Çin Savunma Sanayiinin Çeşitlenen Dinamikleri: Kurumsal Sınırlılıklardan Küresel Rekabete

Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 134 - 157, 29.12.2022

Bayram Ali Soner Orhan Çifçi

https://doi.org/10.54627/gcd.1139662

Abstract

Bu makale Çin savunma sanayiinin güçlenen ve çeşitlenen dinamiklerini açıklama çabası içindedir. Mao Zedong ve Deng Xiaoping yönetimleri boyunca Çin savunma sanayii yüksek düzeyde Sovyetler Birliği yardımlarına bağlı olarak yönetilirken kurumsal sınırlılık, üretim verimsizliği ve modern teknolojik yoksunluk gibi parametreler sanayiinin temel karakteristik özelliklerini oluşturmuştur. Her iki yönetim savunma sanayiini geliştirebilmek amacıyla birçok reform başlatmasına rağmen silah ve savunma sistemlerinin üretim dinamikleri dışarıya yüksek bağımlılık ekseninde kopyalama ya da tersine mühendislik metotlarının ötesine geçememiştir. Buna rağmen Soğuk Savaş'ın sonuyla birlikte ortaya çıkan yeni uluslararası sistemik yapı ve politik karar alım sürecinde yaşanan dönüşümler, Çin savunma sanayii için bir dönüm noktası niteliği yaratmıştır. Başta Xi Jinping olmak üzere Jiang Zemin ve Hu Jintao tarafından uygulama konulan yöntem ve stratejiler aşamalı olarak Çin savunma sanayiini küresel seviyede rekabet edebilen bir aktöre dönüştürmüştür. Günümüzde birçok savunma ve silah sisteminin üretim aşamasında özgün inovasyona geçiş sağlayabilen Çin’in halihazırda savunma sanayiinde ulusal kabiliyet ve yeterliliklerini aşamalı olarak çeşitlendirdiği gözlemlenmektedir. Bu kapsamda makale, Çin savunma sanayiinin olgunlaşma sürecine ışık tutarak zayıf ve kırılgan özellikler gösteren bir aktör olmaktan uzaklaşıp kendi kendine yetebilen sürece geçişi nasıl sağladığını ve hangi yönleriyle küresel rekabetin bir parçasına dönüştüğünü açıklamaktadır.

Keywords

Çin Savunma Sanayii, Silah ve Savunma Sistemleri Üretimi, Çin Savunma Sanayii Şirketleri, Kendi Kendine Yeterlilik, Küresel Rekabet

References

• Barabanov, M., Kashin, V. ve Makienko, K. (2012). Shooting Star: China’s Military Machine in the 21st Century. Minneapolis: East View Press.
• Bitzinger, R. (2011). Modernising China's Military, 1997-2012. China Perspectives. 4, 7-15. doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.5701
• Bitzinger, R. (2015). Defense Industries in Asia and the Technonationalist Impulse. Contemporary Security Policy. 36, (3), ss.453-472. doi:10.1080/13523260.2015.1111649
• Bitzinger, R. (2016). Reforming China’s Defense Industry. Journal of Strategic Studies. 39, (5-6), 762-789. doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2016.1221819
• Bitzinger, R. ve Boutin, K. (2009). China’s Defense Industries: Change and Continuity. R. Huisken, (Ed.), Rising China: Power and Reassurance içinde (ss.125-147). Canberra: ANU E Press.
• Boutin, K. (2009). Arms and Autonomy: The Limits of China’s Defense-Industrial Transformation. R. A. Bitzinger. (Ed.), The Modern Defense Industry içinde (ss.212-226). Kaliforniya: ABC-CLIO, LLCs.
• Brockhoff, K. ve Guan, J. (1996). Innovation via New Ventures as a Conversion Strategy for the Chinese Defense Industry. R&D Management. 26, (1), ss.49-56. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00928.x
• Bruzdzinski, J. (2005). Demystifying Shashoujian: China’s “Assassin’s Mace” Concept. Strategic Studies Institute. US Army War College.
• Cheung, T. M. (2009). Dragon on the Horizon: China’s Defense Industrial Renaissance. Journal of Strategic Studies. 32, (1), ss.29–66. doi.org/10.1080/01402390802407418.
• Cheung, T. M. (2017). Commentary on Asian Arms Industries and Impact on Military Capabilities. Defence Studies. 17, (3), ss.312-316.
• Cheung, T. M., Anderson, E. ve Yang, F. (2018). The “Cinderella” Transformation. T. M. Cheung ve T. G. Mankhen. (Ed.). The Gathering Pacific Storm içinde (ss.55-82). New York: Cambria Press.
• Cheung, T.M. (2016). Innovation in China’s Defense Technology Base: Foreign Technology and Military Capabilities. The Journal of Strategic Studies. 39, (5-6).
• China Defense White Paper. (1995). The State Council. Beijing: China.
• China Defense White Paper. (2003). The State Council. Beijing: China.
• China Defense White Paper. (2004). The State Council. Beijing: China.
• China Defense White Paper. (2006). The State Council. Beijing: China.
• China Defense White Paper. (2008). The State Council. Beijing: China.
• China Defense White Paper. (2019). The State Council. Beijing: China.
• China Power. (2020). How Dominant is China in the Global Arms Trade?. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-global-arms-trade/. (E.T. 21 Aralık 2021).
• Congressional Research Service. (1997). China: Commission of Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND) and Defense Industries. Washington: The Library of Congress. CSIA. (2022). Defense Industrial Base Sector. Erişim Tarihi: 15 Şubat 2022, https://www.cisa.gov/defense-industrial-base-sector.
• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2022). Defense Industrial Base Sector. https://www.cisa.gov/defense-industrial-base sector#:~:text=The%20Defense%20Industrial%20Base%20Sector,to%20meet%20U.S.%20military 20requirements (E.T. 3 Ocak 2022).
• Dunne, J. P. (1995). The Defense Industrial Base. Keith Hartley ve Todd Sandler (Ed.), Handbook of Defense Economics içinde (ss.339-430). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
• Elliot, J. ve Binsignore, E. (1998). Asia’s “New” Aerospace Industry: At the Turning Point?. Military Technology. 22, (2).
• Frankenstein, J. (1999). China’s Defense Industries: A New Course?. James C. Mulvenon and Richard H. Yang. (Ed.), The People’s Liberation Army in the Information Age. CA: RAND.
• Fravel, T. (2020). China’s “World-Class Military” Ambitions: Origins and Implications. The Washington Quarterly. 43, (1), ss.85-99.
• Gill, B. ve Kim, T. (1995). China’s Arms Acquisitions from Abroad. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Haglund, D. (1989). The Defence Industrial Base and the West. London: Routledge.
• Jash, A. (2020). China’s Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: Building a Strong Nation with a Strong Military. Claws Journal. Winter.
• Kurç, Ç. ve Neuman, S. (2017). Defence Industries in The 21st Century: a Comparative Analysis. Defence Studies. 17, (3), ss.219-227. doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2017.1350105.
• MacCarthy, N. (2020). The World's Largest Arms Suppliers. Statista. 24 Kasım 2021 tarihinde https://www.statista.com/chart/17316/share-of-global-arms-exports-by-country/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Manning, R. (2019). Techno-Nationalism vs. the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Global Asia. 19 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://www.globalasia.org/v14no1/cover/techno-nationalism-vs-the-fourth-industrial revolution_robert-a-manning adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Marksteiner, A., Béraud-Sudreau, L., Tian, N., Lopes Da Silva, D., ve Kuimova, A. (2021). The SIPRI Top 100 Arms-Producing And Military Services Companies 2020. SIPRI.
• Mohanty, D. (1999). Defence Industry Conversion in China. Strategic Analysis. 22, (12), ss.1835-1857. doi.org/10.1080/09700169908458926.
• Nakayama, S. (2012). Techno-nationalism versus Techno-globalism. East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal. 6, ss.9-15.
• Naval Technology. (2021). Type 39 / Song Class Attack Submarine. https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/songclassubmarine/ (E.T. 3 Ocak 2022).
• Neuman, S. (2010). Power, Influence and Hierarchy. Defence and Peace Economics. 21, (1), ss.105-134. doi.org/10.1080/10242690903105398
• Nouwens, M. ve Béraud-Sudreau, L. (2019). Weighing Giants: Taking Stock of the Expansion of China’s Defence Industry. Defence and Peace Economics. 32, (2), ss.1-27. doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2019.1632536
• O’Keefe, K. ve Page, J. (2018). Washington Unnerved by China’s ‘Military-Civil Fusion. Wall Street Journal. 15 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-taps-its-private-sector-to-boost-its-military-raising-alarms-11569403806 adresinden erişildi.
• Pin-Luen, S. (2012). China’s Aviation Industry: Past, Present, and Future. R. P. Hallion, R. Cliff ve P. C. Sanders (Ed.), The Chinese Air Force: Evolving Concepts, Roles, and Capabilities içinde (ss.257-270). Washington: NDU Press.
• Raska, M. ve Bitzinger, R. (2020). Strategic Contours of China’s Arms Transfers. Strategic Studies Quarterly. ss.91-116.
• Robert R. (1990). Third World Arms Production and the Evolving Interstate System. The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 34, (1), ss.57-73.
• Samuels, R. (1994). Rich Nation, Strong Army: National Security and the Technological Transformation of Japan. Ithaca, NY: Cornel University Press.
• Shambaugh, D. (2002). Modernizing China’s Military: Progress, Problems, and Prospects. California: University of California Press.
• Singh, A. (2000). Quest for Self-Reliance. J. Singh (Ed.), India’s Defense Spending içinde (ss.126-128). New Delhi: Knowledge World.
• SIPRI. (2020). Military Expenditure by Country as Percentage of Gross Domestic Product, 1988-2020 (See Below for 2005-2020). https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988%E2%80%932020%20as%20a%20share%20of%20GDP%20%28pdf%29.pdf (E.T. 18 Ocak 2022).
• Stone, A. (2021). Military-Civil Fusion Terminology: A Reference Guide. Alabama: China Aerospace Studies Institute.
• Stone, A. ve Wood, P. (2020). China’s Military-Civil Fusion Strategy. Alabama: China Aerospace Studies Institute.
• Struys, W., 2004. The Future of the Defence Firm in Small and Medium Countries. Defence and Peace Economics. 15, (6), ss.551–564. doi.org/10.1080/1024269042000246648
• The US Department of Defense. (2020). Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2020. Washington.
• The US Department of Defense. (2021). DoD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. Washington: The US Department of Defense.
• The US Department of Defense. (2021). Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2021. Washington.
• The US Department of State. (2021). Military-Civil Fusion and the People's Republic of China. Washington.
• Weinbaum, C., O’Connell C., Popper, S.W., Scott B., M., Byrne, H., Curriden C., Fauerbach G.W., Lilly S., Mondschein J.,
• Schmid J.. (2022). Assessing Systemic Strengths and Vulnerabilities of China's Defense Industrial Base. California: RAND Corporation.
• Willett, S. (1997). East Asia’s Changing Defense Industry. Survival. 39, (3), ss.107-134.
• Xuanzun, L. (2020). China Slows Defense Budget Growth to 6.6 % in 2020. Global Times. 13 Aralık 2021 tarihinde https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1189146.shtml adresinden erişildi.
• Zhen, L. (2022). US report finds big weaknesses in China’s defence industry base. South China Morning Post. 20 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3167693/us-report-finds-big-weaknesses-chinas-defence-industry-base adresinden erişildi.