Varietal Differences in Antimicrobial Activities of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Leaf Extracts

Year 2018, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 173 - 180, 15.12.2018

İsmail Kocaçalışkan , Abbas Albayrak Semra İlhan , İrfan Terzi

Abstract

In this study, antibacterial and antifungal activities of leaf extracts of five cultivars of walnut (Juglans regia L.) on eleven bacteria and nine fungi species were determined using agar well diffusion method. Five bacterial species (Pseudomonas gingeri, P. syringae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Yersinia enterocolitica) were generally found sensitive to the walnut extracts. However, antibacterial effects of the aqueous extracts were weaker than the ethanolic ones. The most sensitive bacterium to all of the treatments was determined to be S. aureus. The walnut leaf extracts have generally showed significant antifungal effect on three species (Candida albicans, Botrytis cinerea, Geotrichum candidum) with both ethanolic and water extracts. The most sensitive fungus species to all of the treatments was seen to be Candida albicans and the most resistant fungi was Aspergillus niger. Among the walnut cultivars, generally, Şebin cultivar extract was seen to have higher antimicrobial effects than the others. MIC values of juglone and the extract for S. aureus bacterium were 0.006 and 0.05 mg/ml, and for C. albicans fungus were 0.003 and 0.025 mg/ml, respectively.

Keywords

Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, Juglone, Leaf extracts, Walnut cultivars

Ceviz Yaprak Özütlerinin Antimikrobiyal Aktiviteleri Hususunda Variyatel Farklılıklar

Abstract

Bu çalışmada beş çeşit ceviz (Juglans regia L.) bitkisinin yaprak ekstraktlarının onbir bakteriye ve dokuz mantar türüne karşı antibakteriyel ve antifungal aktiviteleri agar iyi difüzyon yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Beş bakteri türü (Pseudomonas gingeri, P. syringae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus ve Yersinia enterocolitica) genellikle ceviz ekstraktlarına duyarlıdır. Bununla birlikte, sulu ekstrelerin antibakteriyel etkileri, etanolik olanlardan daha zayıftı. Tüm tedavilere en duyarlı bakterinin S. aureus olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ceviz yaprağı ekstraktları genel olarak hem etanol hem de su ekstraktlarıyla birlikte üç tür (Candida albicans, Botrytis cinerea, Geotrichum candidum) üzerinde önemli bir antifungal etki göstermiştir. Tüm tedavilere en duyarlı mantar türünün Candida albicans olduğu ve en dirençli mantarların Aspergillus niger olduğu görülmüştür. Ceviz çeşitleri arasında genellikle Şebin çeşidinin, diğerlerine göre daha yüksek antimikrobiyal etkileri olduğu görülmüştür. Juglonun MİK değerleri ve S. aureus bakterisi için ekstrakt 0,006 ve 0,05 mg / ml, C. albicans fungusu sırasıyla 0.003 ve 0.025 mg / ml idi.

Keywords

Ceviz yaprak öztüleri, antimikrobiyal aktiviteler, juglon

References

• Abou-Zeid, M. A., 2012. "Pathogenic variation in isolates of Pseudomonas causing the brown blotch of cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 43(3): 1137-1146.
• Bai, G. and G. Shaner., 2004. "Management and resistance in wheat and barley to Fusarium head blight." Annual Review Phytopathology, 42: 135-161.
• Baudoin, A. and J. Eckert ., 1985. "Development of resistance against Geotrichum candidum in lemon peel injuries." Phytopathology 75: 174-179.
• Bottone, E. J., 2010. "Bacillus cereus, a volatile human pathogen." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 23(2): 382-398.
• Calderone, R. A. and W. A. Fonzi., 2001. "Virulence factors of Candida albicans." Trends Microbiol 9(7): 327-335.
• Clark, A. M., T. M. Jurgens and C. D. Hufford., 1990. "Antimicrobial activity of juglone." Phytotherapy Research 4(1): 11-14.
• CLSI., 2010. Reference method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi; Approved guideline CLSI document M51-A. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Villanova, 15 PA.
• CLSI., 2012a. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests, Approved Standard. CLSI document M02-A11. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, USA.
• CLSI (2012b). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically. CLSI document M07-A9. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, USA.
• Cowan, M. M., 1999. "Plant products as antimicrobial agents." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12(4): 564.
• Daferera, D. J., B. N. Ziogas and M. G. Polissiou (2003). "The effectiveness of plant essential oils on the growth of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium sp. and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis." Crop Protection 22(1): 39-44.
• Daglish, C., 1950. "The isolation and identification of a hydrojuglone glycoside occurring in the walnut." Biochemical Journal 47(4): 452.
• Dakshini, K. and C. L. Foy., 1999. Principles and practices in plant ecology: Allelochemical Interactions, CRC press.
• Dama, L., B. Poul and B. Jadhav., 1998. "Antimicrobial activity of naphthoquinonic compounds." Journal of Ecotoxicology & Environmental Monitoring 8(3): 213-215.
• Govrin, E. M. and A. Levine., 2000. "The hypersensitive response facilitates plant infection by the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea." Current Biology 10(13): 751-757.
• Huovinen, E., L. M. Sihvonen, M. J. Virtanen, K. Haukka, A. Siitonen and M. Kuusi., 2010. "Symptoms and sources of Yersinia enterocolitica-infection: a case-control study." BMC infectious diseases 10(1): 122.
• Ilhan, S., F. Savaroğlu and F. Çolak., 2007. "Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Corchorus olitorius L.(molokhia) extracts." International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences 1(3): 59-61.
• Inderjit, n.-f., 2001. "Soil: environmental effects on allelochemical activity." Agronomy Journal 93(1): 79-84.
• Kocacaliskan, I. and I. Terzi., 2001. "Allelopathic effects of walnut leaf extracts and juglone on seed germination and seedling growth." The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 76(4): 436-440.
• Kocaçalışkan, I., I. Talan. and I. Terzi., 2006. "Antimicrobial activity of catechol and pyrogallol as allelochemicals." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 61(9-10): 639-642.
• Lee, K. C., 1969. "Nature and occurrence of juglone in Juglans nigra L." Horticultural Science 4: 297-298.
• Macías, F. A., J. C. Galindo and J. M. Molinillo., 2003. Allelopathy: Chemistry and mode of action of allelochemicals, CRC Press.
• Magaldi, S., S. Mata-Essayag, C. Hartung de Capriles, C. Perez, M. T. Colella, C. Olaizola and Y. Ontiveros., 2004. "Well diffusion for antifungal susceptibility testing." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 8(1): 39-45.
• Person, A. K., S. M. Chudgar, B. L. Norton, B. C. Tong and J. E. Stout., 2010. "Aspergillus niger: an unusual cause of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59(7): 834-838.
• Ponder, F. and S. H. Tadros., 1985. "Juglone concentration in soil beneath black walnut interplanted with nitrogen-fixing species." Journal of Chemical Ecology 11(7): 937-942.
• Prataviera, A., A. Kuniyuki and K. Ryugo., 1983. "Growth inhibitors in xylem exudates of Persian walnuts (Juglans regia L.) and their possible role in graft failure." Journal-American Society for Horticultural Science (USA).
• Rice, E. L. (2012). Allelopathy, Academic press.
• Rietveld, W., 1983. "Allelopathic effects of juglone on germination and growth of several herbaceous and woody species." Journal of Chemical Ecology 9(2): 295-308.
• Rizvi, S. and V. Rizvi., 1992. "Exploitation of allelochemicals in improving crop productivity." Allelopathy: Basic and applied aspects: 443-472.
• Rongpharpi, S. R., S. Duggal, H. Kalita and A. K. Duggal., 2014. "Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: targeting the source." Postgraduate medicine 126(5): 167-175.
• Savaroglu, F., C. Filik İscen and S. İlhan., 2011. "An evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of some Turkish mosses." Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5: 3286-3292.
• Schmidt, S., 1988. "Degradation of juglone by soil bacteria." Journal of Chemical Ecology 14(7): 1561-1571.
• Segura-Aguilar, J., I. Hakman and J. Rydström., 1992. "The effect of 5OH-1, 4-naphthoquinone on Norway spruce seeds during germination." Plant Physiology 100(4): 1955-1961.
• Tan, D. T. C., H. Osman, S. Mohamad and A. H. Kamaruddin., 2012. "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of juglone derivatives." Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 6(1).
• Tsiamis, G., J. W. Mansfield, R. Hockenhull, R. W. Jackson, A. Sesma, E. Athanassopoulos, M. A. Bennett, C. Stevens, A. Vivian and J. D. Taylor., 2000. "Cultivar-specific avirulence and virulence functions assigned to avrPphF in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, the cause of bean halo-blight disease." The EMBO journal 19(13): 3204-3214.
• Turan, E., 2008. Determination of seasonal changes in juglone and phenolic content of walnut leaves PhD Thesis, Dumlupınar University, Turkey.
• Valgas, C., S. M. de Souza, E. F. A. Smania and A. Smania., 2007. "Screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of natural products." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 38(2): 369-380.
• Verghese, S. and P. Ravichandran., 2003. "Geotrichum candidum infection in a renal transplant recipient." Indian Journal of Nephrology 13(2): 72.
• Vyvyan, J. R., 2002. "Allelochemicals as leads for new herbicides and agrochemicals." Tetrahedron 58(9): 1631-1646.
• Wilkinson, J. M. 2006. Methods for Testing the Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.