Sosyal Ve Beşeri Bilimlerden Radikal Örgütlere: Türkiye’de Radikalleşme, Terör Ve Üniversite

Abstract

Radikalleşme ve terörizm çalışmalarında, fen bilimleri ve mühendislik alanlarından dini motifli terör örgütlerine katılım olduğu not edilirken, aşırı sağ ve radikal sol örgütlere ise sosyal-beşerî bilimlerden katılım olduğuna dair iddialar dile getirilmektedir. Bu makale Türkiye’de üniversite gençleri arasında sol örgütler bağlamında radikalleşme süreçlerini ve üniversite öğrencileri arasında PKK, DHKP-C ve MLKP gibi terör örgütlerine katılımı incelemektedir. Bu örgütlere katılıma dair açık kaynaklardan derlenen militan profilleri incelenerek, üniversite ve radikalleşme konusunda durum tespitinden sonra politika yapıcılara önerilerde bulunulmaktadır

Keywords

• PKK/YPG
• Gençlik Radikalleşmesi
• Üniversiteler

From Social Sciences and Humanities to Radical Organizations: Radicalization, Terror, And University: The Case of Turkey

Abstract

This article investigates processes of radicalization among the youth in Turkish universities. The most recent literature on radicalization and terrorism raises the claim that engineering and science students are more likely to join right-wing terrorist organizations whereas humanities and social science students mostly join left-wing terrorist groups. Taking this significant insight into account and departing from an initial observation that many students from Turkish universities have joined in the PKK and other left-wing terrorist groups lately, this article discusses the case of Turkey in terms of radicalization and university based on open-source data. Policy recommendations follow an in-depth survey of the situation

Keywords

• PKK/YPG
• Youth Radicalization
• DHKP-C
• MLKP
• University

References

1. ALJAZEERA (2017). “Suicide attack hits Nigeria’s University of Maiduguri”.
2. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/suicide-attack-hits-nigeriauniversity-maiduguri-170116112753904.html (12.01.2017)
3. AKKAYA, Ahmet Hamdi and JONGERDEN, Joost. 2011. “The PKK in the 2000s: Continuity through breaks?” in Marlies Casier and Joost Jongerden (142-162) Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue (New York: Routledge)
4. BRADFORD, Emma & WILSON, Margaret A. 2013. “When terrorists target schools: An exploratory analysis of attacks on educational institutions.” Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 28:127–138.
5. BRANDON, James. (January 2011) “British Universities Continue to Breed Extremists” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, CTC Sentinel. 4, 1, 6-8.
6. BURLEIGH, Michael. 2008. Blood & Rage: A Cultural History of Terrorism (London Harper Perennial).
7. DEL VECCHIO Giorgio (2016) “Political violence as shared terrain of militancy: Red Brigades, social movements and the discourse on arms in the early Seventies”, Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 8:3, 212-226
8. DILLON, Martin. 1996. 25 Years of Terror: The IRA’s War Against the British. (Toronto, New York and London: Bantam Books).

9. FAIOLA, Anthony and MEKHENNET, Souad (2017). “What’s Happening to Our Children?” The Washington Post, 11 February, http://www.washingtonpost. com/sf/world/2017/02/11/theyre-young-and-lonely-the-islamic-statethinks-theyll-make-perfect-terrorists/?utm_term=.d685e1895a66 GROLL, Elias (2013).
10. “There’s A Good Reason Why So Many Terrorists Are Engineers”, Foreign Policy, July 11, http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/07/11/ theres-a-good-reason-why-so-many-terrorists-are-engineers/
11. HABER10 (2015). “Terör Örgütü Dağdan Üniversitelere İniyor”. http://www. haber10.com/siyaset/teror_orgutu_dagdan_universitelere_iniyor-106806
12. HERTOG, Steffen ve GAMBETTA Diego. Engineers Of Jihad: The Curious Connection Between Violent Extremism And Education. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
13. HEWITT, Steve. (June2000). “’Information Believed True’: RCMP Security Intelligence Activities on Canadian University Campuses and the Controversy Surrounding Them, 1961-1971”, The Canadian Historical Review 81 (2):191-228
14. HOMELAND SECURITY INSTITUTE (2009), “Recruitment and Radicalization of School-Aged Children by International Terrorist Groups”, Final Report, http://homelandsecurity.org/docs/reports/Radicalization_School-Aged_ Youth.pdf
15. HOUSE OF COMMONS Home Affairs Committee (2012). “Roots of Violent Radicalization”, Nineteenth Report of Session 2010–12, Volume 1. https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/ cmhaff/1446/1446.pdf
16. HUDSON, Rex A. 1999. “The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?” A Report Prepared under an Interagency Agreement by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
17. HÜRRİYET (2017). “Samsunlu Üniversiteli Kıza PKK üyeliğinden 6 Yıl 3 Ay Ceza”, 23 Şubat, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/samsunlu-universiteli-kizapkk-uyeliginden-6-yil-3-ay-hapis-40375414
18. IBRAHIM, Saad E. “Anatomy of Egypt’s Militant Islamic Groups: Methodological Note and Preliminary Findings.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 12, no. 4 (1980): 423–453
19. IMSET, İsmet (1992). The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973- 1992). Ankara: Turkish Daily News Publications: KARAR (2016). “İzmir’de Yakalanan Terörist İtiraf Etti; PKK’nın Yeni Planı Ortaya Çıktı”. http://www.karar.com/guncel-haberler/pkknin-yeni-planiortaya-cikti-267390# KARAR (2017).
20. “İzmir’de Saldırıda Kullanılan Araçları Alan Ev Sahibi Irak’a Kaçmış”. http://www.karar.com/guncel-haberler/izmirde-saldiridakullanilan-araclari-alan-ev-sahibi-iraka-kacmis-363661
21. MARCUS, Aliza (2007). Blood and Belief: the PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. New York and London: New York University Press.
22. MARSH, Sarah (2015). “Targets for Terror: the Shocking Data on School and University Attacks”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/ teacher-network/datablog/2015/apr/30/terror-data-school-universityattackes-peshawar MCGLYNN, C ve MCDAID, S 2006. “Radicalisation and higher education: Students’ understanding and experiences”, Terrorism and Political Violence, ilk olarak online yayınlandı, DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2016.1258637
23. MELZER, Patricia (2015). Death in the Shape of a Young Girl: Women’s Political Violence in the Red Army Faction (New York and London: New York University Press).
24. MİLLİYET (2016). “PKK’nın Eski Komutanı Peşmerge’yi Eğitiyor”. http://www. milliyet.com.tr/pkk-nin-eski-komutani-pesmergeyi-gundem-1972380/
25. POST, Jerrold M, (2007). The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda (New York, Palgrave).
26. OSMAN, Mohamed Nawab Mohamed (2010) “Reviving the Caliphate in the Nusantara: Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia’s Mobilization Strategy and Its Impact in Indonesia” Terrorism and Political Violence, 22:4, 601-622
27. RADU, Michael (2001), “The Rise and Fall of the PKK”, Foreign Policy Research Institute http://www.fpri.org/article/2001/01/rise-fall-pkk/
28. SAYARI, Sabri, 2010. “Political Violence and Terrorism in Turkey, 1976–80: A Retrospective Analysis”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 22:2, 198-215.
29. SAEED, T. & JOHNSON, D. (2016). “Intelligence, Global Terrorism and Higher Education: Neutralising Threats or Alienating Allies?”, British Journal of Educational Studies, 64 (1): 37-51.
30. SCHWARTZ, Stephen (Spring 2008). “Scientific Training and Radical Islam”, Middle East Quarterly, 15 (2): 3-11.
31. STATERA, Gianni “Student Politics in Italy: From Utopia to Terrorism”. Higher Education 8 (1979): 657-667.
32. The TRIBUNE (2016). Bacha Khan University Attackers Wow to Target Schools in New Video”. 22 January. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1032278/bachakhan-university-attackers-vow-to-target-schools-in-new-video/
33. THORNTON, Rod (2011) “Counterterrorism and the neo-liberal university: providing a check and balance?” Critical Studies on Terrorism, 4:3, 421- 429
34. VARON, Jeremy (2004). Bringing the war home : the Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and the revolutionary violence of the sixties and seventies. London and Los Angeles: University of California Press).
35. YEĞEN, Mesut. 2016. “Armed Struggle to Peace Negotiations: Independent Kurdistan to Democratic Autonomy, or The PKK in Context”, Middle East Critique, 25:4, 365-383
36. YÜKSEKÖĞRETİMKURULU (1985). Türkiye’de Anarşi ve Terörün Sebepleri ve Hedefleri, 12 Nisan 1985 günü Yükseköğretim Kurulu merkez binasında verilen konferansla
37. YUSUF, Huma. February 2016. “University Radicalization: Pakistan’s Next Counterrorism Challenge”. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, CTC Sentinel. Vol. 9, No.2, ss. 4-9.
38. TEZCÜR, Güneş Murat (2015). “Violence and Nationalist Mobilization: the Onset of the Kurdish Insurgency in Turkey”, Nationalities Papers, 43 (2): 248-266.
39. TEZCÜR, Güneş Murat (2016) “Ordinary People, Extraordinary Risks: Participation in an Ethnic Rebellion”, American Political Science Review, 110 (2), May 2016, ss. 247-264.
40. ZAMAN, Robert ve MOHAMMADİ, Abdul Ahad (October 2014). “Trends in Student Radicalization Across University Campuses in Afghanistan”. Afghan Institute for Strategic Studies.
41. İnternet Kaynakları
42. Agos, 2015, http://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/12956/haci-lokman-birlik-herkestaniyabilsin-diye
43. Anfmobileun, 2014, http://anfmobileun.news/guncel/cocuklarimiz-kanlariylasinirlari-kaldirdi
44. Dhatv, 2017, http://www.dhatv.tv/gundem/Izmir-Buca-da-3-terorist-yakalandiBuca-da-yakalanan-teroristlerin-kimlikleri-aciklandi-mi-Teroristlernereye-saldiracakti-Detay-Haberin-Adresi-h9889.html
45. Dinamikgazete, 2014, http://www.dinamikgazete.com/kobanede-bir-bogazicilisuphi-nejat-agirnasli/
46. Evrenselhaber, 2015. https://www.evrensel.net/haber/106086/koban-de-yasaminiyitirenler-adanada-topraga-verildi
47. https://www.evrensel.net/haber/265755/aziz-guleri-binler-ugurladi
48. http://www. diclehaber.com/tr/news/content/view/457889?from=1251254157
49. İstanbulhaber, 2009, http://www.istanbulhaber.com.tr/bostanci-teroristi-cnnturkekonusmus-haber-3679.htm
50. Özgurgundem, 2016b; http://www.ozgur-gundem.org/haber/160421/halklarinbirlesik-devrim-hareketi-kurulusunu-ilan-etti
51. Özgürgündem, 2016, http://www.ozgur-gundem.com/haber/137672/destanlarisiz-yazdiniz
52. Özgürgündem, 2016a, http://ozgur-gundem.com/haber/160723/universitesiralarindan-direnis-barikatlarina
53. ‘5 Dil Bilen Biyokimyacı Kadın Gerilla Komutanı’, Güneydoğu Ekpress, 2 Haziran 2015, http://www.guneydoguekspres.com/haber/8390/5-dil-bilenbiyokimyaci-kadin-gerilla-komutani.html
54. Sendika14, 2015; Milliyet, 2014a, http://sendika14.org/2015/02/mlkp-savascisiemre-aslan-kobane-direnisinde-yasamini-yitirdi/; http://www.milliyet. com.tr/isid-le-catisirken-olen-ypg-li-gundem-1911963
55. The Nation (2016). “TTP’s Conflicting Statements”, http://nation.com.pk/ national/21-Jan-2016/ttp-s-conflicting-statements
56. Yeniözgürpolitika, 2016, http://www.yeniozgurpolitika.org/index. php?rupel=lezgin&id=951
57. Youtube, 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IOqvVb8Ls4
58. Youtube, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RE0bR-eaKFI