Tokyo 2020 Paralimpik Oyunlarına Hazırlanan Sporcuların Anksiyete, Depresyon ve Stres Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 89 - 100, 27.01.2022

Fatma Betül Yardımcı Bahar Kulunkoglu

https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.987452

Cited By: 2

Abstract

BAraştırmanın amacı 2020 Tokyo Paralimpik Oyunlarına hazırlanan engelli sporcuların anksiyete, depresyon, stres seviyelerini belirlemektir. Bu çalışma Paralimpik Oyunlarına hazırlanan 33 erkek ve 23 kadın sporcu olmak üzere toplamda 56 sporcu ile yapılmış ve sporcuların cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim durumu ve spor dalı gibi sosyodemografik özellikleri hakkında bilgiler toplanmıştır. Anksiyete, depresyon, stres seviyelerine ve cinsiyet etkisine ayrıca bunların birbiri ile ilişkisine bakılmıştır. Anksiyete değerlendirmesi için Durumluk-Sürekli Anksiyete Envanteri (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory/STAI), depresyon değerlendirmesi için Epidemiyolojik Araştırmalar Merkezi Depresyon Ölçeği (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale/CES-D), stres değerlendirmesi için ise Algılanan Stres Ölçeği (ASÖ-14) kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmaya katılmıştır. Sporcuların durumluk anksiyete, sürekli anksiyete, depresyon ve stres belirtileri göstermediği bulunmuştur. Cinsiyete göre ise anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır (p>0,05). Ayrıca durumluk anksiyete, sürekli anksiyete, depresyon ve stres parametrelerinin birbiri ile anlamlı ilişkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Paralimpik Oyunlar’a hazırlanıyor olmanın sporcuların anksiyete, depresyon ve stres seviyeleri üzerinde olumsuz etkileri gözlemlenmemiştir.

Keywords

Engelliler için spor, Anksiyete, Depresyon, Stres

The Effect of Gender on Anxiety, Depression and Stress Levels of Athletes Preparing for the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games

Abstract

The aim of the research is to determine the anxiety, depression and stress levels of disabled athletes preparing for the Paralympic Games and the effect of gender on these parameters. This study was conducted with 56 athletes who were preparing for the Paralympic Games and data was collected about the sociodemographic characteristics of the athletes such as gender, age, educational status and sports branch. Anxiety, depression, stress levels and gender effect also their relationship to each other were analyzed. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for anxiety assessment, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) for assessment depression, and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) for stress assessment was used. 33 male and 23 female athletes with an average age of 33.32±1.2 participated in this study. It was found that the athletes did not show symptoms of state anxiety, trait anxiety, depression, and stress. There was no significant difference between the scale results of men and women. In addition, it was observed that the state anxiety, trait anxiety, depression and stress parameters were significantly correlated with each other. Preparing for the Paralympic Games have not been observed to have negative effects on the levels of anxiety, depression and stress for athletes.

Keywords

Sports for persons with disabilities, Anxiety, Depression, Stress

References

• 1. Bantjes, J. ve Swartz, L. (2018). Social inclusion through para sport: A critical reflection on the current state of play. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 29(2), 409–16.
• 2. Belinchón-deMiguel, P., Ruisoto-Palomera, P. ve Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2019). Psychophysiological stress response of a paralympic athlete during an ultra-endurance event. A case study. Journal of Medical Systems, 43(3), 70.
• 3. Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N. ve Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–20.
• 4. Capranica, L., Condello, G., Tornello, F., Iona, T., Chiodo, S., Valenzano, A., De Rosas, M., Messina, G., Tessitore, A. ve Cibelli, G. (2017). Salivary alpha-amylase, salivary cortisol, and anxiety during a youth taekwondo championship: An observational study. Medicine, 96(28), e7272.
• 5. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Fuentes-García, J. P., de la Vega Marcos, R. ve Martínez Patiño, M. J. (2020). Modulators of the personal and professional threat perception of olympic athletes in the actual COVID-19 Crisis. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(11), 1985.
• 6. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. ve Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396.
• 7. Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J. ve Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 1–21.
• 8. Eskin, M., Harlak, H., Demirkıran, F. ve Dereboy, Ç. (2013). Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. New/Yeni Symposium Journal, 51(3), 132–40.
• 9. Groff, D. G., Lundberg, N. R. ve Zabriskie, R. B. (2009). Influence of adapted sport on quality of life: Perceptions of athletes with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31(4), 318–26.
• 10. Hamlin, M. J., Wilkes, D., Elliot, C. A., Lizamore, C. A. ve Kathiravel, Y. (2019). Monitoring training loads and perceived stress in young elite university athletes. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 34.
• 11. Junge, A. ve Feddermann-Demont, N. (2016). Prevalence of depression and anxiety in top-level male and female football players. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 2(1), e000087.
• 12. Lastella, M., Lovell, G. P. ve Sargent, C. (2014). Athletes’ precompetitive sleep behaviour and its relationship with subsequent precompetitive mood and performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(sup1), 123–30.
• 13. Machnik, M., Sigmund, G., Koch, A., Thevis, M. ve Schänzer, W. (2009). Prevalence of antidepressants and biosimilars in elite sport. Drug Testing and Analysis, 1(6), 286–91.
• 14. Martin, J. J., Malone, L. A. ve Hilyer, J. C. (2011). Personality and mood in women’s paralympic basketball champions. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5(3), 197–210.
• 15. Maugeri, G., Castrogiovanni, P., Battaglia, G., Pippi, R., D’Agata, V., Palma, A., Di Rosa, M. ve Musumeci, G. (2020). The impact of physical activity on psychological health during Covid-19 pandemic in Italy. Heliyon, 6(6), e04315.
• 16. Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Zourdos, M. C., Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Calleja-González, J. ve Shipherd, A. M. (2017). Can psychological well-being scales and hormone levels be used to predict acute performance of anaerobic training tasks in elite female volleyball players? Physiology & Behavior, 180, 31–38.
• 17. Nixdorf, I., Frank, R. ve Beckmann, J. (2016). Comparison of athletes’ proneness to depressive symptoms in individual and team sports: Research on psychological mediators in junior elite athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 893.
• 18. Öner, N. ve Le Compte, A. (1998). Süreksiz durumluk/sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı (2. Baskı). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
• 19. Öztürk, A. (2020). Hemşirelik birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin algıladıkları stres ile üniversiteye uyum düzeyleri ve akademik genel not ortalamaları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 2(3), 155–62.
• 20. Pluhar, E., McCracken, C., Griffith, K. L., Christino, M. A., Sugimoto, D. ve Meehan III, W. P. (2019). Team sport athletes may be less likely to suffer anxiety or depression than individual sport athletes. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 18(3), 490-96.
• 21. Rice, S. M., Gwyther, K., Santesteban-Echarri, O., Baron, D., Gorczynski, P., Gouttebarge, V., Reardon, C. L., Hitchcock, M. E., Hainline, B. ve Purcell, R. (2019). Determinants of anxiety in elite athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(11), 722–730.
• 22. Rice, S. M., Purcell, R., De Silva, S., Mawren, D., McGorry, P. D. ve Parker, A. G. (2016). The mental health of elite athletes: A narrative systematic review. Sports Medicine, 46(9), 1333–1353.
• 23. Sabiston, C. M., Jewett, R., Ashdown-Franks, G., Belanger, M., Brunet, J., O’Loughlin, E. ve O’Loughlin, J. (2016). Number of years of team and individual sport participation during adolescence and depressive symptoms in early adulthood. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(1), 105–10.
• 24. Schaal, K., Tafflet, M., Nassif, H., Thibault, V., Pichard, C., Alcotte, M., Guillet, T., El Helou, N., Berthelot, G. ve Simon, S. (2011). Psychological balance in high level athletes: Gender-based differences and sport-specific patterns. PloS One, 6(5), e19007.
• 25. Sel, S. A. (2018). Serebral palsili çocukların ebeveynlerinin fizyoterapi ve rehabilitasyon ev programına uyumlarını değerlendirme ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi (Yüksek Lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• 26. Souza, R. A., Beltran, O. A. B., Zapata, D. M., Silva, E., Freitas, W. Z., Junior, R. V., da Silva, F. F. ve Higino, W. P. (2019). Heart rate variability, salivary cortisol and competitive state anxiety responses during pre-competition and pre-training moments. Biology of Sport, 36(1), 39-46.
• 27. Spielberger, C. D. ve Gorsuch, R. L. (1970). STAI manuel of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventoty ("self evaluation questionnaire"). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
• 28. Swartz, L., Hunt, X., Bantjes, J., Hainline, B. ve Reardon, C. L. (2019). Mental health symptoms and disorders in paralympic athletes: A narrative review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(12), 737–40.
• 29. Tatar, A. ve Saltukoglu, G. (2010). The adaptation of the CES-Depression Scale into Turkish through the use of confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory and the examination of psychometric characteristics. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(3), 213–27.
• 30. Tow, S., Gober, J. ve Nelson, M. R. (2019) Adaptive sports, arts, recreation, and community engagement. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 31(1), 143–58.
• 31. Türkiye Milli Paralimpik Komitesi (2021, 2 Haziran). Sık sorulan sorular. Erişim adresi: http://www.tmpk.org.tr/sik-sorulan-sorular/.
• 32. Vella, S. A., Swann, C., Allen, M. S., Schweickle, M. J. ve Magee, C. A. (2017). Bidirectional associations between sport involvement and mental health in adolescence. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49(4), 687–94.
• 33. Vita, G., La Foresta, S., Russo, M., Vita, G. L., Messina, S., Lunetta, C. ve Mazzeo, A. (2016). Sport activity in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: A case study of a paralympic swimmer. Neuromuscular Disorders, 26(9), 614–618.
• 34. Wipfli, B. M., Rethorst, C. D. ve Landers, D. M. (2008). The anxiolytic effects of exercise: A meta-analysis of randomized trials and dose–response analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(4), 392–410.
• 35. Wolanin, A., Hong, E., Marks, D., Panchoo, K. ve Gross, M. (2016). Prevalence of clinically elevated depressive symptoms in college athletes and differences by gender and sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(3), 167–71.