The Effect of Static and Dynamic Stretching Exercises on Repeated Sprint Performance in Young Football Players

Year 2021, , 347 - 359, 02.07.2021

Mehmet Gören Köse , Erdi Yıldırım , Ayşe Kin İşler

https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.939426

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of static and dynamic stretching exercises on repeated sprint performance in young football players. For this purpose, the study data were collected from
17 young football players from the youth teams of an amateur football team in Ankara. Football players participated in static stretching (SS) or dynamic stretching (DS) exercises on two different days randomly followed by a 6x30m Repeated Sprint Test (RST) applied with a 30-second rest interval after a 5-minute passive recovery. During the RST, best sprint time (BST), average sprint time (AST), total sprint time (TST) and percentage of performance decrement (PPD) were determined. Heart rate (HR) measurements during the warm-up and RST were also evaluated. The effect of SG and DG exercises on RST performance was determined by paired samples t-test. The t-test results showed that there was no significant difference between BST, AST, TST, and PPD values after SS and DS exercises (p>0.05). When the HR values during stretching exercises were examined, DS-HR values were found to be significantly higher than the SS-HR, however the HR values during the RST were similar. The results of this study indicated that although the physiological effects of SS and DS exercises before RST were different, this difference did not affect the RST performance outputs.

Keywords

Warm-up, Intermittent sprint, Young athletes

Genç Futbolcularda Statik ve Dinamik Germe Egzersizlerinin Tekrarlı Sprint Performansına Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı; genç futbolcularda statik ve dinamik germe egzersizlerinin tekrarlı sprint performansına etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaçla, çalışmaya amatör bir futbol takımının alt yapı takımlarında yer alan 17 genç futbolcu (yaş: 16.47±0.62 yıl, boy: 174.91±6.54 cm, vücut ağırlığı: 63.08±9.74 kg, vücut yağ %: 6.41±4.59%) katılmıştır. Genç futbolculara iki ayrı günde statik germe (SG) veya dinamik germe (DG) egzersizleri yaptırıldıktan sonra 5 dakika pasif dinlenmenin ardından 6x30m Tekrarlı Sprint Testi (TST) uygulanmıştır. TST sırasında en iyi sprint zamanı (EİSZ), ortalama sprint zamanı (OSZ), toplam sprint zamanı (TSZ) ve performans düşüş yüzdesi (PDY) değerleri belirlenmiştir. Isınma ve TST sırasındaki kalp atım hızı (KAH) ölçümleri de değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. SG ve DG egzersizlerinin TST performansına etkisi bağımlı gruplarda t-testi ile belirlenmiştir. Bağımlı gruplarda t-testi sonuçları, SG ve DG egzersizleri sonrasında uygulanan TST sonucunda EİSZ, OSZ, TSZ ve PDY değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olmadığını göstermiştir (p>0.05). Germe egzersizleri sırasındaki KAH değerleri incelendiğinde, DG-KAH değerleri SG’den anlamlı şekilde yüksek [t(16)=-4,234; p<0.05], ancak TST sırasında ölçülen KAH değerleri benzer bulunmuştur (p>0.05). Bu çalışmanın sonuçları TST öncesi uygulanan SG ve DG egzersizlerinin fizyolojik etkilerinin farklı olduğunu ancak bu farklılığın tekrarlı sprint performans çıktıları üzerinde etkili olmadığını göstermiştir.

Keywords

Isınma, Aralıklı sprint, Genç sporcular

References

• 1. Alemdaroğlu, U. ve Koz, M. (2009). The acute effect of static, ballistic, and propreceptive neuromuscular facilitation stertching on sprint performance. Paper presented at the 6th European Sport Medicine Congress, Antalya.
• 2. Amiri-Khorasani, M., Sahebozamani, M., Tabrizi, K. G. ve Yusof, A. B. (2010). Acute effect of different stretching methods on Illinois agility test in soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2698-2704.
• 3. Behm, D. G., Blazevich, A. J., Kay, A. D. ve McHugh, M. (2016). Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, And Metabolism, 41(1), 1-11.
• 4. Bishop, D. (2003). Warm up I. Sports Medicine, 33(6), 439-454.
• 5. Bradley, P. S., Olsen, P. D., ve Portas, M. D. (2007). The effect of static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(1), 223.
• 6. Eniseler, N., Çamlıyer, H. ve Göde, O. (1996). Çeşitli lig seviyelerine ve bu liglerde futbol oynayan oyuncuların oynadıkları mevkilere göre 30 m mesafe içindeki sprint derecelerinin karşılaştırılması. Futbol Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 3(2), 3-8.
• 7. Faigenbaum, A. D., Bellucci, M., Bernieri, A., Bakker, B. ve Hoorens, K. (2005). Acute effects of different warm-up protocols on fitness performance in children. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(2), 376-381.
• 8. Fletcher, I. M. (2010). The effect of different dynamic stretch velocities on jump performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 109(3), 491-498.
• 9. Fletcher, I. M. ve Anness, R. (2007). The acute effects of combined static and dynamic stretch protocols on fifty-meter sprint performance in track-and-field athletes. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(3), 784.
• 10. Fletcher, I. M. ve Jones, B. (2004). The effect of different warm-up stretch protocols on 20 meter sprint performance in trained rugby union players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(4), 885-888.
• 11. Fletcher, I. M. ve Monte-Colombo, M. M. (2010). An investigation into the effects of different warm-up modalities on specific motor skills related to soccer performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(8), 2096-2101.
• 12. Gaitanos, G. C., Williams, C., Boobis, L. H. ve Brooks, S. (1993). Human muscle metabolism during intermittent maximal exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 75(2), 712-719.
• 13. Gharbi, Z., Dardouri, W., Haj-Sassi, R., Chamari, K. ve Souissi, N. (2015). Aerobic and anaerobic determinants of repeated sprint ability in team sports athletes. Biology of Sport, 32(3), 207.
• 14. Herbert, R. D. ve Gabriel, M. (2002). Effects of stretching before and after exercising on muscle soreness and risk of injury: systematic review. BMJ, 325(7362), 468.
• 15. Impellizzeri, F., Rampinini, E., Castagna, C., Bishop, D., Bravo, D. F., Tibaudi, A. ve Wisloff, U. (2008). Validity of a repeated-sprint test for football. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(11), 899-905.
• 16. Kafkas, M. E., İlbak, İ., Özgür, E., Çınarlı, F., Yılmaz, N. ve Kafkas, A. Ş. (2018). Farklı isınma protokollerinin 1-maksimum tekrar skuat performansı üzerine akut etkisi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(3), 192-205.
• 17. Kokkonen, J., Nelson, A. G. ve Cornwell, A. (1998). Acute muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69(4), 411-415.
• 18. Little, T. ve Williams, A. G. (2006). Suitability of soccer training drills for endurance training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(2), 316.
• 19. Manoel, M. E., Harris-Love, M. O., Danoff, J. V. ve Miller, T. A. (2008). Acute effects of static, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on muscle power in women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1528-1534.
• 20. Marinho, D. A., Gil, M. H., Marques, M. C., Barbosa, T. M. ve Neiva, H. P. (2017). Complementing warm-up with stretching routines: effects in sprint performance. Sports Medicine International Open, 1(3), E101.
• 21. Mohr, M., Krustrup, P. ve Bangsbo, J. (2003). Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(7), 519-528.
• 22. Mujika, I., Spencer, M., Santisteban, J., Goiriena, J. J. ve Bishop, D. (2009). Age-related differences in repeated-sprint ability in highly trained youth football players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(14), 1581-1590.
• 23. Nelson, A. G. ve Kokkonen, J. (2001). Acute ballistic muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(4), 415-419.
• 24. Newman, M. A., Tarpenning, K. M. ve Marino, F. E. (2004). Relationships between isokinetic knee strength, single-sprint performance, and repeated-sprint ability in football players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(4), 867-872.
• 25. Özdemir, F. M., Yilmaz, A. ve Kin Isler, A. (2014). Genç futbolcularda tekrarlı sprint performansının yaşa göre incelenmesi. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(1), 1-10.
• 26. Pyne, D. B., Saunders, P. U., Montgomery, P. G., Hewitt, A. J. ve Sheehan, K. (2008). Relationships between repeated sprint testing, speed, and endurance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1633-1637. 27. Sekir, U., Arabaci, R., Akova, B. ve Kadagan, S. (2010). Acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on leg flexor and extensor isokinetic strength in elite women athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(2), 268-281.
• 28. Shrier, I. ve Gossal, K. (2000). Myths and truths of stretching: individualized recommendations for healthy muscles. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 28(8), 57-63.
• 29. Sim, A. Y., Dawson, B. T., Guelfi, K. J., Wallman, K. E. ve Young, W. B. (2009). Effects of static stretching in warm-up on repeated sprint performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(7), 2155-2162.
• 30. Stølen, T., Chamari, K., Castagna, C. ve Wisløff, U. (2005). Physiology of soccer. Sports Medicine, 35(6), 501-536.
• 31. Taylor, J. M., Weston, M. ve Portas, M. D. (2013). The effect of a short practical warm-up protocol on repeated sprint performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(7), 2034-2038.
• 32. Thompsen, A. G., Kackley, T., Palumbo, M. A. ve Faigenbaum, A. D. (2007). Acute effects of different warm-up protocols with and without a weighted vest on jumping performance in athletic women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(1), 52.
• 33. Turki-Belkhiria, L., Chaouachi, A., Turki, O., Chtourou, H., Chtara, M., Chamari, K., . . . Behm, D. G. (2014). Eight weeks of dynamic stretching during warm-ups improves jump power but not repeated or single sprint performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(1), 19-27.
• 34. Wadley, G. ve Le Rossignol, P. (1998). The relationship between repeated sprint ability and the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 1(2), 100-110.
• 35. Wong, D. P., Chaouachi, A., Lau, P. W. ve Behm, D. G. (2011). Short durations of static stretching when combined with dynamic stretching do not impair repeated sprints and agility. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 10(2), 408.
• 36. Yamaguchi, T., Ishii, K., Yamanaka, M. ve Yasuda, K. (2007). Acute effects of dynamic stretching exercise on power output during concentric dynamic constant external resistance leg extension. J Strength Cond Res, 21(4), 1238-44.
• 37. Young, W. B. ve Behm, D. (2003). Effects of running, static stretching and practice jumps on explosive force production and jumping performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 43(1), 21-27.
• 38. Zmijewski, P., Lipinska, P., Czajkowska, A., Mróz, A., Kapuściński, P. ve Mazurek, K. (2020). Acute effects of a static vs. a dynamic stretching warm-up on repeated-sprint performance in female handball players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 72(1), 161.