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ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ALANYAZINDA İSTİHBARAT ÇALIŞMALARI

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 105 - 128, 29.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1372595

Abstract

Küreselleşme, iletişim ve teknolojide yaşanan değişimin etkisiyle, istihbarat çalışmalarında ele alınan tehdit ile bilgi, veri, haberin kaynakları da sürekli değişim göstermektedir. Dolaysıyla, bir bütün olarak istihbarat çalışmaları da genişlemekte ve derinleşmektedir. Akademik disiplin olarak kabul edilen istihbaratın teorileşme çalışması devam etmektedir. Diğer yandan, uluslararası ilişkiler; uluslararası aktörlerin birbirleriyle ilişkilerinin yanında, ulusüstü ve ulusaltı her türlü toplumsal ilişkiye önem vermektedir. Dolaysıyla, uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri de olaylara ve koşullara dayanan öngörüler bulunabilmek için, doğruluğu ve güvenirliği bilinen istihbarata ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Ancak, istihbaratın önemine karşın, bir bütün olarak istihbarat çalışmalarının uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinden önemli ölçüde kopuk olduğu, uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinin çoğunda neredeyse bulunmadığı görülmektedir. Diğer yandan istihbarat, uluslararası ilişkilerde bir tür erken uyarı aracıdır. Uluslararası ilişkiler ile istihbarat ilişkinin açıklığa kavuşması önemlidir. Bu bağlamda makalede, en çok benimsenen uluslararası ilişkiler teorisi olan realizm ve liberalizm ile 21. Yüzyılın başından itibaren önde gelen teorilerden olan konstrüktivizmin istihbarat çalışmalarına yönelik yaklaşımları ve bakış açısı ortaya konmakta, istihbaratın uluslararası sistemdeki etkinliğine değinilmektedir. Ayrıca, uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinin güvenlik yaklaşımlarından yola çıkarak, uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinin istihbaratın derinliğine ve genişliğine gelişmesini etkilediği ve istihbarat çalışmalarıyla yakın ilişkisi bulunduğu belirtmektedir.

References

  • Aldrich, R. J. (2002). Dangerous Liaisons: Post-September 11 Intelligence Alliances, Harvard International Review, 24(3), 49-54.
  • Ak, T. (2018). Dünyada İç Güvenlik Yaklaşımının Değişimi ve İç GÜvenlik Yönetimine Etkisi, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 3 (6), 74-93. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ vanyyuiibfd/issue/42097/506470
  • Anderson, E. E. (1998). The Security Dilemma and Covert Action: The Truman Years, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 11(4), 403-427. doi:10.1080/08850609808435385
  • Andrew, C. (2004). Intelligence, International Relations and 'Under-Theorisation', Intelligence and National Security, 19(2), 170-184. doi.org/10.1080/0268452042000302949
  • Burchill, S. (2014). Liberalizm, S. Burchill ve A. Linklater (Ed.) (Çev. M. Ağcan ve A. Aslan) Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, 85-122, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Davies, P.H.J. (2012). Intelligence and Government in Britain and The United States, California, Praeger.
  • Derian, J. D. (1992). Antidiplomacy: Spies, Terror, Speed and War, Oxford, Blackwell (Aktaran, Scott L. ve Jackson P. (2004) The Study of Intelligence in Theory and Practice, Intelligence and National Security, 19(2), 139-169. doi: 10.1080/0268452042000302930)
  • Donnelly, Jack (2014). Realizm, S. Burchill ve A. Linklater (Ed.) (Çev. M. Ağcan ve A. Aslan) Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, 53-84, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Erol, M. S. ve Bingöl, O. (2012). Uluslararası İlişkiler ve İstihbarat. Dış Politika Analizinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar: Türk Dış Politikası Örneği, Barış Kitap, Ankara ve İstanbul.
  • Ferris, J. (2003). Intelligence, R. Boyce, J. A. Maiolo (Ed), The Origins of World War Two: The Debate Continues, 308-329, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Fry, M. G. ve Hochstein, M. (1993). Epistemic Communities: Intelligence Studies and International Relations, Intelligence and National Security, 8(3), 14-28. doi: 10.1080/02684529308432212
  • Global Times (2021). AUKUS to bring ‘nuclear-powered submarine fever’ across globe: Global Times Editorial. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202109/1234459.shtml (Erişim tarihi: 26.11.2023)
  • Gözen, R. (2014). Giriş: ve Türkiye Tecrübesi, R. Gözen (Ed.) Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Günör, R. B. (2020). Epikürosçu Adalet ve Sözleşme Kavramlarının Mahkûm İkilemi Açısından tahlili, Turkish Studies, 15(8), 3545-3554. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.47524
  • Herman, M. (1996). Intelligence Power in Peace and War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (Aktaran Svendsen, A. D.M. (2009). Connecting Intelligence and Theory: Intelligence Liaison and International Relations, Intelligence and National Security, 24(5), 700-729. doi: 10.1080/02684520903209456)
  • Johnson, L. (2003). Bricks and Mortar for a Theory of Intelligence, Comparative Strategy, 22(1), 1-28. doi.org/10.1080/01495930390130481
  • Johnson, L. K. (2009). Sketches for a Theory of Strategic Intelligence, P. Gill, S. Marrin ve M. Phythian (Ed.) Intelligence Theory: Key Questions and Debates, New York: Routledge.
  • Kahn, D. (2009). An Historical Theory of Intelligence, P. Gill, S. Marrin ve M. Phythian (Ed) Intelligence Theory_ Key Questions and Debates, New York: Routledge.
  • Kapur, L. (2021). The AUKUS Alliance: Return to the Past?, DPG Policy Brief, VI(33), New Delhi: Delhi Policy Group.
  • Kent, S. (2003) Stratejik İstihbarat (Çev. B. Y. Özbek ve N. Ş. Arıca), Ankara: ASAM Yayınları.
  • Kettell, S. (2011). New Labour and the New World Order: Britain’s Role in the War on Terror, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Kıyanç, S. (2020). Soğuk Savaş Yıllarında Türkiye’deki ABD Üs ve Tesisleri, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, 36(101), 203-252. https://doi.org/10.33419/aamd.732778
  • Koyuncu, M. C. (2021). Hint-Pasifik Bölgesinin “Yeni Yıldızı” QUAD: Zayıflıklar, Fırsatlar, Tehditler ve Avantajlar, Ankara Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Merkezi (ANKASAM). https://www.ankasam.org/hint-pasifik-bolgesinin-yeni-yildizi-quad-zayifliklar-firsatlar-tehditler-ve-avantajlar/ (Erişim tarihi: 26.11.2023)
  • Lander, S. (2004). International Intelligence Cooperation: An Inside Perspective, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 17(3), 481-493. doi.org/10.1080/0955757042000296964
  • Mattis, J. N. (2018). Remarks by Secretary Mattis on the National Defense Strategy, https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/1420042/remarks-by-secretary-mattis-on-the-national-defense-strategy/ (Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2023)
  • Mcdowell, D. (2009). Strategic Intelligence: A Handbook for Practitioners, Managers, and Users, UK: The Scarecrow Press.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, New York: W. W. Nanon & Company.
  • Mermer, C. T. (2022). QUAD’ın Güney Pasifik’teki Tamamlayıcı Halkası; AUKUS, Türk Asya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (TASAM). https://tasam.org/tr-TR/Icerik/70115/quadin_guney_pasifikteki_tamamlayici_halkasi_aukus (Erişim tarihi: 26.11.2023)
  • Phua, C. C. R. (2018). Towards One-Ness of International Relations and Intelligence 2028, Journal of European and American Intelligence Studies, 1(1), 319-324.
  • Phythian, M. (2009). Intelligence Theory and Theories of International Relations, P. Gill, S. Marrin ve M. Phythian (Ed.) Intelligence Theory: Key Questions and Debates, New York: Routledge.
  • Raoof, O. ve Al-Raweshidy H. (2010). Theory of Games: An Introduction. IntechOpen Press (Aktaran: Günör, R. B. (2020). Epikürosçu Adalet ve Sözleşme Kavramlarının Mahkûm İkilemi Açısından tahlili, Turkish Studies, 15(8), 3545-3554. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.47524)
  • Richelson, J. T. (1988). Foreign Intelligence Organizations, Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company
  • Scott, L. ve Jackson, P. (2004). The Study of Intelligence in Theory and Practice, Intelligence and National Security, 19(2), 139-169. doi: 10.1080/0268452042000302930
  • Shulsky, A. N.ve Schmitt, G. J. (2002). Silent Warfare: Understanding the World of Intelligence, Washington: Potomac Books.
  • Sims, J. E. (2006). Foreign Intelligence Liaison: Devils, Deals, and Details, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 19(2), 195-217. doi:10.1080/08850600500483657
  • Smit, C. R. (2014). Konstrüktivizm, S. Burchill ve A. Linklater (Ed.) (Çev. M. Ağcan ve A. Aslan) Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, 285-314, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Svendsen, A. D.M. (2009). Connecting Intelligence and Theory: Intelligence Liaison and International Relations. Intelligence and National Security, 24(5), 700-729. doi: 10.1080/02684520903209456
  • US (1955). Foreign Relations of The United States, The Intelligence Community Report by The Task Force on Intelligence Activities of the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of The Government. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d220 (Erişim tarihi: 25.08.2023).
  • US (2011). National Intelligence an Overview, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/IC_Consumers_Guide_2011.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2023).
  • US NSS (2022) National Security Strategy 2022, Washington DC: The White House.
  • Walsh, J. I. (2010). The International Politics of Intelligence Sharing, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Waltz, K. N. (2001). Man, The State and War: A Theoretical Analysis, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Wark, W. K. (1994). Introduction: The Study of Espionage: Past, Present, Future?, W. K. Wark (Ed) Espionage: Past, Present, Future?, New York: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • Warner, M. (2002). Wanted: A Definition of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, Studies in Intelligence, 46(3), 15-22. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA525816.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 7.11.2022).
  • Warner, M. (2006). What Is Intelligence Theory?: Presentations, G. F. Treverton, S. G. Jones, S. Boraz, P. Lipscy (Ed.) Toward a Theory of Intelligence: Workshop Report, Santa Monica: RAND National Security Research Division.
  • Wethered, Marcus (2014) Does Realism Best Explain Intelligence Cooperation Between States?. https://www.e-ir.info/2014/08/08/does-realism-best-explain-intelligence-cooperation-between-states/ (Erişim tarihi: 31.08.2023)

INTELLIGENCE STUDIES IN THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS LITERATURE

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 105 - 128, 29.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1372595

Abstract

With the impact of globalization, changes in communication and technology, the threats addressed in intelligence studies and the sources of information, data and news are constantly changing. Therefore, intelligence work as a whole is also expanding and deepening. The theorization of intelligence, which is accepted as an academic discipline, continues. On the other hand, international relations; It attaches importance to all kinds of supranational and subnational social relations, as well as the relations of international actors with each other. Therefore, international relations theories also need intelligence with known accuracy and reliability in order to make predictions based on events and conditions. However, despite the fundamental importance of intelligence, intelligence studies as a whole appear to be significantly disconnected from international relations theories and are almost absent from most international relations theories. On the other hand, intelligence is a kind of early warning tool in international relations. It is important to clarify the relationship between international relations and intelligence. In this context, the article presents the approaches and perspectives of realism and liberalism, which are the most widely adopted theories of international relations, and constructivism, which has been one of the leading theories since the beginning of the 21st century, towards intelligence studies, and the effectiveness of intelligence in the international system is touched upon. In addition, based on the security approaches of international relations theories, it is stated that international relations theories affect the development of the depth and breadth of intelligence and that there is a relationship with intelligence studies.

References

  • Aldrich, R. J. (2002). Dangerous Liaisons: Post-September 11 Intelligence Alliances, Harvard International Review, 24(3), 49-54.
  • Ak, T. (2018). Dünyada İç Güvenlik Yaklaşımının Değişimi ve İç GÜvenlik Yönetimine Etkisi, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 3 (6), 74-93. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ vanyyuiibfd/issue/42097/506470
  • Anderson, E. E. (1998). The Security Dilemma and Covert Action: The Truman Years, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 11(4), 403-427. doi:10.1080/08850609808435385
  • Andrew, C. (2004). Intelligence, International Relations and 'Under-Theorisation', Intelligence and National Security, 19(2), 170-184. doi.org/10.1080/0268452042000302949
  • Burchill, S. (2014). Liberalizm, S. Burchill ve A. Linklater (Ed.) (Çev. M. Ağcan ve A. Aslan) Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, 85-122, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Davies, P.H.J. (2012). Intelligence and Government in Britain and The United States, California, Praeger.
  • Derian, J. D. (1992). Antidiplomacy: Spies, Terror, Speed and War, Oxford, Blackwell (Aktaran, Scott L. ve Jackson P. (2004) The Study of Intelligence in Theory and Practice, Intelligence and National Security, 19(2), 139-169. doi: 10.1080/0268452042000302930)
  • Donnelly, Jack (2014). Realizm, S. Burchill ve A. Linklater (Ed.) (Çev. M. Ağcan ve A. Aslan) Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, 53-84, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Erol, M. S. ve Bingöl, O. (2012). Uluslararası İlişkiler ve İstihbarat. Dış Politika Analizinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar: Türk Dış Politikası Örneği, Barış Kitap, Ankara ve İstanbul.
  • Ferris, J. (2003). Intelligence, R. Boyce, J. A. Maiolo (Ed), The Origins of World War Two: The Debate Continues, 308-329, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Fry, M. G. ve Hochstein, M. (1993). Epistemic Communities: Intelligence Studies and International Relations, Intelligence and National Security, 8(3), 14-28. doi: 10.1080/02684529308432212
  • Global Times (2021). AUKUS to bring ‘nuclear-powered submarine fever’ across globe: Global Times Editorial. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202109/1234459.shtml (Erişim tarihi: 26.11.2023)
  • Gözen, R. (2014). Giriş: ve Türkiye Tecrübesi, R. Gözen (Ed.) Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Günör, R. B. (2020). Epikürosçu Adalet ve Sözleşme Kavramlarının Mahkûm İkilemi Açısından tahlili, Turkish Studies, 15(8), 3545-3554. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.47524
  • Herman, M. (1996). Intelligence Power in Peace and War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (Aktaran Svendsen, A. D.M. (2009). Connecting Intelligence and Theory: Intelligence Liaison and International Relations, Intelligence and National Security, 24(5), 700-729. doi: 10.1080/02684520903209456)
  • Johnson, L. (2003). Bricks and Mortar for a Theory of Intelligence, Comparative Strategy, 22(1), 1-28. doi.org/10.1080/01495930390130481
  • Johnson, L. K. (2009). Sketches for a Theory of Strategic Intelligence, P. Gill, S. Marrin ve M. Phythian (Ed.) Intelligence Theory: Key Questions and Debates, New York: Routledge.
  • Kahn, D. (2009). An Historical Theory of Intelligence, P. Gill, S. Marrin ve M. Phythian (Ed) Intelligence Theory_ Key Questions and Debates, New York: Routledge.
  • Kapur, L. (2021). The AUKUS Alliance: Return to the Past?, DPG Policy Brief, VI(33), New Delhi: Delhi Policy Group.
  • Kent, S. (2003) Stratejik İstihbarat (Çev. B. Y. Özbek ve N. Ş. Arıca), Ankara: ASAM Yayınları.
  • Kettell, S. (2011). New Labour and the New World Order: Britain’s Role in the War on Terror, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Kıyanç, S. (2020). Soğuk Savaş Yıllarında Türkiye’deki ABD Üs ve Tesisleri, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, 36(101), 203-252. https://doi.org/10.33419/aamd.732778
  • Koyuncu, M. C. (2021). Hint-Pasifik Bölgesinin “Yeni Yıldızı” QUAD: Zayıflıklar, Fırsatlar, Tehditler ve Avantajlar, Ankara Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Merkezi (ANKASAM). https://www.ankasam.org/hint-pasifik-bolgesinin-yeni-yildizi-quad-zayifliklar-firsatlar-tehditler-ve-avantajlar/ (Erişim tarihi: 26.11.2023)
  • Lander, S. (2004). International Intelligence Cooperation: An Inside Perspective, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 17(3), 481-493. doi.org/10.1080/0955757042000296964
  • Mattis, J. N. (2018). Remarks by Secretary Mattis on the National Defense Strategy, https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/1420042/remarks-by-secretary-mattis-on-the-national-defense-strategy/ (Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2023)
  • Mcdowell, D. (2009). Strategic Intelligence: A Handbook for Practitioners, Managers, and Users, UK: The Scarecrow Press.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, New York: W. W. Nanon & Company.
  • Mermer, C. T. (2022). QUAD’ın Güney Pasifik’teki Tamamlayıcı Halkası; AUKUS, Türk Asya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (TASAM). https://tasam.org/tr-TR/Icerik/70115/quadin_guney_pasifikteki_tamamlayici_halkasi_aukus (Erişim tarihi: 26.11.2023)
  • Phua, C. C. R. (2018). Towards One-Ness of International Relations and Intelligence 2028, Journal of European and American Intelligence Studies, 1(1), 319-324.
  • Phythian, M. (2009). Intelligence Theory and Theories of International Relations, P. Gill, S. Marrin ve M. Phythian (Ed.) Intelligence Theory: Key Questions and Debates, New York: Routledge.
  • Raoof, O. ve Al-Raweshidy H. (2010). Theory of Games: An Introduction. IntechOpen Press (Aktaran: Günör, R. B. (2020). Epikürosçu Adalet ve Sözleşme Kavramlarının Mahkûm İkilemi Açısından tahlili, Turkish Studies, 15(8), 3545-3554. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.47524)
  • Richelson, J. T. (1988). Foreign Intelligence Organizations, Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company
  • Scott, L. ve Jackson, P. (2004). The Study of Intelligence in Theory and Practice, Intelligence and National Security, 19(2), 139-169. doi: 10.1080/0268452042000302930
  • Shulsky, A. N.ve Schmitt, G. J. (2002). Silent Warfare: Understanding the World of Intelligence, Washington: Potomac Books.
  • Sims, J. E. (2006). Foreign Intelligence Liaison: Devils, Deals, and Details, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 19(2), 195-217. doi:10.1080/08850600500483657
  • Smit, C. R. (2014). Konstrüktivizm, S. Burchill ve A. Linklater (Ed.) (Çev. M. Ağcan ve A. Aslan) Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, 285-314, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Svendsen, A. D.M. (2009). Connecting Intelligence and Theory: Intelligence Liaison and International Relations. Intelligence and National Security, 24(5), 700-729. doi: 10.1080/02684520903209456
  • US (1955). Foreign Relations of The United States, The Intelligence Community Report by The Task Force on Intelligence Activities of the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of The Government. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d220 (Erişim tarihi: 25.08.2023).
  • US (2011). National Intelligence an Overview, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/IC_Consumers_Guide_2011.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2023).
  • US NSS (2022) National Security Strategy 2022, Washington DC: The White House.
  • Walsh, J. I. (2010). The International Politics of Intelligence Sharing, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Waltz, K. N. (2001). Man, The State and War: A Theoretical Analysis, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Wark, W. K. (1994). Introduction: The Study of Espionage: Past, Present, Future?, W. K. Wark (Ed) Espionage: Past, Present, Future?, New York: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • Warner, M. (2002). Wanted: A Definition of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, Studies in Intelligence, 46(3), 15-22. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA525816.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 7.11.2022).
  • Warner, M. (2006). What Is Intelligence Theory?: Presentations, G. F. Treverton, S. G. Jones, S. Boraz, P. Lipscy (Ed.) Toward a Theory of Intelligence: Workshop Report, Santa Monica: RAND National Security Research Division.
  • Wethered, Marcus (2014) Does Realism Best Explain Intelligence Cooperation Between States?. https://www.e-ir.info/2014/08/08/does-realism-best-explain-intelligence-cooperation-between-states/ (Erişim tarihi: 31.08.2023)
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kazim Murat Özkan 0000-0001-6206-3224

Publication Date May 29, 2024
Submission Date October 7, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özkan, K. M. (2024). ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ALANYAZINDA İSTİHBARAT ÇALIŞMALARI. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 105-128. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1372595

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