Çin’de Yugoslav Özyönetimi Okumaları ve Çin-Yugoslav Yakınlaşması (1977-1981)

Abstract

1977-1981 Çin-Yugoslav yakınlaşması sırasında Yugoslav özyönetimi Çin’de okunmuş, tartışılmış ve seçici biçimde yeniden yorumlanmıştır. Temel sav, Yugoslavya’nın bütünüyle kopyalanacak bir modelden çok, Çin’in reform arayışlarında belirli kurumsal unsurlarından yararlanılan seçici bir sosyalist başvuru alanına dönüştüğüdür. Diplomatik ilişkilerin 1970’te yeniden kurulması sınırlı bir normalleşme sağlarken, asıl kırılma Tito’nun 1977’de Çin’e ve Hua Guofeng’in 1978’de Yugoslavya’ya yaptığı ziyaretlerle yaşanmıştır. Bu ziyaretlerin ardından Yugoslavya, Çin söyleminde revizyonist bir sapma ya da yalnızca hegemonyacılık karşıtı bir ortak olarak görülmekten çıkarak karşılaştırmalı sosyalist incelemenin konusu olmuştur. Karşılaştırmalı tarihsel inceleme, 1970-1976 dönemindeki sınırlı diplomatik yumuşama ile 1977 sonrasında gelişen yakınlaşmayı karşı karşıya getirir. Çin’in resmî yayınlarındaki söylem değişimi ve Yugoslav deneyiminin diplomatik temaslardan uzman ve akademik ağlara uzanan kanallar üzerinden dolaşıma girişi bu karşılaştırmanın merkezindedir. Yugoslav deneyimi, resmî ziyaretler, inceleme heyetleri, çeviri faaliyetleri, yerel kurumlar, akademik ağlar ve uzmanlık yayınları aracılığıyla Çin’de yayılmıştır. Çinli iktisatçılar işletme özerkliği, toplumsal mülkiyet, sınırlı piyasa ayarlaması, üretim teşvikleri ve kurumsal denemeyi incelenmeye değer bulurken, federal parçalanma, yerelcilik, zayıf makroekonomik koordinasyon ve merkezi devlet işlevlerinin aşınmasını riskli görmüştür. Yugoslavya böylece hazır bir reform yolundan çok, sosyalist reformun imkânlarını ve sınırlarını birlikte düşünmeye yarayan karşılaştırmalı bir repertuar hâline gelmiştir. Yakınlaşma, geç Soğuk Savaş diplomasisinin yanı sıra Çin’in erken reform döneminin entelektüel ön tarihinin de bir parçasıdır.

Keywords

• Çin-Yugoslav ilişkileri
• Yugoslav özyönetimi
• Çin’in erken reform dönemi
• seçici sahiplenme
• kurumsal dolaşım

Readings of Yugoslav Self-Management in China and Chinese-Yugoslav Rapprochement (1977-1981)

Abstract

During the 1977-1981 China-Yugoslav rapprochement, Yugoslav self-management was read, discussed, and selectively reinterpreted in China. The main argument is that Yugoslavia became, rather than a model to be copied entirely, a selective socialist field of reference from whose certain institutional elements use was made in China’s search for reform. While the re-establishment of diplomatic relations in 1970 provided a limited normalization, the main rupture occurred with Tito’s visit to China in 1977 and Hua Guofeng’s visit to Yugoslavia in 1978. Following these visits, Yugoslavia ceased to be seen in Chinese discourse as a revisionist deviation or merely as an anti-hegemonism partner and became the subject of comparative socialist examination. The comparative historical examination contrasts the limited diplomatic easing in the 1970-1976 period with the rapprochement that developed after 1977. The change in discourse in China’s official publications and the entry of the Yugoslav experience into circulation through channels extending from diplomatic contacts to expert and academic networks are at the centre of this comparison. The Yugoslav experience spread in China through official visits, study delegations, translation activities, local institutions, academic networks, and specialist publications. While Chinese economists found enterprise autonomy, social ownership, limited market adjustment, production incentives, and institutional experimentation worthy of examination, they saw federal fragmentation, localism, weak macroeconomic coordination, and the erosion of central state functions as risky. Yugoslavia thus became, rather than a ready-made reform path, a comparative repertoire useful for thinking together about the possibilities and limits of socialist reform. The rapprochement is a part not only of late Cold War diplomacy but also of the intellectual prehistory of China’s early reform period.

Keywords

• China-Yugoslav relations
• Yugoslav self-management
• China’s early reform period
• selective appropriation
• institutional circulation

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