Impact of Foot Problems on Physical Activity, Balance, and Musculoskeletal Pain

Year 2024, Volume: 34 Issue: 6, 777 - 784, 31.12.2024

Emine Cihan , Cansu Şahbaz Pirinççi , Muhammed Arca , Elif Dilara Durmaz

https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1484046

Abstract

Abstract
Background/Aims: Foot problems are common in society and can frequently occur during daily life activities. This study aims to investigate common foot problems among healthy young adults and to determine the effects of these problems on physical activity, balance, and musculoskeletal pain.
Methods: Demographic data were recorded. Physical activity levels were evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form (IPAQ). Musculoskeletal disorders were assessed using the Extended Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ-E). The Foot Function Index (FFI) was utilized for foot function assessment. Balance was assessed using the Single Leg Standing Test. The navicular drop test was conducted for pes planus evaluation, and hallux valgus was assessed using the Manchester Scale and goniometric assessment.
Results: Data from 480 participants were analyzed (hallux valgus: 81, pes planus: 204, control: 195). Comparison of balance, FFI, and IPAQ scores revealed that the balance time of participants with pes planus decreased significantly compared to the control group (p<0.05). Significant differences in body pain were found among the groups for the lower back, hip/thigh, and ankle areas (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed among other sub-parameters (p>0.05). In the lower back region, pain was reported by 29 individuals in the hallux valgus group, 163 in the pes planus group, and 13 in the control group (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Foot deformities can negatively impact an individual's foot functionality and balance, leading to pain in various body regions.

Keywords

Pes planus, Hallux valgus, Physical activity, Balance, Back pain

References

• 1. Smyth NA, Aiyer AA, Kaplan JR, Carmody CA, Kadakia AR. Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2017;27(4):433-9.
• 2. Civan M, Çakmak M. Ankle deformities and treatment methods. TOTBİD Dergisi. 2020;19:247-60.
• 3. Menz HB, Jordan KP, Roddy E, Croft PR. Characteristics of primary care consultations for musculoskeletal foot and ankle problems in the UK. Rheumatology. 2010;49(7):1391-8.
• 4. Yüksel HB. Genç bireylerde ayak postürü, fonksiyonlar ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyinin incelenmesi. İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2015:1-105.
• 5. Yalıman A, Sen Eİ, Eskiyurt N, Budiman-Mak E. Turkish Translation and Adaptation of Foot Function Index in Patients with Plantar Fasciitis. Turk. J. Physical Med. Rehabil. 2014;60(3):212-22.
• 6. Al Abdulwahab SS, Kachanathu SJ. The effect of various degrees of foot posture on standing balance in a healthy adult population. Somatosens Mot Res. 2015;32(3):172-6.
• 7. Sheng B, Li X, Nussler AK, Zhu S. The relationship between healthy lifestyles and bone health: A narrative review. Medicine. 2021;100(8):e24684.
• 8. Ashraf S, Viveiros R, França C, Ornelas RT, Rodrigues A. Association between Body Composition, Physical Activity Profile, and Occurrence of Knee and Foot Postural Alterations among Young Healthy Adults. Future. 2024; 2(1):16-29.
• 9. James K, Orkaby AR, Schwartz AW. Foot Examination for Older Adults. Am J Med. 2021;134(1):30-5.
• 10. Zhang B, Lu Q. A Current Review of Foot Disorder and Plantar Pressure Alternation in the Elderly. J Phys Act Health. 2020;4(1):95-107.
• 11. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381-95.
• 12. Dawson AP, Steele EJ, Hodges PW, Stewart S. Development and Test–Retest Reliability of an Extended Version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ-E): A Screening Instrument for Musculoskeletal Pain. J Pain. 2009;10(5):517-26.
• 13. Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, Inal-Ince D, Bosnak-Guclu M, Karabulut E, Tokgozoglu L. International Physical Activity Questionnaire: Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version. Percept Mot Skills. 2010;111(1):278-84.
• 14. Gerçek H, Ünüvar BS, Cihan E, Şahbaz Pirinççi C, Yılmaz K. The Effects of Different Education Models on the Physical Activity and Health Profile of Healthcare Students in Turkish University. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. 2022;33(1):23-30.
• 15. Jonsson E, Seiger Å, Hirschfeld H. One-leg stance in healthy young and elderly adults: a measure of postural steadiness? Clin Biomech. 2004;19(7):688-94.
• 16. Nilsson MK, Friis R, Michaelsen MS, Jakobsen PA, Nielsen RO. Classification of the height and flexibility of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. J. Foot Ankle Res. 2012;5(3):2-9.
• 17. Zuil-Escobar JC, Martínez-Cepa CB, Martín-Urrialde JA, Gómez-Conesa A. Medial longitudinal arch: accuracy, reliability, and correlation between navicular drop test and footprint parameters. JMPT. 2018;41(8):672-679.
• 18. Bek N, Kınıklı G, Coskun G, Karahan S. Halluks valgus açısı ile sağlıkla ilişkili yaşam kalitesi vefonksiyonel durum arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. JETR. 2015;2(1):22-7.
• 19. Garrow AP, Papageorgiou A, Silman AJ, Thomas E, Jayson MI, Macfarlane GJ. The grading of hallux valgus: the Manchester Scale. Am Podiatric Med Assoc. 2001;91(2):74-8.
• 20. Talu B, Bayramlar K, Bek N, Yakut Y. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire for hallux valgus deformity evaluation. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2016;20(2):207-213.
• 21. Cote KP, Brunet ME, Gansneder BM, Shultz SJ. Effects of Pronated and Supinated Foot Postures on Static and Dynamic Postural Stability. J Athl Train. 2005;40(1):41-6.
• 22. Taş S, Bek N, Çetin A. An Investigation of Single-Leg Balance Performance in Individuals with Asymptomatic Hallux Valgus. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. 2020;31(1):66-72.
• 23. Hurn SE, Vicenzino B, Smith MD. Functional impairments characterizing mild, moderate, and severe hallux valgus. AC&R. 2015;67(1):80-8.
• 24. González-Martín C, Alonso-Tajes F, Pérez-García S, Seoane-Pillado MT, Pértega-Díaz S, Couceiro-Sánchez E, et al. Hallux valgus in a random population in Spain and its impact on quality of life and functionality. Rheumatol. Int. 2017;37(11):1899-907.
• 25. Talu B, Koca TT, Bayramlar K, Karabıcak GÖ. Evaluation of the Pain and Foot Functions in Women with Hallux valgus deformities. J Clin Exp Invest. 2016;7(2):144-9.
• 26. Prachgosin T, Chong DY, Leelasamran W, Smithmaitrie P, Chatpun S. Medial longitudinal arch biomechanics evaluation during gait in subjects with flexible flatfoot. Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2015;17(4):121-30.
• 27. Karagözoğlu Dikici A, Yazıcıoğlu FG. Investigation of The Relationship Between Foot Function and Quality of Life in Individuals with Pes Planus. TJHR. 2023;4(1):9-17.
• 28. Bayer R, Açak M. Asessment Of Physical Fitness Level, Qualıty Of Life And Self-Esteem Of Inonu University Students With Pes Planus. J. Phys. Educ. Sport. 2019;21(1):8-18.
• 29. Kızılcı H, Erbahçeci F. Pes planus olan ve olmayan erkeklerde fiziksel uygunluğun değerlendirilmesi. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. 2016;27(2):25-33.
• 30. Ceyhan Ç, Sanalan GB, Akkaya N, Şahin F. Tıp Fakültesi öğrencilerinde pes planus ve aksiyel ağrı arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi. Pamukkale Medical Journal. 2017;10(2):158-64.
• 31. Walczak M, Napiontek M. Flexible flatfoot in children--a controversial subject. Ortopedia Polska. 2003;68(4):261-7.
• 32. Unver B, Suner Keklik S, Yildirim Sahan T, Bek N. An investigation of the effects of pes planus on distal and proximal lower extremity biomechanical parameters and low back pain. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. 2019;30(2):119-25.