Dicle Nehri'nin Dicle Üniversitesi Yerleşkesindeki Kesiminin Alg Florası Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 9 - 21, 31.12.2025

Osman Uç , Köksal Pabuçcu

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Dicle Üniversitesi kampüsü sınırları içindeki Dicle Nehri kesiminin alg florası incelenmiş ve bentik ile pelajik habitatlarda toplam 56 takson belirlenmiştir. Heterokontophyta (26 takson) ve Cyanobacteria (12 takson) en zengin gruplar olurken, Charophyta (8), Chlorophyta (6), Euglenozoa (2) ve Myzozoa (2) daha az temsil edilmiştir. Hâkim türler arasında Cymbella affinis, Diatoma vulgaris ve Oscillatoria curviceps yer almakta olup, bu türlerin dağılımı habitatlara özgü adaptasyon ve ekolojik toleranslarını yansıtmaktadır. Su sıcaklığı, pH, KOİ, BOİ, askıda katı madde ve besin elementlerindeki değişimler, alg topluluklarının yoğunluğu ve kompozisyonunu belirleyen başlıca çevresel faktörler olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Özellikle organik madde ve besin elementlerindeki artışlar, Cyanobacteria mensubu taksonların artışını teşvik ederek, habitatların tür yapısını da etkilemiştir.

Keywords

Dicle Nehri , Diyarbakır , Alg florası , Diyatome , Cyanobacteria

An Investigation on the Algal Flora of the Section of the Tigris River within the Campus of Dicle University

Abstract

In this study, the algal flora of the Tigris River section within the Dicle University campus was investigated, and a total of 56 taxa were identified in benthic and pelagic habitats. Heterokontophyta (26 taxa) and Cyanobacteria (12 taxa) were the most diverse groups, whereas Charophyta (8), Chlorophyta (6), Euglenozoa (2), and Myzozoa (2) were less represented. Dominant species included Cymbella affinis, Diatoma vulgaris, and Oscillatoria curviceps, reflecting habitat-specific adaptations and ecological tolerances. Variations in water temperature, pH, COD, BOD, suspended solids, and nutrient levels emerged as key environmental factors shaping the abundance and composition of algal communities. In particular, increases in organic matter and nutrient levels promoted the proliferation of Cyanobacteria taxa, thereby also affecting the species composition of the habitats.

Keywords

Tigris River , Diyarbakır , Algal flora , Diatoms , Cyanobacteria

References

• Akar, B., (2012). Karagöl-Sahara Milli Parkı (Şavşat-Artvin) içerisindeki Karagöl' ün kıyı bölgesi bentik alg florası (doktora tezi), Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi fen bilimleri enstitüsü, Trabzon.
• Akça, L., Kınacı, C., Karpuzcu, M. E., Ceyhan, M., Aktaş, M., Görgün, E., Aydın, A. F., Karaaslan, Y., Öztürk, İ. (2022). Türkiye’nin en kapsamlı çevresel restorasyon ve endüstriyel kümelenme uygulaması: Ergene Nehri havzası çevre koruma ve havzalar arası atıksu transferi projesi. Çevre iklim ve sürdürülebilirlik (C. 23, Sayı 1, ss. 27-40).
• İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi. https: // dergipark.org.tr / tr/ pub / itucis / issue / 68628 / 1032045
• Almeida, L. M. R., Cruz, L. F. da S., Machado, B. A. S., Nunes, I. L., Costa, J. A. V., Ferreira, E. de S., Lemos, P. V. F., Druzian, J. I., Souza, C. O. de. (2021). Effect of the addition of Spirulina sp. biomass on the development and characterization of functional food. Algal research, 58. https: // doi.org / 10.1016 / J.Algal.2021.102387
• Altinbilek, D. (2004). Development and management of the Euphrates - Tigris basin. International journal of water resources development, 20(1), 15-33. https: // doi.org / 10.1080 / 07900620310001635584; journal:journal:cıjw20;requestedjournal:journal:cıjw20;wgroup:strıng:publıcatıon
• Atıcı, T., Ahıska, S. (2005). Ankara Çayı kirliliği ve algleri. G.Ü. Fen bilimleri dergisi, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 51 - 59
• Özer, T, Erkaya, İ. A, Udoh, A. U, Akbulut, A, Yıldız, K, & Şen, B (2012). New records for the freshwater algae of Turkey (Tigris Basin). Turkish Journal of Botany 36 (6): 747-760. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1108-16
• Benitez-Nelson, C. R. (2000). The biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in marine systems. Earth-Science Reviews, 51(1-4), 109-135.
• Birk, S., Chapman, D., Carvalho, L., Spears, B. M., Andersen, H. E., Argillier, C., Auer, S., Baattrup-Pedersen, A., Banin, L., Beklioğlu, M., Bondar-Kunze, E., Borja, A., Branco, P., Bucak, T., Buijse, A. D., Cardoso, A. C., Couture, R. M., Cremona, F., de Zwart, D., Hering, D. (2020). Impacts of multiple stressors on freshwater biota across spatial scales and ecosystems. Nature ecology and evolution, 4(8), 1060-1068. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41559-020-1216-
• Borics, G., Abonyi, A., Salmaso, N., and Ptacnik, R. (2021). Freshwater phytoplankton diversity: models, drivers and implications for ecosystem properties. Hydrobiologia, 848(1), 53-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10750-020-04332-9/Figures/2
• Bourelly, P. (1968). Les algues d‟eau douce, Initation a la systematique tome 2.
• Bourelly, P. (1970). Les algues d‟eau douce, Initation a la systematique tome 3.
• Bourelly, P. (1972). Les algues d‟eau douce, Initation a la systematique tome 1.
• Brown, J.B., Olive H. J. (1995) . Diatom communites in the cuyago river (USA) change in species composition 1974 and 1992 Folloving renovations in waste water managment. Ohio journal of science 95(3): 254-260.
• Butler, A. J., Pintar, K., Thomas, J. L., Fleury, M., Kadykalo, S., Ziebell, K., Nash, J., and Lapen, D. (2021). Microbial water quality at contrasting recreational areas in a mixed-use watershed in eastern Canada. Journal of water and health, 19(6), 975-989. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.021
• Cox, E.J. (1996). Identification of freshwater diatoms from live material. Chapman and Hall. London, Melbourne, Madras. pp. 158.
• Çelekli, A., Lekesiz, Ö., and Yavuzatmaca, M. (2021). Bioassessment of water quality of surface waters using diatom metrics. Turkish journal of botany, 45(5), 379-396. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-2101-16
• ÇOB, (2004). Türkiye çevre atlası, T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Ankara Dağcıoğlu, Y. (2005). Behzat deresi (Tokat) alg florası (Yüksek Lisans). Yök tez merkezi: Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi.(Umi No. 182468).
• Deng, K., Meng, M., Lu, Y., Ji, W., Tang, G., Cai, G., Cui, Q., Lu, Y., Yang, F., Zhang, D., and Liu, Z. (2025). Multi-stage screening purification: a new and effective method for cleaning diatom samples from marine sediments. Journal of marine science and engineering 2025, Vol. 13, Page 187, 13(2), 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/Jmse13020187
• Dere, Ş., Karacaoğlu, D. and Dalkiran, N. (2002). A study on the epiphytic algae of the nilüfer stream (Bursa). Turkish journal of botany, 26(4), 219-234. https://doi.org/-
• Desikachary, T. V. (1959). Cyanophyta . New Delhi, 686 p. - References - Scientific research publishing. Indian council of agricultural research. https://www.scirp.org/reference/ referencespapers? referenceid=1805755
• Ding, Q., Zhu, H. (2023). Metagenomic analysis of microbial communities in ındoor water cultures: a case study in an educational building. Water, air, and soil pollution, 234(8), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11270-023-06580-6/Tables/3
• Dudgeon, D., Arthington, A. H., Gessner, M. O., Kawabata, Z. I., Knowler, D. J., Lévêque, C., Naiman, R. J., Prieur-Richard, A. H., Soto, D., Stiassny, M. L. J., Sullivan, C. A. (2006). Freshwater biodiversity: Importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biological reviews of the cambridge philosophical society, 81(2), 163-182.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793105006950;Page:string:article /chapter European commission. (2000). Water framework directive. https: // environment.ec.europa.eu /topics/water/water-framework-directive_en
• Fonseca, D., Mora, T., Suastegui, G., Bravo, C., Vega, C., Perales, M., Estrada-Rivera, A., Díaz Fonseca, A., Treviño Mora, S., Argelia García Suastegui, W., Chávez Bravo, E., Castelán Vega, R., Luis Morán Perales, J., Handal-Silva, A. (2022). The ımpact of urbanization on water quality: case study on the Alto Atoyac basin in Puebla, Mexico. Sustainability 2022, Vol. 14, Page 667, 14(2), 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU14020667 Gómez, N., Licursi, M. (2001) The Pampean diatom index (IDP) for assessment of rivers and streams in Argentina. Aquatic ecology 35, 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011415209445
• Gönülol, A., Arslan, N. (1992). Samsun-İncesu Deresi’nin alg florası üzerinde araştırmalar. Doğa-Turk J Bot, 16. 1992: 311-334.
• Gönülol, A., Ersanli, E., Baytut, O. (2009). Taxonomical and numerical comparison of epipelic algae from Balik and Uzun lagoon, Turkey. Journal of environmental biology, 30(5 Suppl), 777-784. https://europepmc.org/article/med/20143705
• Grizzetti, B., Vigiak, O., Udias, A., Aloe, A., Zanni, M., Bouraoui, F., Pistocchi, A., Dorati, C., Friedland, R., De Roo, A., Benitez Sanz, C., Leip, A., Bielza, M. (2021). How EU policies could reduce nutrient pollution in European inland and coastal waters. Global environmental change, 69, 102281. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Gloenvcha.2021.102281
• Güler, Ç. (1997). Su kalitesi, Çevre sağlığı temel kaynak dizisi, No 43, Ankara
• Hasle, G. R. (1978). Some spesific preparations. A. Sournia (Ed.), Phytoplankton manual (ss. 136-142). UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000030788
• Klee, O. (1991). Angewandte hydrobiologie. 2. neubearbeitete und erweiterte auflage, G. Theieme Verlag, Stuttgart-New York, 272p.
• Lange-Bertalot H. (1979). Pollution tolerance of diatoms as criterion for water quality estimation. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft, 64: 285-304.
• Lavoie, I., Vincent, W. F., Pienitz, R., Painchaud, J. (2004). Benthic algae as bioindicators of agricultural pollution in the streams and rivers of southern Québec (Canada). Aquatic ecosystem health and management, 7(1), 43-58. https: // doi.org / 10.1080 / 14634980490281236; Requestedjournal: journal:uaem20;journal:journal:uaem20;wgroup:strıng:publıcatıon
• Lund, J. W. G. (2002). The freshwater algal flora of the British isles. Cambridge Universty press. www.cambridge.org
• Maltsev, Y., Kulikovskiy, M., Maltseva, S. (2023). Nitrogen and phosphorus stress as a tool to induce lipid production in microalgae. Microbial cell factories 2023 22:1, 22(1), 1-22. https: // doi.org / 10.1186 /S12934-023-02244-6
• Mazhan W.O., Mansor M. (2002). Aquatic pollution assesment based on attached diatom communities in the Pinang river basin, Malaysia. Hydrobiologia, 487, 229-241.
• Öterler, B. , Taş , M. , Kırgız, T. (2012). Seasonal variations of waterquality parameters and algal flora of Sazlidere stream (Edirne). Research journal of biological sciences (BIBAD), 5(1):4
• Özer, T. , Erkaya, İ. A., Udoh, A. U., Akbulut, A., Yıldız, K., Şen, B. (2012). New records for the freshwater algae of Turkey (Tigris Basin), Turkish Journal of Botany:Vol. 36: No. 6, Article 15. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1108-16 Available at: https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/vol36/iss6/15
• Pabuçcu, K., Altuner, Z. (1998). Planktonic Algal Flora of Yeşilırmak River (Tokat) Turkey. Bulletin of pure and applied sciences, 17.2: 101-112.
• Pabuçcu, K., Altuner, Z., Gür, M. O. (1999). Yeşilırmak Nehri (Tokat) Bentik Alg Florası. 1st international symposium on protection of natural environment and Ehrami Karaçam, Kütahya, Türkiye (pp. 251-258).
• Pabuçcu, K, Altuner, Z., (2012), Kelkit Basin (Tokat) Algological Inventory, (full text) 1st National Tokat Symposium, Tokat
• Pabuçcu, K, Demiriz, T, Elmastas, E, Canpolat, E, (2012), Antioxidant Capacity and Total Phenolic Compounds of Spirogyra ellipsospora, Journal of Biotechnology, Volume 161(1), Supplement p. 13.
• Palmer, C.M. (1969), A composıte ratıng of algae toleratıng organıc pollutıon2. Journal of phycology, 5(1): 78-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1969.tb02581.x
• Palmer, C.M. (1980) Algae and water pollution: The ıdentification, significance, and control of algae in water supplies and in polluted water. Castle house publications, Los Angeles.
• Patrick, Ruth., C. W. Reimer. (1966). The diatoms of the United States. Vol. I. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. pp. 688.
• Pawlowski, J., Bruce, K., Panksep, K., Aguirre, F. I., Amalfitano, S., Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil, L., Baussant, T., Bouchez, A., Carugati, L., Cermakova, K., Cordier, T., Corinaldesi, C., Costa, F. O., Danovaro, R., Dell’Anno, A., Duarte, S., Eisendle, U., Ferrari, B. J. D., Frontalini, F., Fazi, S. (2022). Environmental DNA metabarcoding for benthic monitoring: A review of sediment sampling and DNA extraction methods. Science of the total environment, 818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151783
• Paytan, A. , K. McLaughlin. (2007). Phosphorus in our waters. Oceanography 20(2): 200-206.
• Peker, İ. (2007). Çevre mühendisliği kimyası, Birsen yayınevi, Kayseri.
• Presscott, G. W. (1979). Freshwater algae, Brown Comp. Pub. Dubugue, Lawa, p.293.
• Reynolds, C. S. (2006). The ecology of phytoplankton. The ecology of phytoplankton, 1-535. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542145
• Round, F. E. (1981). The ecology of algae. Cambridge University press and assessment. https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/life-sciences/ecology-and-conservation/ecology-algae?format=HB
• Round, F.E. (1984). The ecology of algae. Cambridge University press, 653.
• Salomoni, S. E., Rocha, O., Hermany, G., Lobo, E. A. (2011). Application of water quality biological indices using diatoms as bioindicators in the Gravataí river, RS, Brazil. Brazilian journal of biology, 71(4), 949-959. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842011000500015
• Sivaci, R., Dere, Ş. (2006). Melendiz Çayı’nın (Aksaray-Ihlara) epipelik diyatome florasnın mevsimsel değişimi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi fen bilimleri dergisi, 27(1), 1-12.
• Solak, C. N., Barlas, M., Pabuçcu, K. (2007). Akçay ’in (Büyük Menderes-Muğla) Bacillariophyta dışındaki epilitik algleri. http://acikerisim.mu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12809/5456
• Sousa, M. C., Martins, R., Simões, N. E., and Feio, M. J. (2024). Ecosystem services of urban rivers: a systematic review. Aquatic Sciences 2024 87:1, 87(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00027-024-01138-Y
• Soylu, E. N., Gönülol, A. (2003). Phytoplankton and seasonal variations of the River Yeşilırmak, Amasya, Turkey. Turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 3(1), 17-24. https: // www.trjfas.org /abstract.php?lang=en&id=164
• Steinberg C., Schıefele S. (1988). biological ındication of trophy and pollution of running waters. 2. wasser-abwasser- forschungsthemen, 21, 227-234.
• Stevenson, R. J. (1984). Epilithic and epipelic diatoms in the Sandusky River, with emphasis on species diversity and water pollution. Hydrobiologia, 114(3), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00031868/metrics
• Şişli, M.N. (1999). Çevre, bilim, ekoloji, 2. baskı, Gazi büro kitapevi tic. ltd. şti. Ankara, 492 p.
• Tanyolaç J. (1993) — Limnoloji, tatlı su bilimi. Hatipoglu yayınevi Ankara 263 p.
• Tezel Ersanlı, E., Öztürk, R. (2017). Karasu Çayı alg florası ve su kalitesi üzerine ekolojik ve istatistik bir değerlendirme. KSÜ doğa bilimleri dergisi, 20(3), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.18016/KSUdobil.264177
• Ünlü, A., Tunç, S. M. (2007). Evsel atıksu deşarjı öncesinde ve sonrasında Kehli Deresi’nin su kalitesi değişiminin incelenmesi. Su Kirlenmesi Kontrolü Dergisi 17(2), 65-75. /en/yayin/detay/74849/evsel-atiksu-desarji-oncesinde-ve-sonrasinda-kehli-deresinin-su-kalitesi-degisiminin-incelenmesi
• Van der Werff, A. (1953). A new method of concentrating and cleaning diatoms and other organisms. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen, 12(1), 276-277.
• Varol M (2010). Dicle Nehri ve Üzerindeki Baraj Göllrinin Fiziksel, Kimyasal ve Algoloji Özellikleri. Doktora Tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri enstitüsü, Elazığ, 237
• Varol, M., Sen, B., 2014. Dicle Nehrinin Planktonik Alg Floras [Flora of the planktonic alga of the Tigris River]. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 8, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3153/jfscom.201431
• Uzunöz C. (2014). Kelkit Irmağı (Erbaa-Tokat) Planktonik Alg Florası Ve Bazı Alglerin İzolasyonu Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi
• Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology lake and river ecosystems, Elsevier, California, Third ed.Academic press, San Diego, 1006 s.
• Yaakob, M. A., Mohamed, R. M. S. R., Al-Gheethi, A., Ravishankar, G. A., Ambati, R. R. (2021). Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus on microalgal growth, biomass, lipid, and fatty acid production: An overview. Cells 2021, Vol. 10, Page 393, 10(2), 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/Cells10020393
• Yıldırım, V. (2011). Dicle Nehri’nin (Diyarbakır) Fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri ile epipelik algleri. Ecological life sciences, 6(2), 53-92. https://doi.org/10.12739/10.12739
• Yıldırım, V., Tanrıkulu, A. (2011). Dicle Nehri'nin (Diyarbakır) fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri ile epipelik algleri, A journal of new world sciences academy, 2011, 6, 2.
• Yıldırım, A. (2013). Raman-Gercüş antiklinalleri yöresinde Dicle Nehri’nin hidrografik özellikleri ve kapma olayları. Marmara coğrafya dergisi(10).
• Yıldız, G., Vatan, Ö., Çelikler, S., Dere, Ş. (2011). Determination of the phenolic compounds and antioxidative capacity in red algae Gracilaria bursa-pastoris . International journal of food properties, 14(3), 496–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910903256949
• Zencir, O., Fakioglu, O., Demir, N., Korkmaz, A. S. (2011). Seasonal variation of phytoplankton composition in a medium-size river: The Kirmir and its tibutaries Ankara, Turkey. Journal of anımal and veterınary advances, 10(6), 728-732. https://doi.org/10.3923/Javaa.2011.728.732