Democracy Promotion Policy in the Bush Doctrine: The Case of Central Asia

Year 2013, Volume: 1 Issue: 12, 29 - 50, 01.03.2013

Anar Somuncuoğlu

Abstract

During the George W. Bush presidency promotion of democracy in the world was presented as a pillar of American security strategy and the best method to struggle with terrorism. This study examines American democracy promotion policy in Central Asia after American military deployment in the region in 2001. While being involved in close security cooperation with Central Asian governments, the US has increased foreign and democratic aid and assistance to the region. The ultimate aim of democratic aid and assistance was to lay the ground for regime change. Thus, regime change in Kyrgyzstan during the “colored revolutions” wave was presented by the Bush administration as the success of democracy promotion policy. However, as a result of this policy American reputation and power in Central Asia has been shaken and the US lost its military base in Uzbekistan. This study argues that despite continuing with democracy rhetoric, the Bush administration has adjusted its policy toward Central Asia in accordance with regional balance of power. According to this study the case of Central Asia has demonstrated that democracy promotion policy cannot be applied as a security policy in the conditions of regional multipolarity. This study is based on American official documents and secondary sources

Keywords

USA, foreign policy, Central Asia, democracy promotion, security studies

Bush Doktrininde Demokrasiyi Teşvik Politikası: Orta Asya Örneği

Abstract

George W. Bush döneminde dünyada demokrasiyi teşvik politikası ABD güvenlik stratejisinin dayanağı ve terörizmle mücadelenin en iyi yöntemi olarak ilan edildi. Bu makale ABD’nin Orta Asya’ya askeri olarak yerleştiği 2001’den itibaren bölgedeki Amerikan demokrasiyi teşvik politikasını incelemektedir. Orta Asya hükümetleriyle yakın güvenlik işbirliğine giren ABD, diğer taraftan bölgeye yapılan yardımları ve demokrasi yardımlarını artırmıştır. Demokratik yardımların nihai amacı iktidar değişikliklerine zemin hazırlamaktı. Nitekim “renkli devrim” dalgası sırasında Kırgızistan’da iktidar değişikliğinin meydana gelmesi Bush yönetimi tarafından demokrasiyi teşvik politikasının başarısı olarak gösterilmiştir. Halbuki, bu politika neticesinde ABD’nin Orta Asya’daki itibarı ve gücü sarsılmış ve ABD Özbekistan’daki askeri üssünü kaybetmiştir. Bu çalışma, Bush yönetiminin demokrasi söylemini devam ettirirken Orta Asya’daki politikasını bölgesel güç dengesine göre ayarladığını iddia etmektedir. Bu çalışmaya göre Orta Asya örneği, bölgesel çokkutupluluk şartlarında demokrasiyi teşvik politikasının bir güvenlik politikası olarak uygulanamazlığını göstermiştir. Bu çalışma ABD resmi belgeleri ve ikincil kaynaklara dayanmaktadır

Keywords

ABD, dış politika, Orta Asya, demokrasiyi teşvik, güvenlik çalışmaları

References

• AFP (2004), “Yushchenko Reaches Out to Russia”, AFP, 28 Aralık 2004.
• AKHMADOV, Erkin (2011), “U.S. Lifts Military Embargo on Uzbekistan”, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Analyst, http://www.cacianalyst.org, 5 Ekim 2011, erişim tarihi 20 Şubat 2013.
• ALİBEKOV, İbragim (2008), “Central Asian Leaders React to the Developments in Kyrgyzstan”, Eurasia Insight, 22 Mart 2005, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/ eav032205a.shtml, erişim tarihi 23 Eylül 2008.
• BABUS, Sylvia W. (2004), “Democracy-Building in Central Asia Post-September 11”, Burghart, Daniel L., Theresa Sabonis-Helf (ed.), In the Tracks of Tamerlane: Central Asia’s Path to the 21st Century, Washington DC: National Defence University Press, 116-138.
• BİNGÖL, Yılmaz (2006), “The “Colorful” Revolution of Kyrgyzstan: Democratic Transition or Global Competition?”, Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 5 (1-2), 78- 80.
• BLANK, Stephen (2007), U.S. Interests in Central Asia and the Challenges to Them, www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/, erişim tarihi 15 Nisan 2007, 18-26.
• BOUCHER, Richard A. (2006), Asssitant Secretary for South and Central Asian Affairs, “Press Conference in Tashkent, Uzbekistan”, Taşkent, Özbekistan, 9 Ağustos 2006, http://uzbekistan.usembassy.gov/trans-bio.html, erişim tarihi 23 Haziran 2008.
• BOUCHER, Richard A. (2007), “Press Conference: Potential of Turkmenistan”, Remarks to Public Affairs http://www.state.gov/p/sca/rls/rm/2007/80903.htm, erişim tarihi 6 Haziran 2007. Embassy,
• Aşkabat, Türkmenistan, 16 Şubat 2007,
• BUSH, George W. (2006a), “President Addresses American Legion, Discusses Global War on Terror”, 24 Şubat 2006, Washington D.C., http://www.whitehouse.gov, erişim tarihi 27 Şubat 2006.
• BUSH, George W. (2006b), “President Delivers Commensement Address at the United States Military Academy at West Point”, 27 Mayıs 2006, West Point, New York, http://www.whitehouse.gov, erişim tarihi 29 Mayıs 2006.
• CAROTHERS, Thomas (2006), “Backlash Against Democracy Promotion”, Foreign Affairs, 85, 55- 68.
• CAROTHERS, Thomas (2007), U.S. Democracy Promotion During and After Bush, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
• CHIVERS, C.J. (2005), “Central Asians Call on U.S. to Set a Timetable for Closing Bases”, The New York Times, 6 Temmuz 2005.
• DALY, John C.K. (2006), “Chronology of U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001-2005”, John C.K. Daly ve diğerleri (ed.), Anatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001-2005, Washington D.C., Central Asian-Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies Program.66-108.
• DAVİS, Jacquelin K. ve Michael J. SWEENEY (2004), Central Asia in U.S. Strategy and Operational Planning: Where Do We Go From Here?, Washington D.C., The Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis.
• DIŞ EKONOMİK İLİŞKİLER KURULU (DEİK) (2006), Kırgızistan Ülke Bülteni, Şubat 2006.
• FAIRBANKS, Charles ve Andrew BACEVİCH (2002), “Being There. Bases of Debate: America in Central Asia.”, The National Interest, 72, 39-54.
• GADDIS, John Lewis (2005), “Grand Strategy in the Second Term”, Foreign Affairs, 84(1), 2-15.
• HEATHERSHAW, John (2007), “World Apart: The Making and Re-making of Geopolitical Space in the US-Uzbekistan Strategic Partnership”, Central Asian Survey, 26(1), 123-140.
• HENDRICKSON, David C., Robert W. TUCKER (2005), “The Freedom Crusade”, The National Interest, 81, 12-21.
• HERD, Graeme P. (2005), “Russia and the “Orange Revolution”: Response, Rhetoric, Reality?”, Connections: The Quarterly Journal, 2 (2), 15-28.
• HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (2006), “Bullets Were Falling Like Rain”: The Andijan Massacre, May 13, 2005, Human Rights Watch, 6 Haziran 2005, http://www.hrw.org, erişim tarihi 13 Temmuz 2006.
• JERVIS, Robert (2005), “Why the Bush Doctrine Cannot Be Sustained”, Political Science Quarterly, 120 (3), 351-377.
• KIESOW, Ingolf ve Nicklas NORLING (2007), The Rise of India: Problems and Opportunities, Silk Road Paper, Washington D.C.: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. KUCERA, Joshua (2011),
• “Uzbekistan-Afghanistan Railway Starts Operations”,
• http://www.eurasianet.org, 24 Ağustos 2011, erişim tarihi 20 Şubat 2013.
• LUGAR, Richard G. (2006), “Opening Statement for Nomination of Richard Boucher”, 16 Şubat 2006, erişim tarihi 23 Ekim 2008.
• LUONG, Pauline Jones ve Erica WIENTHAL (2002), “New Friends, New Fears in Central Asia”, Foreign Affairs, 81(2), 61-70.
• MANSFIELD, Edward D. ve Jack SNYDER (1995), “Democratization and the Danger of War”, International Security, 20 (1), 5-38.
• MARAT, Erica (2006), The Tulip Revolution: Kyrgyzstan One Year After, March 15, 2005- March 24, 2006, Washington D.C., The Jamestown Foundation.
• MATVEEVA, Anna (2008), “Exporting Civil Society: The Post-Communist Experience”, Problems of Post-Communism, 55 (2), 3-13.
• MEPPEN, Kurt H. (2006), “U.S.-Uzbek Bilateral Relations: Policy Options”, John C.K. Daly ve diğerleri (ed.), Anatomy of a Crisis<, 13-43.
• MOUSSEAU, Michael, Havard HEGRE ve John R. ONEAL (2003), “How the Wealth of Nations Conditions the Liberal Peace”, European Journal of International Relations, 9 (2), 277-314.
• NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED) (2005), “Eurasia Program Highlights”, http://www.ned.org/grants/05programs/highlights-eurasia05.html, erişim tarihi 1 Ağustos 2007.
• PASCOE, B. Lynn (2007), “Security, Stability, Prosperity: Engaging the Eurasian Front-Line States”, Orta Asya ve Kafkasya Uluslararası Konferansı’ndaki konuşma, Yale Center for the Study http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/2002/13639.htm, erişim tarihi 22 Ekim 2007. Haven, of
• Globalization, New Connecticut, 20 Eylül 2002,
• RYWKIN, Michael ve diğerleri (2005), Stability in Central Asia: Engaging Kazakhstan. A Report On (with Policy Recommendations) U.S. Interests in Central Asia and U.S.-Kazakhstan Relations, New York, National Committee on American Foreign Policy.
• SAMOKHVALOV, Vsevolod (2005), “Colored Revolutions in Ukraine and Georgia: Repercussions for the System of International Relations in the Black Sea Region”, Perceptions, 10(2), 107- 108.
• SATPAYEV, Dosım (2008), Dosım Satpayev ile yazarın röportajı, 6 Şubat 2008, Ankara.
• SCHIPANİ-ADURIZ, Andres (2007), “Through an Orange-Colored Lens: Western Media, Constructed Imagery, and Colored Revolutions”, Demokratizatsiya, 15(1), 87-115.
• SIMEONE, Nick (2012), “Panetta Thanks Central Asian Nations for Distribution Network”, American Forces Press Service, http://www.defense.gov, 21 Mayıs 2012, erişim tarihi 20 Şubat 2013
• SIROYEJKİN, Konstantin (2005), “Kirgizskiy Bunt”, Kontinent, 6-19 Nisan 2005, 14-16.
• STARR, S. Frederick (2005), A “Greater Central Asia Partnership” for Afghanistan and Its Neighbors, Silk Road Paper, Washingon D.C., Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program.
• STARR, S. Frederick (2006), “Introduction”, John C.K. Daly ve diğerleri (ed.), Anatomy of a Crisis<, 6-9.
• ŞANGAY İŞBİRLİĞİ ÖRGÜTÜ (ŞİÖ) (2005), “Deklaratsiya Glav Gosudarstv- Çlenov Şanhayskoy Organizatsiyi Sotrudniçestva”, Astana, 5 Temmuz 2005, Şangay İşbirliği Örgütü resmi web-sitesi, http://www.sectsco.org, erişim tarihi 23 Temmuz 2007.
• TARNOFF, Curt (2005), US Assistance to the Former Soviet Union, Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report for Congress, July 14 2005. THE WHITE HOUSE (2006), The National Security Strategy of the USA, http://www.whitehouse.gov, erişim tarihi 5 Haziran 2008.
• TOKAYEV, Kasım-Jomart (2007), Svet i Ten’, Astana: Astana Poligrafiya.
• TOKAYEV, Kassymzhomart (2006), “Strengthening of Intra-Regional Ties”, Nicklas Norling, First Kabul Conference on Partnership, Trade and Development in Greater Central Asia, Conference Report, Nisan 2006, Washington D.C., Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program, 8-12.
• TUDOROIU, Theodor (2007), “Rose, Orange, and Tulip: The Failed Post-Soviet Revolutions”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, S. 40, s. 315-342.
• U.S. CONGRESS (2001a), U.S. Policy in Central Asia, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Middle East and South Asia of the Comittee on International Relations House of Representatives, 107th Congress, 1st Session, 6 Haziran 2001, Washington D.C., U.S.GPO.
• U.S. CONGRESS (2001b), Silencing Central Asia: The Voice of Dissidents, Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights and Subcommitttee on the Middle East and Central Asia of the Committee on International Relations House of Representatives, 107th Congress, 1st Session, 18 Temmuz 2001, Washington D.C., U.S. GPO.
• U.S. CONGRESS (2001c), Contribution of Central Asian Nations to the Campaign Against Terrorism, Hearing before the Subcommittee of Central Asia and South Caucasus of the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, 107th Congress, 1st Session, 13 Aralık 2001, Washington D.C., U.S. GPO.
• U.S. CONGRESS (2002), Balancing Military Assitance and Support for Human Rights in Central Asia, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Central Asia and South Caucasus of the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate, 107th Congress, 2nd Session, 27 Haziran 2002, Washington D.C., U.S. GPO.
• U.S. CONGRESS (2002), U.S. Policy in Central Asia and Human Rights Concerns, 107th Congress, 2nd Session, Briefing of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 7 Mart 2002, Washington D.C., CSCE.
• U.S. CONGRESS (2003), Central Asia: Terrorism, Religious Extremism, and Regional Stability, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia of the Committee on International Relations House of Representatives, 108th Congress, 1st Session, 29 Ekim 2003, Washington D.C., U.S. GPO.
• U.S. CONGRESS (2005), The Uzbekistan Crisis: Assessing the Impact and the Next Steps, Hearing Before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 109th Congress, 1st Session, 29 Haziran 2005, Washington D.C., U.S. GPO.
• U.S. CONGRESS (2006), Assessing Energy and Security Issues in Central Asia, 109th Congress, 2nd Session, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia of the Committee on International Relations House of Representatives, 25 Temmuz 2006, Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO).
• U.S. CONGRESS (2006), U.S. Policy in Central Asia: Balancing Priorities (Part II), 109th Congress, 2nd Session, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia of the Committee on International Relations House of Representatives, 26 Nisan 2006, Washington D.C., U.S. GPO.
• U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE (2002), U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia- FY 2001, http://www.state.gov, erişim tarihi 20 Eylül 2008.
• U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE (2003), U.S. Governmental Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia- FY 2002, http://www.state.gov, erişim tarihi 20 Eylül 2008.
• U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE (2004), U.S. Governmental Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia-FY 2003, http://www.state.gov, erişim tarihi 20 Eylül 2008.
• U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE (2010), Congressional Budget Justification Foreign Operations: Fiscal Year 2009, http://www.state.gov, erişim tarihi 20 Eylül 2008.
• U.S. SENATE, U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (2005), Legislation on Foreign Relations Through 2004, Washington D.C.: US GPO.
• ZERKALO NEDELİ (2003), “Eduard Shevarnadze: “I Believe that What Has Happened in Georgia Should Not Happen in Ukraine””, 6-12 Aralık 2003, Zerkalo Nedeli, http://www.mw.ua, erişim tarihi 4 Ağustos 2007.l