Practicable Pollution Control Policies

Abstract

The most important element of continuing every life substance is having a safe environment, therefore, the arranged and naturally designed environment’s elements require to be protected from all kinds of pollutants. Toxic air pollutants which are the most harmful among other pollutants are emitted in smaller quantities but cause dangerous health effects such as cancer, birth defects, and respiratory damage. The ecological condition of rivers and streams also demonstrates the need for further improvements. According to the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) National Rivers and Streams Assessment, most of the nation’s rivers are in the worst biological condition. And less percent of rivers are in fair and good biological conditions that are not acceptable around the world. Pollution control policies vary around the world. The most effective approaches and policies should be selected with a view toward minimizing unnecessary costs or damages and promoting technological progress in pollution control. The role of some organizations such as EPA, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Activation/Act, etc. Are elaborated in this review article with detail. In this study, it is thought that by determining the most important advantages and benefits of policies around the world, death rates can be decreased by decreasing chronic diseases.

Keywords

• Air Pollution
• Environmental Protection Association
• Pollution
• Water Pollution

Practicable Pollution Control Policies (Uygulanabilir Kirlilik Kontrol Politikaları)

Abstract

Her yaşam maddesini sürdürmenin en önemli unsuru güvenli bir ortama sahip olmaktır, bu nedenle düzenlenmiş ve doğal olarak tasarlanmış ortam unsurlarının her türlü kirletici maddeden korunması gerekir. Diğer kirleticiler arasında en zararlı olan zehirli hava kirleticileri daha küçük miktarlarda salınır ancak kanser, doğum kusurları ve solunum hasarı gibi tehlikeli sağlık etkilerine neden olur. Nehirlerin ve akarsuların ekolojik durumu da daha fazla iyileştirme ihtiyacını göstermektedir. Çevre Koruma Ajansı'nın (EPA) Ulusal Nehirler ve Akarsular Değerlendirmesine göre, ülkedeki nehirlerin çoğu en kötü biyolojik durumdadır. Nehirlerin yüzde daha azı, dünya çapında kabul edilmeyen adil ve iyi biyolojik koşullardadır. Kirlilik kontrol politikaları dünya çapında farklılık gösterir. En etkili yaklaşımlar ve politikalar, gereksiz maliyetleri veya zararları en aza indirmeye ve kirlilik kontrolünde teknolojik ilerlemeyi teşvik etmeye yönelik bir bakış açısıyla seçilmelidir. EPA, Temiz Hava Yasası, Temiz Su Aktivasyonu / Yasası gibi bazı kuruluşların rolü bu derleme makalede ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, dünyadaki politikaların en önemli avantajları ve faydaları belirlenerek kronik hastalıkları azaltarak ölüm oranlarının azaltılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• Hava Kirliliği
• Çevre Koruma Derneği
• Kirlilik,
• Su Kirliliği,

References

1. Catharine, W., 2015. The Millennium Development Goals Report. United Nations.
2. Eichner, T., Pethig, R., 2019. Strategic pollution control and capital tax competition. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. 94, 27–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.01.002
3. Fredriksson, P.G., Neumayer, E., Damania, R., Gates, S., 2005. Environmentalism, democracy, and pollution control. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. 49, 343–365. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2004.04.004
4. Gao, C., Yin, H., Ai, N., Huang, Z., 2009. Historical Analysis of SO2 Pollution Control Policies in China. Environ. Manage. 43, 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9252-x
5. Green Planet Monitor, 2012. Smart Solution for a Developing World- Curitiba [WWW Document].
6. Harris, J.M., Roach, B., 2013. Environmental and natural resource economics: A contemporary approach, 3rd ed. ME Sharpe, New York, USA.
7. Harris, J.M., Wise, T.A., Gallagher, K.P., Goodwin, N.R., 2001. A Survey of Sustainable Development: Social And Economic Dimensions, Island Pre. ed, Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press. Washington.
8. Kalkuhl, M., Wenz, L., 2020. The impact of climate conditions on economic production. Evidence from a global panel of regions. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. 103, 102360. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2020.102360

9. Oakland Institute, 2015. The Untold Success Story: Agroecology in Africa Addresses Climate Change, Hunger, and Poverty. URL: https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/untold-success-story-agroecology (accessed 12.20.20).
10. Reed, D., 2013. Structural adjustment, the environment and sustainable development. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315066295
11. Reid, W. V., Barnes, J.N., Blackwelder, B., 1988. Bankrolling Successes: A Portfolio of Sustainable Development Projects. Friends of the Earth and the National Wildlife Federation, Washington.
12. Roome, J.A., 2015. Carbon finance for sustainable development:2015 annual report. Washington, D.C.:World Bank Group.
13. Segerson, K., 1988. Uncertainty and incentives for nonpoint pollution control. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. 15, 87–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0095-0696(88)90030-7
14. Sharif, I., Mithila, M., 2013. Rural Electrification using PV: the Success Story of Bangladesh. Energy Procedia 33, 343–354. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.05.075
15. Shortle, J.S., Dunn, J.W., 1986. The Relative Efficiency of Agricultural Source Water Pollution Control Policies. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 68, 668–677. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1241551
16. Tietenberg, T.H., Lewis, L., 2018. Environmental and natural resource economics, 11th ed. Routledge.
17. Victor, P.A., 2019. Managing without growth: slower by design, not disaster, 2nd ed. Edward Elgar Publishing, Massachusetts, USA.
18. World Bank, 2007. Cost of Pollution in China: Economic Estimates of Physical Damages. Washington, D.C, USA.
19. World Bank, 2014. Environment: Sector Results Profile. URL: https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2013/04/13/environment-results-profile (accessed 12.18.20).
20. Zhan, J., Bolwijn, R., Casella, B., Clements, J., El Kady, H., Endo, K., 2014. World Investment Report 2014, Investing in the SDGs: An Action Plan. UNCTAD, United Nations. New York and Geneva.