Anonimlik ile İllegalite Arasında: Deep Web, Dark Web ve Devlet Dışı Silahlı Aktörlerin Uluslararası Siber Faaliyetleri

Year 2020, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 66 - 88, 25.06.2020

Göktuğ Sönmez , Emine Çelik

Abstract

İletişim devrimiyle birlikte günlük hayatın bir parçası haline dönüşen internetin sağladığı pek çok avantajla birlikte güvenlik eksenli olarak önemli endişelere de yol açmaktadır. Bu anlamda yüzey internetinin ötesinde öne çıkan Deep Web ve onun bir parçası olan Dark Web platformları ve bunlara erişim sağlayan Tor, I2P ve FreeNet gibi yapılar üzerinde dikkatle çalışılması gereken unsurlar olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Zira 1990’lardan itibaren devlet dışı silahlı aktörlerin ve bir alt sınıflandırılması olarak terör yapılanmalarının bu platformlar üzerinden savaşçı/militan devşirme, operasyon planlama, kaynak sağlama, haberleşme ve ‘uzaktan eğitim’ gibi fonksiyonları icra etmektedir. Bu çalışmada temel olarak ikincil kaynaklar ve ağırlıklı olarak vak’a analizleri üzerinde odaklanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler ışığında da hem bahsi geçen kavramlara ışık tutulması hem devlet-dışı silahlı aktörlerin bunları kullanımına dair örneklere ve temel araçlardan bahsedilmesi akabinde de bu çerçeveye binaen bazı mevcut mücadele araçlarına ve atılması gereken adımlara değinilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

Keywords

Deep Web, Dark Web, Yüzey İnternet, Tor, Siber Güvenlik

References

• Adapting To Increased Military Pressure (2017). ISIL Shifts To ‘Dark Web,’ UN Security Council Told”, UN News, 7 Şubat 2017, https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/02/551012-adapting-increased-military-pressure-isil-shifts-dark-web-un-security-council, (E.T. 22 Şubat 2019).
• Ball,B., Arthur , C. ve Gabbatt, A. (2013). FBI Claims Largest Bitcoin Seizure After Arrest of Alleged Silk Road Founder, TheGuardian, 2 Ekim 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/02/alleged-silk-road-website-founder-arrested-bitcoin, (E. T. 27 Şubat 2019).
• Bartlett, J. (2016). Dark Net: İnternetin Yer Altı Dünyası, çev. Yasin Konyalı, İstanbul, Timaş Yayınları.
• Beckett, A. (2009). The Dark Side of The Internet, 26 Kasım 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/dark-side-internet-freenet, (E.T. 26 Aralık 2018).
• Berg, A.G. (2017). How an Anarchist Bitcoin Coder Found Himself Fighting ISIS in Syria, Wired, 29 Mart 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/03/anarchist-bitcoin-coder-found-fighting-isis-syria/, (E. T.26 Şubat 2019).
• Bergman M. K. (2001). The Deep Web: Surfacing Hidden Value, Bright Planet, Cilt 7, No 3.
• Brewster T. (2018). This Insane Map Shows All The Beauty And Horror of The Dark Web, Forbes, 13 Mart 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2018/03/13/dark-web-map-6000-webpages/#4ee4912718e7, (E.T. 27 Şubat 2019).
• Chaabane, A., Manils, P. ve Kaafar, K.A. (2010). Digging into Anonymous Traffic: A Deep Analysis of The Tor Anonymizing Network, 4th International Conference on Network and System Security (NSS), 1 Eylül 2010, https://planete.inrialpes.fr/papers/TorTraffic-NSS10.pdf. Adresinden Erişilmiştir.
• Charlton, A. (2014). Snowden Files Reveal NSA had ‘Major Problems’ Tracking Tor Dark Web Users and Cracking Encryption, International Business Times, 29 Aralık 2014, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/snowden-files-reveal-nsa-had-major-problems-tracking-tor-dark-web-users-cracking-encryption-1481225, (E. T. 30 Aralık 2018). Clarke, I., (1999). A Distributed Decentralised Information Storage and Retrieval System, Division of Information University of Edinburgh, https://freenetproject.org/papers/ddisrs.pdf. Adresinden Erişilmiştir.
• Clarke, I., Hong T. W., Sandberg, O. ve Wiley, B. (2002). Protecting Free Expression Online with Freenet”, IEEE Internet Computing, Ocak- Şubat 2002, https://freenetproject.org/papers/freenet-ieee.pdf. Adresinden Erişilmiştir.
• Copestake, J. (2014). Hidding Currency in the Dark Wallet, BBC, 19 Eylül 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29283124, (E. T. 26 Şubat 2019).
• Core, A. (2018). Fighting Terrorism on The Dark Web: New Techto Fight Advantaced Enemy Tactics, Torres, 10 Ağustos 2018,”http://www.torresco.com/fighting-terrorism-dark-web-new-tech-fight-advanced-enemy-tactics/, (E.T. 30 Ocak 2018).
• Çelik, E. (2017). Deep Web ve Dark Web: İnternetin Derin Dünyası, Cyberpolitik Journal, Cilt 2, No 4.
• Deep Web Search May Help Scientists, NASA, 22 Mayıs 2015, https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4595, (E. T. 1 Mart 2019).
• Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Memex, DAPRA, https://www.darpa.mil/program/memex, (E. T. 27 Şubat 2019).
• Dingledine, R. (2014). Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router, in Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Security Symposium,https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/sec04/tech/full_papers/dingledine/dingledine.pdf. Adresinden Erişilmiştir.
• Financal Analyst Insider (2018). How to Spend Crytocurrency in The Real World, 4 Mart 2018 https://financialanalystinsider.com/use-cryptocurrency-real-world/, (E. T. 23 Aralık 2018).
• Finklea, K. (2017). Dark Web, Congressional Research Service, 10 Mart 2017, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44101.pdf. Adresinden Erişilmiştir.
• Ghaffar H. ve Erin Marie S. (2014). Jihad Trending: A Comprehensive Analysis of Online Extremism and How to Counter IT, QUILLIAM, Mayıs 2014, https://preventviolentextremism.info/sites/default/files/Jihad%20Trending-%20A%20Comprehensive%20Analysis%20of%20Online%20Extremism%20and%20How%20to%20Counter%20it.pdf, Adresinden Erişilmiştir.
• Glasser, E. (2015). Paris Attackers Used ‘Dark Web’ to Coordinate. What Is It? WTSP-Tv, 16 Kasım 2015, https://www.wtsp.com/article/news/local/paris-attackers-used-dark-web-to-coordinate-what-is-it/67-47820003, (E. T. 19 Şubat 2019).
• Henninger, D. (2012). The president that time forgot. Wall Street Journal. 28 Haziran 2012. 04 Temmuz 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/wonder_land.html?mod=WSJ_topnav_europe_opinion#articleTabs=article, Adresinden Erişilmiştir. Hutton , R. (2016). Nuclear Drones From Dark Web Cited by Obama in Terror Scenario, Bloomberg, 2 Nisan 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-01/nuclear-drones-from-dark-web-cited-by-obama-in-terror-scenario, (E.T. 26 Şubat 2019).
• Internet Live States (2019). http://www.internetlivestats.com/, (E.T. 01 Aralık 2019). Is FreeNet More Secure and Anonymous than Tor? , https://www.quora.com/Is-Freenet-more-secure-and-anonymous-than-Tor, (E.T. 29 Aralık 2018).
• Kelion, L. (2014). Tor Project’s Struggle to Keep The “Dark Net” in The Shadows, 22 Ağustos 2014, https://www.com/news/technology-28886465, (E.T. 15 Aralık 2018).
• Lee, D. (2017). Defending Tor- Gateway to The Dark Web, BBC, 5 Ağustos 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40810771, (E. T. 07 Ocak 2019).
• Levine, B. N., Liberator, M., Lynn, B. ve Wright, M (2017). Statistical Detection of Downloaders in Freenet, IEEE International Workshop on Privacy Engineering, Mayıs 2017, http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1873/IWPE17_paper_12.pdf, Adresinden Erişilmiştir.
• Macrina, A. ve Phetteplace, E. (2015). The Tor Browser and Intellectual Freedom in the Digital Age, American Library Association, Cilt 54, No 4.
• Mangan, D. (2018). New York Woman Pleads Guilty to Using Bitcoin to Launder Money for Terror Group ISIS, CNBC, 27 Kasım 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/26/new-york-woman-pleads-guilty-to-using-bitcoin-to-launder-money-for-isis.html, (E. T. 26 Şubat 2019).
• Memex (2017). https://worldbrain.io/, (E.T. 27 Şubat 2019).
• Mikael Eriksson, et. al., ”Socail Media and ICT During The Arab Spring”, FOI, Temmuz 2013.
• Moore, D. ve Rid, T. (2016). Cryptpolitik and The Dark Net. , Surival Cilt 58, No1, Şubat/Mart 2016.
• Nakashima, E. (2013). Pentagon to Boost Cyber Security Force, The Washington Post, 27. Ocak. 2013,https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/pentagon-to-boost-cybersecurity-force/2013/01/27/d87d9dc2-5fec-11e2-b05a-605528f6b712_story.html?utm_term=.70f8063d1573 (E.T. 24 Mart 2019).
• Owen, G. ve Savage, N. (2015). The Tor Dark Net, Chatham House The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Eylül 2015, No 20.
• Paoli G.P., Aldridge, J. , Ryan, N. ve Warnes, R. (2017). Behind The Curtain The Illicit Trade of Firearms, Explosives and Ammunition On The Dark Web, RAND Research Reports.
• Paoli, G.P. (2018). The Trade in Small Armsand Light Weapons on the Dark Web, UNODA Occasional Papers, No 32.
• Peaster W.M. (2019). The Best Exchanges for Trading Cryptocurrency, 24 Ocak 2019 https://blockonomi.com/cryptocurrency-exchanges-trading/ adresinde erişilmiştir.
• Santos,D. (2017). What The Dark Web Is And Isn’t, Smart Data Collective, 30 Mart 2017, http://www.smartdatacollective.com/what-dark-web-and-isn-t/, (E.T. 07 Ocak 2019).
• Schneier, B. (2013). Attacking Tor: How the NSA Targets Users Online Anonymity, The Guardian, 4 Ekim 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/04/tor-attacks-nsa-users-online-anonymity, (E.T. 12.12.2018).
• SecDev Foundation (2018). Syrian Regime Tightens Access to Secure Online Communications, 27 Ocak 2018, https://www.secdev-foundation.org/internet-in-syria-remains-critical/, (E. T. 1 Ocak 2019).
• Sigalos, M. (2018). The Dark Web and How To Access It?, CNBS, 23 Ocak 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/13/the-dark-web-and-how-to-access-it.html, (E. T. 1 Ocak 2019). Tiwarii, A. (2017). Everything About Tor; What is Tor? How Tor Works?, Foss Bytes, 22 Mayıs 2017.
• TOR (2017). Normal People Use Tor, https://www.torproject.org/about/torpeople.html.en, (E.T. 31 Aralık 2018).
• TOR (2017).“Tor Sponsor”, https://www.torproject.org/about/sponsors.html.en, (E.T. 2 Şubat 2019).
• TOR: Overview (2019). Tor Project, https://www.torproject.org/about/overview, (E.T. 05 Ocak 2020).
• U.S. Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs (2015). Former Secret Service Agent Sentenced to 71 Months in Scheme Related to Silk Road Investigation”, 7 Aralık 2015, https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/sanfrancisco/news/press-releases/former-secret-service-agent-sentenced-to-71-months-in-scheme-related-to-silk-road-investigation, (E.T. 10 Şubat 2020).
• Watson, K. D. (2012). The Tor Network: A Global Inquiry into the Legal Status of Anonymity Networks, Washington University Global Studies Law Review, No 11.
• Weimann, G. (2010). Terror on the Internet: The New Area, The New Challenges, 9 Mayıs 2010, https://www.usip.org/publications/2010/05/terror-internet, (E. T. 4 Şubat 2019).
• Weimann, G.(2018). Going Darker? The Challenge Of Dark Net Terrorism, Wilson Center, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/going_darker_challenge_of_dark_net_terrorism.pdf, Adresinden Erişilmiştir.
• Weimanni, G. (2016). Terrorist Migration to The Dark Web Terrorism Research Institute, Cilt 10, No 3.
• Yang, I. (2019). Addressing The Issue Of Transnational Organized Crime In Order To Combat The Growth Of Terrorist Groups ,The Hague International Model United Nations Qatar, 22-25 Ocak 2019. Zantout , B. ve Haraty, R. A. (2011). I2P Data Communication System, TheTenth International Conference on Networks, 23-28 Ocak 2011.