Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Sporcuların Antrenman ve Müsabakaya İlişkin Öz-Yansıtma Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2023, Volume: 28 Issue: 3, 215 - 225, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1297079

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Sporcuların Antrenman ve Müsabakaya İlişkin Öz-Yansıtma Ölçeğinin (SAMİÖYÖ) geliştirilmesi, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmasının yapılmasıdır. Çalışmada amaçsal örnekleme yöntemlerinden ölçüt örnekleme kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda araştırmaya farklı branşlarda 528 aktif lisanslı sporcu katılmıştır. Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (n=307) ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (n=221) için veriler iki farklı örneklem grubundan toplanmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini tespit etmek ve faktör yapısını ortaya koymak amacıyla Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) sonucunda toplam varyansın %52.257'sini açıklayan 22 madde ve 5 faktörden oluşan bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Deneyim (7 madde), Kendini Test Etme (4 madde), Kendini Gözlemleme (4 madde), Strateji Belirleme (4 madde) ve Bilişsel Farkındalık (3 madde). Maddelerin faktör yükleri 0,487 ve 0,811 arasında değişmektedir. AFA sonucunda elde edilen yapının doğruluğunu ve model uyumunu test etmek için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. DFA sonucu uyum indeksleri; χ2 /df=1,68 (p=.000), GFI=.90, AGFI=.85, CFI=.96, NNFI=.96, IFI=.96, RMSEA=.056, SRMR=.059, PNFI=.78, PGFI=.69'dur. Cronbach Alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı değeri (α) ölçeğin geneli için 0,839 olarak alt faktörler için ise 0,572 ve 0,795 arasında bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin genel ve alt boyutları arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek için ise Korelasyon Analizi yapılmıştır. Eldeki bulgular Sporcuların Antrenman ve Müsabakaya İlişkin Öz-yansıtma Ölçeğinin (SAMİÖYÖ) geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.

References

  • 1. Akın, A., Abacı, R. ve Çetin, B. (2007). The validity and reliability of the turkish version of the metacognitive awareness inventory. Educational Science: Theory & Practice, 7(2), 655-680.
  • 2. Anderson, E. M., Bohon, L. M. ve Berrigan, L. P. (1996). Factor structure of the private self-consciousness scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_11.
  • 3. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191.
  • 4. Bandura, A. ve Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 586-598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.41.3.586.
  • 5. Bentler, P. M. ve Chou, C. P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16(1), 78-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004.
  • 6. Boud, D., Keogh, R. ve Walker, D. (Ed.). (2013). Reflection: Turning experience into learning. London: Routledge.
  • 7. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (18. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • 8. Cowden, R. G. (2017). On the mental toughness of self-aware athletes: Evidence from competitive tennis players. South African Journal of Science, 113(1/2), Article 1/2. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2017/20160112.
  • 9. Cowden, R. G. ve Meyer-Weitz, A. (2016a). Sports mental toughness questionnaire: Evaluation for use in South African competitive tennis. Journal of Sport Behavior, 39(4), 372-384.
  • 10. Cowden, R. G. ve Meyer-Weitz, A. (2016b). Self-reflection and self-insight predict resilience and stress in competitive tennis. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 44(7), 1133-1149. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.7.1133.
  • 11. Cropley, B., Baldock, L., Hanton, S., Gucciardi, D. F., McKay, A., Neil, R. ve Williams, T. (2020). A multi-study exploration of factors that optimize hardiness in sport coaches and the role of reflective practice in facilitating hardy attitudes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01823.
  • 12. Çakıroğlu, A. (2007). Üstbilişsel strateji kullanımının okuduğunu anlama başarı düzeyi düşük öğrencilerde erişi artırımına etkisi (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • 13. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (2. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • 14. Delice, A. ve Ergene, Ö. (2015). Ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama çalışmalarının incelenmesi: Matematik eğitimi makaleleri örneği. Karaelmas Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 60-75.
  • 15. Demir, P. (2015). Yenilenmiş Bloom taksonomisine göre 2005 yılı sosyal bilgiler öğretim programında yer alan kazanımlar ve seviye belirleme sınav soruları (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun.
  • 16. Desautel, D. (2009). Becoming a thinking thinker: Metacognition, self-reflection, and classroom practice. Teachers College Record, 111(8), 1997-2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146810911100803.
  • 17. DeVellis, R. F. (2023). Ölçek geliştirme: Kuram ve uygulamalar (Çev. Totan, T.). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • 18. Ding, L., Velicer, W. F. ve Harlow, L. L. (1995). Effects of estimation methods, number of indicators per factor, and improper solutions on structural equation modeling fit indices. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(2), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519509540000.
  • 19. Elaldı, Ş. (2015). Öz-yansıtma kavramına genel bakış. Journal of Turkish Studies, 10(7), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.8063.
  • 20. Elliott, I. ve Coker, S. (2008). Independent self‐construal, self‐reflection, and self‐rumination: A path model for predicting happiness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 60(3), 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530701447368.
  • 21. Erkuş, A. (2012). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme-I: Temel kavramlar ve işlemler (2. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Yayınları.
  • 22. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. London: SAGE.
  • 23. Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • 24. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E. ve Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (C. 7). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • 25. George, D. ve Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference (16. bs.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429056765.
  • 26. Gökalp A. (2021). Sorumluluk ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Gelecek Vizyonlar Dergisi, 5(1), 31-38.
  • 27. Grant, A., Franklin, J. ve Langford, P. (2002). The self-reflection and ınsight scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 30, 821-835. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.8.821.
  • 28. Hadwin, A. F., Wozney, L. ve Pontin, O. (2005). Scaffolding the appropriation of self-regulatory activity: A socio-cultural analysis of changes in teacher–student discourse about a graduate research portfolio. Instructional Science, 33(5), 413-450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-005-1274-7.
  • 29. Hägglund, K., Kenttä, G., Thelwell, R. ve Wagstaff, C. R. D. (2022). Mindful self-reflection to support sustainable high-performance coaching: A process evaluation of a novel method development in elite sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 34(6), 1125-1148. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2021.1925782.
  • 30. Hair Jr, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson.
  • 31. Hannah, B. (1981). Encounters with the soul: Active imagination as developed by C.G. Jung. Boston: Sigo Press.
  • 32. Hanrahan, S. J., Pedro, R. ve Cerin, E. (2009). Structured self-reflection as a tool to enhance perceived performance and maintain effort in adult recreational salsa dancers. The Sport Psychologist, 23(2), 151-169. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.2.151.
  • 33. Kline, P. (2005). An essay guide to factor analysis. New York: Routledge.
  • 34. Kovaleva, N., Ezhov, K., Chernova, O., Leontev, M. ve Kazakova, S. (2019). Self-reflection technologies to design the developmental environment for the professional formation of sports teachers. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(5), 2103-2115. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.Proc5.31.
  • 35. Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C. ve Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (2nd ed., ss. xi, 240). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • 36. Marzano, R. J. ve Kendall, J. S. (2006). The new taxonomy of educational objectives (2nd ed.). California: Corwin Press.

Development of the Athletes' Self-Reflection Scale on Training and Competition: A Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2023, Volume: 28 Issue: 3, 215 - 225, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1297079

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to develop the Athletes' Self-Reflection Scale on Training and Competition (ASRSTC), and to conduct validity and reliability studies. The study employed criterion sampling, one of the purposive sampling methods. With in this scope, 528 active licensed athletes in different branches participated in the study. Data were collected from two different sample groups for exploratory factor analysis (n=307) and confirmatory factor analysis (n=221). The exploratory factor analysis (EFA), completed to determine the validity of the scale and reveal the factor structure, resulted in a structure consisting of 22 items and 5 factors that explained 52.257% of the total variance: Experience (7 items), Self-Testing (4 items), Self-Observation (4 items), Strategy Determination (4 items), and Cognitive Awareness (3 items). The factor loads of the items range between 0.487 and 0.811. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to test the accuracy and the model fit of the structure obtained as a result of the EFA. The fit indices of CFA are χ2 /df=1,68, GFI=.90, AGFI=.85, CFI=.96, NNFI=.96, IFI=.96, RMSEA=.056, SRMR=.059, PNFI=.78, PGFI=.69. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient (α) was found to be 0.839 for the overall scale, while it was determined to be between 0.572 and 0.795 for the sub-factors. A correlation analysis was completed to determine the relationship between the general and sub-dimensions of the scale. The finding show that the Athletes' Self-Reflection Scale on Training and Competition (ASRSTC) is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

References

  • 1. Akın, A., Abacı, R. ve Çetin, B. (2007). The validity and reliability of the turkish version of the metacognitive awareness inventory. Educational Science: Theory & Practice, 7(2), 655-680.
  • 2. Anderson, E. M., Bohon, L. M. ve Berrigan, L. P. (1996). Factor structure of the private self-consciousness scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_11.
  • 3. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191.
  • 4. Bandura, A. ve Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 586-598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.41.3.586.
  • 5. Bentler, P. M. ve Chou, C. P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16(1), 78-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004.
  • 6. Boud, D., Keogh, R. ve Walker, D. (Ed.). (2013). Reflection: Turning experience into learning. London: Routledge.
  • 7. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (18. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • 8. Cowden, R. G. (2017). On the mental toughness of self-aware athletes: Evidence from competitive tennis players. South African Journal of Science, 113(1/2), Article 1/2. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2017/20160112.
  • 9. Cowden, R. G. ve Meyer-Weitz, A. (2016a). Sports mental toughness questionnaire: Evaluation for use in South African competitive tennis. Journal of Sport Behavior, 39(4), 372-384.
  • 10. Cowden, R. G. ve Meyer-Weitz, A. (2016b). Self-reflection and self-insight predict resilience and stress in competitive tennis. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 44(7), 1133-1149. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.7.1133.
  • 11. Cropley, B., Baldock, L., Hanton, S., Gucciardi, D. F., McKay, A., Neil, R. ve Williams, T. (2020). A multi-study exploration of factors that optimize hardiness in sport coaches and the role of reflective practice in facilitating hardy attitudes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01823.
  • 12. Çakıroğlu, A. (2007). Üstbilişsel strateji kullanımının okuduğunu anlama başarı düzeyi düşük öğrencilerde erişi artırımına etkisi (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • 13. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (2. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • 14. Delice, A. ve Ergene, Ö. (2015). Ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama çalışmalarının incelenmesi: Matematik eğitimi makaleleri örneği. Karaelmas Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 60-75.
  • 15. Demir, P. (2015). Yenilenmiş Bloom taksonomisine göre 2005 yılı sosyal bilgiler öğretim programında yer alan kazanımlar ve seviye belirleme sınav soruları (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun.
  • 16. Desautel, D. (2009). Becoming a thinking thinker: Metacognition, self-reflection, and classroom practice. Teachers College Record, 111(8), 1997-2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146810911100803.
  • 17. DeVellis, R. F. (2023). Ölçek geliştirme: Kuram ve uygulamalar (Çev. Totan, T.). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • 18. Ding, L., Velicer, W. F. ve Harlow, L. L. (1995). Effects of estimation methods, number of indicators per factor, and improper solutions on structural equation modeling fit indices. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(2), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519509540000.
  • 19. Elaldı, Ş. (2015). Öz-yansıtma kavramına genel bakış. Journal of Turkish Studies, 10(7), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.8063.
  • 20. Elliott, I. ve Coker, S. (2008). Independent self‐construal, self‐reflection, and self‐rumination: A path model for predicting happiness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 60(3), 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530701447368.
  • 21. Erkuş, A. (2012). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme-I: Temel kavramlar ve işlemler (2. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Yayınları.
  • 22. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. London: SAGE.
  • 23. Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • 24. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E. ve Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (C. 7). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • 25. George, D. ve Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference (16. bs.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429056765.
  • 26. Gökalp A. (2021). Sorumluluk ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Gelecek Vizyonlar Dergisi, 5(1), 31-38.
  • 27. Grant, A., Franklin, J. ve Langford, P. (2002). The self-reflection and ınsight scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 30, 821-835. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.8.821.
  • 28. Hadwin, A. F., Wozney, L. ve Pontin, O. (2005). Scaffolding the appropriation of self-regulatory activity: A socio-cultural analysis of changes in teacher–student discourse about a graduate research portfolio. Instructional Science, 33(5), 413-450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-005-1274-7.
  • 29. Hägglund, K., Kenttä, G., Thelwell, R. ve Wagstaff, C. R. D. (2022). Mindful self-reflection to support sustainable high-performance coaching: A process evaluation of a novel method development in elite sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 34(6), 1125-1148. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2021.1925782.
  • 30. Hair Jr, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson.
  • 31. Hannah, B. (1981). Encounters with the soul: Active imagination as developed by C.G. Jung. Boston: Sigo Press.
  • 32. Hanrahan, S. J., Pedro, R. ve Cerin, E. (2009). Structured self-reflection as a tool to enhance perceived performance and maintain effort in adult recreational salsa dancers. The Sport Psychologist, 23(2), 151-169. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.2.151.
  • 33. Kline, P. (2005). An essay guide to factor analysis. New York: Routledge.
  • 34. Kovaleva, N., Ezhov, K., Chernova, O., Leontev, M. ve Kazakova, S. (2019). Self-reflection technologies to design the developmental environment for the professional formation of sports teachers. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(5), 2103-2115. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.Proc5.31.
  • 35. Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C. ve Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (2nd ed., ss. xi, 240). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • 36. Marzano, R. J. ve Kendall, J. S. (2006). The new taxonomy of educational objectives (2nd ed.). California: Corwin Press.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Physical Training and Sports Pedagogy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İbrahim Koçak 0000-0001-8442-4414

İsmail Karakaya 0000-0003-4308-6919

Publication Date July 31, 2023
Submission Date May 15, 2023
Acceptance Date June 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 28 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Koçak, İ., & Karakaya, İ. (2023). Sporcuların Antrenman ve Müsabakaya İlişkin Öz-Yansıtma Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 28(3), 215-225. https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1297079

Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences is a scientific and peer-reviewed journal published quarterly.