Use Of Esports As Part Of Crisis Management During The Covid-19 Pandemic
Year 2021,
, 81 - 101, 30.09.2021
Mertkan Üçüncüoğlu
,
Hamdi Özdemir
,
Veli Ozan Çakır
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic emerged without warning and caused a crisis in both the sports industry and in countless other sectors. The resulting curfews mandated around the world have forced sports competitions to be put on hold. Although sports competitions resumed during the normalization process in Turkey, spectators have not been allowed in stadiums. Consequently, sports organizations have sought unique means to reach the masses during the ongoing pandemic. Sports organizations have adopted esports phenomenon over recent years. The main purpose of this study is to reveal how sports organizations have used esports during thisperiod and how they have incorporated it into their crisis management actions. As a result, esports events have been observed to facilitate the opportunity to create a different medium for sports organizations to reach the masses and maintain their relations with them.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2016.1261703.
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- Devecioğlu, S. (2003), Spor Organizasyonlarında Kriz Yönetimi, Beden Eğitimi ve Sporda Sosyal Alanlar Kongresi, Ankara Sözel.
- Ekmekçi, R. (2016). Spor Yönetimine Giriş: Temel Konular. H. Nejat Basım ve Metin Argan (Ed.), Spor Yönetimi için (s. 2 – 32). Ankara: Detay.
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- Gough, C. (2020). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1108307/covid-twitch-youtube-viewers/
- Grove, A. S. (1996). Only the paranoid survive: How to exploit the crisis points that challenge every company and career. Currency.
- Imam, S.A., Javeed, M. Ve Kennedy, J. (2020). Mental Health Manifestations of COVID-19. In Kriz, C., Imam, N., ve Zaidi, S. (Eds.), Breaking Down Covid-19 A Living Textbook (pp. 17-53). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
- ISFE (2020). Video Gaming in Lockdown. The impact of Covid-19 on video game play behaviours and attitudes.
- Jacques, T. (2009). Issues and crisis management: quicksand in the definitional landscape. Public Relations Review, 35, 280–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.03.003.
- Kerwin, S. (2016). Human resource management in sport. In T. Byers (Ed.), Contemporary issues in sport management: A critical introduction (pp. 135–148). London: Sage.
- Kitchin, P. J., & Purcell, P. A. (2017). Examining sports communications practitioners’ approaches to issue management and crisis response in Northern Ireland. Public Relations Review 43, 661-670. doi: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.07.001
- Lange, D. (2020). UEFA revenue loss for cancelling Euro 2020 due to the coronavirus (COVID-19). Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1105619/covid-euro-2020-revenue-loss/
- Mastromartino, B., Ross, W. J., Wear, H., ve Naraine, M. L. (2020). Thinking outside the ‘box’: a discussion of sports fans, teams, and the environment in the context of COVID-19. Sport in Society, 23(11), 1707-1723.
- Medium.com (2019). Sports Industry Report. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://medium.com/qara/sports-industry-report-3244bd253b8
- Miles, L. ve Shipway, R. (2020). Explorıng the covıd-19 pandemıc as a catalyst for stımulatıng future research agendas for managıng crıses and dısasters at ınternatıonal sport events. Event Management. 24, 537–552.
- Miyomoto, K. (2020). What postponing the 2020 Olympics means for host city Tokyo. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/28948898/what-postponing-2020-olympics-means-host-city-tokyo
- Newzoo (2020). The World’s 2.7 Billion Gamers Will Spend $159.3 Billion on Games in 2020; The Market Will Surpass $200 Billion by 2023. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/newzoo-games-market-numbers-revenues-and-audience-2020-2023/#:~:text=Games-,The%20World's%202.7%20Billion%20Gamers%20Will%20Spend%20%24159.3%20Billion%20on,Surpass%20%24200%20Billion%20by%202023&text=We%20forecast%20that%202020's%20global,year%20growth%20of%20%2B9.3%25.
- Nielsen.com (2020a). From 0 to 200 Virtual Nascar Takes Over Esports Amid Sports Blackout. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/article/2020/from-0-to-200-virtual-nascar-takes-over-esports-amid-sports-blackout/
- Nielsen (2020b). La Liga Santander Challenge Report.
- Nielsen (2020c). 3-2-1 Go Video Gaming Is at an All Time High During Covid-19. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/article/2020/3-2-1-go-video-gaming-is-at-an-all-time-high-during-covid-19/
- Premierleague.com (2020). Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.premierleague.com/news/1662981
- Öztamur, K. (2019). Kriz İletişiminde Halkla İlişkilerin Fonksiyonel Rolü ve Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi.
- PwC (2020). https://www.pwc.co.uk/issues/crisis-and-resilience/covid-19/covid-19-and-esports-gaming-goes-mainstream.html
- Rietkerk, R. (2020). https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/esports-market-revenues-2020-2021-impact-of-covid-19-media-rights-sponsorships-tickets/
- Ruff, P., ve Aziz, K. (2003). Managing communications in a crisis. Gower Publishing, Ltd..
- Silverman, A. (2020). Youth Sports Poll Coronavirus. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://morningconsult.com/2020/05/13/youth-sports-poll-coronavirus/
- Shipway, R., Miles, L. and Gordon, R. Crısıs And Dısaster Management For Sport, Routledge, New York, 2021
- Stark, J. (2020). Sports psychologist discusses mental impact of COVID-19 on high school athletes. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.3newsnow.com/news/local-news/sports-psychologist-discusses-mental-impact-of-covid-19-on-high-school-athletes
- Statista (2020). COVID-19: potential ticketing revenue loss for NBA teams 2020. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1114800/coronavirus-ticketing-revenue-loss-nba-teams/.
- TDK (2020). Kriz. Erişim Adresi: https://sozluk.gov.tr/
- UEFA (2020). UEFA postpones EURO 2020 by 12 months. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/newsid=2641071.html
- Üçüncüoğlu, M., ve ÇAKIR, V. O. (2017). MODERN SPOR KULÜPLERİNİN ESPOR FAALİYETLERİNE İLGİ GÖSTERME NEDENLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 34-47.
- WHO (2020a). Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1
- WHO (2020b). Erişim Tariih: 25.11.2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
- Yücel, A. S. (2014). Sporda kriz yönetimi: 3 Temmuz örneği. Akademik Bakış Dergisi.
Covid-19 Pandemisi Sırasında Sporda Kriz Yönetiminin Bir Parçası Olarak Espor Kullanımı
Year 2021,
, 81 - 101, 30.09.2021
Mertkan Üçüncüoğlu
,
Hamdi Özdemir
,
Veli Ozan Çakır
Abstract
Tahmin edilemeyen bir şekilde ortaya çıkan ve kısa sürede etkisini geniş çapta gösteren Covid-19 pandemisi birçok sektörde olduğu gibi spor endüstrisinde de krize neden olmuştur. Dünya genelinde uygulanan sokağa çıkma kısıtlamalarıyla birlikte spor müsabakaları durma noktasına gelmiştir. Spor müsabakaları normalleşme süreciyle birlikte yeniden başlasa dahi stadyumlara seyirci alınmasına izin verilmemiştir. Bu nedenle spor organizasyonları ne zaman tam anlamıyla sonlanacağı henüz belli olmayan pandemi süreci boyunca kitlelere ulaşmak için farklı yollar aramışlardır. Fiziki olarak kitlelerine ulaşma fırsatı yakalayamayan spor organizasyonlarının son yıllarda giderek gelişen espor olgusunu çalışmalarına adapte ettikleri görülmektedir. Spor organizasyonlarının Covid-19 salgını sürecinde yaşanan kriz döneminde esporu nasıl kullandıklarını ve kriz yönetiminin bir parçası olarak nasıl ele aldıklarını ortaya koymaktır. Sonuç olarak espor etkinliklerinin, spor organizasyonlarına kitlelere ulaşabilme ve onlarla ilişkilerini canlı tutabilme adına farklı bir içerik oluşturma imkânı sağladığı görülmüştür.
References
- Aktifbank (2020). Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.aktifbank.com.tr/tr/aktifbank-hakkinda/BasinOdasi/bizden-haberler/Sayfalar/aktif-bank-covid-19-oncesi-ve-sonrasi-futbol-ekonomi-raporunu-hazirladi.aspx
- Brands, H., ve Gavin, F. J. (Ed.). (2020). COVID-19 and world order: The future of conflict, competition, and cooperation. Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Breuer, C. (2020). Coronavirus, sports ant the financial cost. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-sports-and-the-financial-cost/a-52771431
- Burrow, G. (2020). The Economic Impact of COVID-19 on US Sports: Up to $92.6K Lost Every Minute. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.economicmodeling.com/2020/05/28/the-economic-impact-of-covid-19-on-us-sports-up-to-92-6k-lost-every-minute/
- Claeys, A., & Opgenhaffen, M. (2016). Why practitioners do (not) apply crisis communication theory in practice. Journal of Public Relations Research, 28, 22–247.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2016.1261703.
- Castillo, A. (2020). COVID-19: WHAT CLUBS AND ATHLETES SHOULD KNOW. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://barcainnovationhub.com/covid-19-what-clubs-and-athletes-should-know/
- Chamalidis, M. (2020). How has COVID-19 affected the mental health of athletes? Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://tokyo2020.org/en/news/how-has-covid-19-affected-the-mental-health-of-athletes
- Coombs, W. T. (1999). Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
- Coombs, W. T. (2010). Parameters for crisis communication. In Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (Eds.), The handbook of crisis communication (pp. 17-53). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Coombs, W. T. (2014). Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
- Cutler, M. (2020). Covid-19 set to halve 2020 sports calendar – new analysis. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://twocircles.com/us-en/articles/covid-to-halve-2020-sports-calendar/
- Çakır, V.O. (2014). Spor Sosyolojisinin Doğuşu; Geleneksel Beden Eğitimi Usul ve Yaklaşımlarında Dönüşüm. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi. İstanbul.
- Demirtaş, A. G. H. (2000). Kriz yönetimi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 23(23), 353-373.
- Devecioğlu, S. (2003), Spor Organizasyonlarında Kriz Yönetimi, Beden Eğitimi ve Sporda Sosyal Alanlar Kongresi, Ankara Sözel.
- Ekmekçi, R. (2016). Spor Yönetimine Giriş: Temel Konular. H. Nejat Basım ve Metin Argan (Ed.), Spor Yönetimi için (s. 2 – 32). Ankara: Detay.
- Dixon, E. (2020). CEO Jordi Bertomeu working with partners to minimise financial impact. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/euroleague-eurocup-basketball-cancelled-jordi-bertomeu-coronavirus
- Dring, C. (2020). https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-03-28-what-is-happening-with-video-game-sales-during-coronavirus
- Euroleague (2020). ECA Shareholders Executive Board Announces Decisions Regarding 2019-20 and 2020-21 Seasons. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/euroleague-basketball/news/i/am9neim7ahpbaqym/eca-shareholders-executive-board-announces-decisions-regarding-2019-20-and-2020-21-seasons
- F1esports.com (2020). Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2020. VGP Numbers. https://f1esports.com/news/vgp-numbers/
- Fearn-Banks, K. (2010). Crisis communication: A casebook approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- FIBA (2020). First ever FIBA Esports Open 2020 a big hit for fans around the world. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. http://www.fiba.basketball/news/first-ever-fiba-esports-open-2020-a-big-hit-for-fans-around-the-world
- Forbes (2020). ‘NHL 20’ Decides Finland’s Playoff Champion: An Esports Blueprint For A COVID-19 Future? Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattgardner1/2020/05/04/an-esports-blueprint-for-a-covid-19-future-nhl-20-decides-finlands-hockey-playoffs/#333612f4439c
- Gough, C. (2020). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1108307/covid-twitch-youtube-viewers/
- Grove, A. S. (1996). Only the paranoid survive: How to exploit the crisis points that challenge every company and career. Currency.
- Imam, S.A., Javeed, M. Ve Kennedy, J. (2020). Mental Health Manifestations of COVID-19. In Kriz, C., Imam, N., ve Zaidi, S. (Eds.), Breaking Down Covid-19 A Living Textbook (pp. 17-53). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
- ISFE (2020). Video Gaming in Lockdown. The impact of Covid-19 on video game play behaviours and attitudes.
- Jacques, T. (2009). Issues and crisis management: quicksand in the definitional landscape. Public Relations Review, 35, 280–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.03.003.
- Kerwin, S. (2016). Human resource management in sport. In T. Byers (Ed.), Contemporary issues in sport management: A critical introduction (pp. 135–148). London: Sage.
- Kitchin, P. J., & Purcell, P. A. (2017). Examining sports communications practitioners’ approaches to issue management and crisis response in Northern Ireland. Public Relations Review 43, 661-670. doi: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.07.001
- Lange, D. (2020). UEFA revenue loss for cancelling Euro 2020 due to the coronavirus (COVID-19). Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1105619/covid-euro-2020-revenue-loss/
- Mastromartino, B., Ross, W. J., Wear, H., ve Naraine, M. L. (2020). Thinking outside the ‘box’: a discussion of sports fans, teams, and the environment in the context of COVID-19. Sport in Society, 23(11), 1707-1723.
- Medium.com (2019). Sports Industry Report. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://medium.com/qara/sports-industry-report-3244bd253b8
- Miles, L. ve Shipway, R. (2020). Explorıng the covıd-19 pandemıc as a catalyst for stımulatıng future research agendas for managıng crıses and dısasters at ınternatıonal sport events. Event Management. 24, 537–552.
- Miyomoto, K. (2020). What postponing the 2020 Olympics means for host city Tokyo. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/28948898/what-postponing-2020-olympics-means-host-city-tokyo
- Newzoo (2020). The World’s 2.7 Billion Gamers Will Spend $159.3 Billion on Games in 2020; The Market Will Surpass $200 Billion by 2023. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/newzoo-games-market-numbers-revenues-and-audience-2020-2023/#:~:text=Games-,The%20World's%202.7%20Billion%20Gamers%20Will%20Spend%20%24159.3%20Billion%20on,Surpass%20%24200%20Billion%20by%202023&text=We%20forecast%20that%202020's%20global,year%20growth%20of%20%2B9.3%25.
- Nielsen.com (2020a). From 0 to 200 Virtual Nascar Takes Over Esports Amid Sports Blackout. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/article/2020/from-0-to-200-virtual-nascar-takes-over-esports-amid-sports-blackout/
- Nielsen (2020b). La Liga Santander Challenge Report.
- Nielsen (2020c). 3-2-1 Go Video Gaming Is at an All Time High During Covid-19. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/article/2020/3-2-1-go-video-gaming-is-at-an-all-time-high-during-covid-19/
- Premierleague.com (2020). Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.premierleague.com/news/1662981
- Öztamur, K. (2019). Kriz İletişiminde Halkla İlişkilerin Fonksiyonel Rolü ve Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi.
- PwC (2020). https://www.pwc.co.uk/issues/crisis-and-resilience/covid-19/covid-19-and-esports-gaming-goes-mainstream.html
- Rietkerk, R. (2020). https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/esports-market-revenues-2020-2021-impact-of-covid-19-media-rights-sponsorships-tickets/
- Ruff, P., ve Aziz, K. (2003). Managing communications in a crisis. Gower Publishing, Ltd..
- Silverman, A. (2020). Youth Sports Poll Coronavirus. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://morningconsult.com/2020/05/13/youth-sports-poll-coronavirus/
- Shipway, R., Miles, L. and Gordon, R. Crısıs And Dısaster Management For Sport, Routledge, New York, 2021
- Stark, J. (2020). Sports psychologist discusses mental impact of COVID-19 on high school athletes. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.3newsnow.com/news/local-news/sports-psychologist-discusses-mental-impact-of-covid-19-on-high-school-athletes
- Statista (2020). COVID-19: potential ticketing revenue loss for NBA teams 2020. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1114800/coronavirus-ticketing-revenue-loss-nba-teams/.
- TDK (2020). Kriz. Erişim Adresi: https://sozluk.gov.tr/
- UEFA (2020). UEFA postpones EURO 2020 by 12 months. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/newsid=2641071.html
- Üçüncüoğlu, M., ve ÇAKIR, V. O. (2017). MODERN SPOR KULÜPLERİNİN ESPOR FAALİYETLERİNE İLGİ GÖSTERME NEDENLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 34-47.
- WHO (2020a). Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1
- WHO (2020b). Erişim Tariih: 25.11.2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
- Yücel, A. S. (2014). Sporda kriz yönetimi: 3 Temmuz örneği. Akademik Bakış Dergisi.