagliaferro A.,Demarchi D., Activated carbonized pistachio nut shells for electrochemiluminescence detection. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 45(6), 585-590, 2015.
  • Elanthamilan E., Rajkumar S., Merlin J.P., Jona D.S., Monisha K.,Meena B.C., Effect of decorating cobalt ferrite spinel structures on pistachio vera shell –derived activated carbon on energy storage applications. Electrochimica Acta, 359, 136953, 2020.
  • Benítez A., Morales J.,Caballero Á., Pistachio Shell-Derived Carbon Activated with Phosphoric Acid: A More Efficient Procedure to Improve the Performance of Li–S Batteries. Nanomaterials, 10(5), 840, 2020.
  • Lua A.C. , Yang T., Theoretical and experimental SO2 adsorption onto pistachio-nut-shell activated carbon for a fixed-bed column. Chemical Engineering Journal, 155(1), 175-183, 2009.
  • Vijayalakshmi P., Bala V.S.S., Thiruvengadaravi K.V., Panneerselvam P., Palanichamy M.,Sivanesan S., Removal of Acid Violet 17 from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Pistachio Nut Shell. Separation Science and Technology, 46(1), 155-163, 2010.
  • Attia A.A., Girgis B.S.,Khedr S.A., Capacity of activated carbon derived from pistachio shells by H3PO4 in the removal of dyes and phenolics. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 78(6), 611-619, 2003.

Karbonize edilmiş Antep fıstığı kabuk atıklarından iletken, esnek polimer kompozit üretimi ve karakterizasyonu

Year 2022, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 711 - 722, 28.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.859140

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, karbonize edilmiş antep fıstığı kabuğu atığı içeren esnek iletken polimer kompozitler üretilmiştir. Antep fıstığı kabuk atıkları iletken karbon yapısının elde edilmesinde kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla, karbonize edilmiş antep fıtığı kabuk atıkları ve poli[stiren-b-(etilen-ko-butilen)-b-stiren]matris kullanarak esnek, iletken kompozitler üretilmiştir. Kompozit filmler çözeltiden dökme ve sıcak presleme yöntemleri ile üretilmiştir. Kompozit filmlere, ağırlıkça % 5-50 arasında değişen oranlarda dolgu maddesi ilave edilmiştir. Numunelerin hacimsel özdirenç değerleri belirlenmiş ve perkolasyon eğrisi çizilmiştir. Perkolasyon bölgesi %10-30 olarak belirlenmiştir. Elektriksel karakterizasyonun yanında, morfolojik ve mekanik karakterizasyon da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, hem morfolojik hem de mekanik özelliklerin yüksek dolgu konsantrasyonlarında kötüleştiği görülmüştür.

References

  • Toprakci H.A.K., Kalanadhabhatla S.K., Spontak R.J.,Ghosh T.K., Polymer Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Nanofibers as Soft Printable Sensors Exhibiting Strain-Reversible Piezoresistivity. Advanced Functional Materials, 23(44), 5536-5542, 2013.
  • Turgut A., Tuhin M.O., Toprakci O., Pasquinelli M.A., Spontak R.J.,Toprakci H.A.K., Thermoplastic Elastomer Systems Containing Carbon Nanofibers as Soft Piezoresistive Sensors. ACS Omega, 3(10), 12648-12657, 2018.
  • Drobny J.G., Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers. Elsevier,2014.
  • Bhowmick A.K. , Stephens H., Handbook of elastomers. CRC Press, Boca Raton,2000.
  • Huang Y., Kormakov S., He X., Gao X., Zheng X., Liu Y., Sun J.,Wu D., Conductive polymer composites from renewable resources: an overview of preparation, properties, and applications. Polymers, 11(2), 187, 2019.
  • TOPRAKÇI O. , TOPRAKCİ H.A.K., Anode Performance of Sustainable, Hemp-derived, Flexible, Binder-free, Carbon Fabrics in Lithium-Ion Batteries. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(1), 28-32, 2020.
  • Ugbesia S., Ekebafe L.O.,Ayo M., Effect of Carbonization Temperature of Filler on the Tensile Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds Filled with Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Peel Carbon. Turkish Journal of Science Technology, 6(2), 75-80, 2011.
  • Li S., Liu D., Li W.,Sui G., Strong and heat-resistant SiC-coated carbonized natural loofah sponge for electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Sustainable Chemistry Engineering, 8(1), 435-444, 2019.
  • Li S., Li W., Nie J., Liu D.,Sui G., Synergistic effect of graphene nanoplate and carbonized loofah fiber on the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of PEEK-based composites. Carbon, 143, 154-161, 2019.
  • Li S., Li X., Chen C., Wang H., Deng Q., Gong M.,Li D., Development of electrically conductive nano bamboo charcoal/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene composites with a segregated network. Composites Science Technology, 132, 31-37, 2016.
  • Hanif M.P.M., Jalilah A.J., Anisah M.F.H.,Tilagavathy A., Chitosan/Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) Filled Carbonized Wood Fiber Conductive Composite Film. Materials Science Forum, 1010, 638-644, 2020.
  • Watson R.R. , Preedy V.R., Bioactive foods in promoting health: fruits and vegetables. Academic Press,2009.
  • Gezginç Y. , Duman A.D., Antep Fıstığı İşleme Tekniği ve Muhafazasının Kalite Üzerine Etkisi. Gida The Journal of Food 29, 373-378, 2004.
  • Aydogdu M.H., Şahin Z., Sevinç M.R., Cançelik M., Doğan H.P.,Küçük N., Analysis of Recent Trends in Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Production in Turkey, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 9 (3), 40-46, 2020.
  • Dönmez İ.E., Selçuk S., Sargın S.,Özdeveci H., Kestane, fındık ve antepfıstığı meyve kabuklarının kimyasal yapısı. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 17(2), 174-177, 2016.
  • Apaydin-Varol E., Pütün E.,Pütün A.E., Slow pyrolysis of pistachio shell. Fuel, 86(12), 1892-1899, 2007.
  • Kashaninejad M., Mortazavi A., Safekordi A.,Tabil L.G., Some physical properties of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) nut and its kernel. Journal of Food Engineering, 72(1), 30-38, 2006.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization, Top 10 Country Production of Pistachio, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/countries_by_commodity, Erişim tarihi Aralık 21, 2020.
  • Alsaadi M., Erkliğ A.,Albu-khaleefah K., Effect of Pistachio Shell Particle Content on the Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composite. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 43(9), 4689-4696, 2018.
  • Al-Khayri J.M., Jain S.M.,Johnson D.V., Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops: Volume 4, Vol. 4. Springer,2019.
  • Yeganeh M.M., Kaghazchi T.,Soleimani M., Effect of Raw Materials on Properties of Activated Carbons. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 29(10), 1247-1251, 2006.
  • Najafabadi M.A.A., Khorasani S.N.,Esfahani J.M., High Density Polyethylene/Pistachio Shell Flour/Nanoclay Composites - Effect of Accelerated Weathering Conditions on Mechanical Properties, Relative Brightness and Total Colour Change. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 25(4), 299-308, 2017.
  • Najafabadi M.A.A., Khorasani S.N.,Esfahani J.M., Water Absorption Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene/ Pistachio Shell Flour Nanocomposites in Presence of Two Different Uv Stabilizers. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 22(4), 409-416, 2014.
  • Al-Obaidi A. J., Ahmed S.J.,Abbas A.T., Investigation the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Polymer By Adding Natural Materials. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 15(4), 2544--2558, 2020.
  • Balasundar P., Narayanasamy P., Senthil S., Abdullah Al-Dhabi N., Prithivirajan R., Shyam Kumar R., Ramkumar T.,Subrahmanya Bhat K., Physico-chemical study of pistachio (Pistacia vera) nutshell particles as a bio-filler for eco-friendly composites. Materials Research Express, 6(10), 105339, 2019.
  • Küçük İ., Önal Y., Akmi̇l Başar C., The Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon Using Pistachio Shell through Carbonization and CO2 Activation. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section B: Chemical Engineering, 2(1), 35-44, 2019.
  • Noman M., Sanginario A., Jagadale P., Tagliaferro A.,Demarchi D., Activated carbonized pistachio nut shells for electrochemiluminescence detection. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 45(6), 585-590, 2015.
  • Elanthamilan E., Rajkumar S., Merlin J.P., Jona D.S., Monisha K.,Meena B.C., Effect of decorating cobalt ferrite spinel structures on pistachio vera shell –derived activated carbon on energy storage applications. Electrochimica Acta, 359, 136953, 2020.
  • Benítez A., Morales J.,Caballero Á., Pistachio Shell-Derived Carbon Activated with Phosphoric Acid: A More Efficient Procedure to Improve the Performance of Li–S Batteries. Nanomaterials, 10(5), 840, 2020.
  • Lua A.C. , Yang T., Theoretical and experimental SO2 adsorption onto pistachio-nut-shell activated carbon for a fixed-bed column. Chemical Engineering Journal, 155(1), 175-183, 2009.
  • Vijayalakshmi P., Bala V.S.S., Thiruvengadaravi K.V., Panneerselvam P., Palanichamy M.,Sivanesan S., Removal of Acid Violet 17 from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Pistachio Nut Shell. Separation Science and Technology, 46(1), 155-163, 2010.
  • Attia A.A., Girgis B.S.,Khedr S.A., Capacity of activated carbon derived from pistachio shells by H3PO4 in the removal of dyes and phenolics. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 78(6), 611-619, 2003.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Mukaddes Şevval Çetin 0000-0002-2677-3963

Aybüke Sultan Demirel 0000-0002-5122-6187

Ozan Toprakçı 0000-0001-7944-4269

Hatice Aylin Karahan Toprakci 0000-0001-7078-9690

Publication Date February 28, 2022
Submission Date January 12, 2021
Acceptance Date August 2, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 37 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çetin, M. Ş., Demirel, A. S., Toprakçı, O., Karahan Toprakci, H. A. (2022). Karbonize edilmiş Antep fıstığı kabuk atıklarından iletken, esnek polimer kompozit üretimi ve karakterizasyonu. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 711-722. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.859140
AMA Çetin MŞ, Demirel AS, Toprakçı O, Karahan Toprakci HA. Karbonize edilmiş Antep fıstığı kabuk atıklarından iletken, esnek polimer kompozit üretimi ve karakterizasyonu. GUMMFD. February 2022;37(2):711-722. doi:10.17341/gazimmfd.859140
Chicago Çetin, Mukaddes Şevval, Aybüke Sultan Demirel, Ozan Toprakçı, and Hatice Aylin Karahan Toprakci. “Karbonize Edilmiş Antep fıstığı Kabuk atıklarından Iletken, Esnek Polimer Kompozit üretimi Ve Karakterizasyonu”. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 37, no. 2 (February 2022): 711-22. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.859140.
EndNote Çetin MŞ, Demirel AS, Toprakçı O, Karahan Toprakci HA (February 1, 2022) Karbonize edilmiş Antep fıstığı kabuk atıklarından iletken, esnek polimer kompozit üretimi ve karakterizasyonu. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 37 2 711–722.
IEEE M. Ş. Çetin, A. S. Demirel, O. Toprakçı, and H. A. Karahan Toprakci, “Karbonize edilmiş Antep fıstığı kabuk atıklarından iletken, esnek polimer kompozit üretimi ve karakterizasyonu”, GUMMFD, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 711–722, 2022, doi: 10.17341/gazimmfd.859140.
ISNAD Çetin, Mukaddes Şevval et al. “Karbonize Edilmiş Antep fıstığı Kabuk atıklarından Iletken, Esnek Polimer Kompozit üretimi Ve Karakterizasyonu”. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 37/2 (February 2022), 711-722. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.859140.
JAMA Çetin MŞ, Demirel AS, Toprakçı O, Karahan Toprakci HA. Karbonize edilmiş Antep fıstığı kabuk atıklarından iletken, esnek polimer kompozit üretimi ve karakterizasyonu. GUMMFD. 2022;37:711–722.
MLA Çetin, Mukaddes Şevval et al. “Karbonize Edilmiş Antep fıstığı Kabuk atıklarından Iletken, Esnek Polimer Kompozit üretimi Ve Karakterizasyonu”. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 37, no. 2, 2022, pp. 711-22, doi:10.17341/gazimmfd.859140.
Vancouver Çetin MŞ, Demirel AS, Toprakçı O, Karahan Toprakci HA. Karbonize edilmiş Antep fıstığı kabuk atıklarından iletken, esnek polimer kompozit üretimi ve karakterizasyonu. GUMMFD. 2022;37(2):711-22.