Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

İdrar Kültürlerinden İzole edilen bakterilerin dağılımı ve antibiyotik duyarlılıkları

Year 2025, Volume: 35 Issue: 3, 471 - 475, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1617920

Abstract

Amaç: Semptomları bulunan idrar yolu enfeksiyonları (İYE) hastalarında ampirik uygun antibiyotik tedavisi önerilmektedir, çünkü bu, morbidite oranını azaltmaktadır. Uygunsuz antibiyotik kullanımı, tedavi etkinliğinde azalmaya ve geç evre komplikasyonlarının gelişmesine yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, İYE tanısı konmuş hastalardan alınan idrar kültürlerinin sonuçlarını retrospektif olarak değerlendirmesi ve bakterilerin antibiyotik direnç oranlarını incelemektir.
Materyal method: Hastalardan alınan orta akım idrar örnekleri, kontaminasyonu önlemek amacıyla standart prosedürlere uygun olarak steril vidalı kaplarda toplanmış ve laboratuvara taşınmıştır. İdrar örnekleri uygun besiyerlerine ekilip, 37°C’de 24-48 saat inkübe edilmiştir. Bakteriyel tanı, konvansiyonel yöntemler kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Antibiyotik duyarlılık testi, EUCAST rehberinde ki önerilere göre Kirby-Bauer disk difüzyon yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışmamızda, bir yıl boyunca 1357 idrar kültüründe bakteri üremesi saptanmıştır. Bu örneklerin 1249’u yetişkinlerden, 108’i ise çocuklardan alınan örneklerden üremiştir. Hem yetişkinlerde hem de çocuklarda en sık tespit edilen üropatogen Escherichia coli olup, ortalama izolasyon oranı %57,3 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yetişkinlerde ikinci sırada Enterococcus spp., çocuklarda ise Klebsiella spp. izole edilmiştir. Yetişkinlerde en fazla direnç tespit edilen antibiyotikler ampisilin (%77,2) ve amoksisilin-klavulanik asit (%63,3) iken, en duyarlı antibiyotikler karbapenemler (%1) olmuştur. Pseudomonas aeruginosa suşlarında en yüksek direnç oranı, ceftazidime (%38,9) karşı gözlemlenmiş, ancak tüm suşlar kolistin, tigesiklin ve amikasin için duyarlı bulunmuştur.
Sonuçlar: Bu çalışmanın bulguları, İYE’ye neden olan spesifik patojenlerin ve bunların antibiyotiklere duyarlılığının belirlenmesi için rutin idrar kültürlerinin yapılmasının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Lokal antibiyogram verilerine dayalı ampirik tedavi, etkin yönetimin sağlanması ve gereksiz antibiyotik kullanımının azaltılması için esastır.

References

  • 1. Todorovic Markovic M, Todorovic Mitic M, Ignjatovic A, Gottfredsson M, Gaini S. Mortality in Community-Acquired Sepsis and Infections in the Faroe Islands: A Prospective Observational Study. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2024;16(3):448-57.
  • 2. Koksal I, Yilmaz G, Unal S, Zarakolu P, Korten V, Mulazimoglu L, et al. Epidemiology and susceptibility of pathogens from SMART 2011–12 Turkey: evaluation of hospital-acquired versus community-acquired urinary tract infections and ICU-versus non-ICU-associated intra-abdominal infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2017;72(5):1364-72.
  • 3. Jacoby GA. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases and other enzymes providing resistance to oxyimino-β-lactams. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1997;11(4):875-87.
  • 4. Guducuoglu H, Gursoy NC, Yakupogullari Y, Parlak M, Karasin G, Sunnetcioglu M, et al. Hospital outbreak of a colistin-resistant, NDM-1-and OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: high mortality from pandrug resistance. Microbial Drug Resistance. 2018;24(7):966-72.
  • 5. Özçakar ZB, Yalçınkaya F. Üriner Sistem Enfeksiyonları. Turkiye Klinikleri Pediatric Sciences-Special Topics. 2007;3(2):99-104.
  • 6. Uyanık M, Hancı H, Yazgı H. Üriner sistem infeksiyonlarından soyutlanan toplum kökenli Escherichia coli suşlarına fosfomisin trometamolün ve bazı antibiyotiklerin in-vitro etkinliği. Ankem Derg. 2009;23(4):172-6.
  • 7. Fan N-C, Chen H-H, Chen C-L, Ou L-S, Lin T-Y, Tsai M-H, et al. Rise of community-onset urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in children. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2014;47(5):399-405.
  • 8. Kim YH, Yang EM, Kim CJ. Urinary tract infection caused by community-acquired extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria in infants☆. J. Pediatr. 2017;93:260-6.
  • 9. Islam MA, Islam MR, Khan R, Amin MB, Rahman M, Hossain MI, et al. Prevalence, etiology, and antibiotic resistance patterns of community-acquired urinary tract infections in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Plos one. 2022;17(9):e0274423.
  • 10. Şenol A, Yakupoğulları Y, Şenol FF. Toplum Kökenli Üriner Sistem İnfeksiyonlarında Genişlemiş Spektrumlu β-Laktamaz Üreten Escherichia coli ve Klebsiella spp. ve Antimikrobiyal Dirençleri. Klimik Derg. 2020;33(2):163-8.
  • 11. Ergün M, Akyüz O, Özdemir AA, Taken K. İdrar Yolu Enfeksiyonu Geçiren Çocukların İdrar Kültürlerinde Üreyen Bakteriler ve Antibiotik Dirençleri. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;13(1):29-37.
  • 12. Schwaber MJ, Klarfeld-Lidji S, Navon-Venezia S, Schwartz D, Leavitt A, Carmeli Y. Predictors of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae acquisition among hospitalized adults and effect of acquisition on mortality. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2008;52(3):1028-33.
  • 13. Khawcharoenporn T, Vasoo S, Singh K. Urinary tract infections due to multidrug‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae: prevalence and risk factors in a Chicago emergency department. Emergency Medicine International. 2013;2013(1):258517.
  • 14. Setegn Eshetie CU, Aschalew Gelaw, Birhanu Ayelign, Mengistu Endris, Feleke Moges. Multidrug-resistant and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among patients with urinary tract infection at the referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4(12):1-8.
  • 15. EL Wartiti MA, Bahmani F-Z, Elouennass M, Benouda A. Prevalence of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in a University Hospital in Rabat, Morocco: A 19-Month Prospective Study. The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2012;2(3):1-6.
  • 16. Hayder N, Hasan Z, Afrin S, Noor R. Determination of the frequency of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Stam. J. Microbiol. 2012;2(1):28-30.
  • 17. Lai C-C, Wu U-I, Wang J-T, Chang S-C. Prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and its impact on clinical outcomes at a teaching hospital in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2013;112(8):492-6.
  • 18. Huang T-D, Berhin C, Bogaerts P, Glupczynski Y, group ams, Caddrobi J, et al. Prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from 24 hospitals in Belgium. J. antimicrob. Chemotherapy. 2013;68(8):1832-7.
  • 19. Agrawal G, Shevade SU. β-lactamase Production in Uropathogens. Indian J Bas Appl Med Res. 2013;3(1):206-8.
  • 20. Day K, Salman M, Kazi B, Sidjabat H, Silvey A, Lanyon C, et al. Prevalence of NDM‐1 carbapenemase in patients with diarrhoea in Pakistan and evaluation of two chromogenic culture media. J. Applied Microbiol. 2013;114(6):1810-6.
  • 21. Nazik H, Ongen B, Ilktac M, Aydin S, Kuvat N, Sahin A, et al. Carbapenem Resistance Due To Bla^ Sub Oxa-48^ Among Esbl-Producing Escherichia Coli And Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolates In A University Hospital, Turkey. SEATROPH. 2012;43(5):1178.
  • 22. Lascols C, Peirano G, Hackel M, Laupland KB, Pitout JD. Surveillance and molecular epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that produce carbapenemases: first report of OXA-48-like enzymes in North America. Antimicrob. Agents and chemother. 2013;57(1):130-6.

Distribution and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Urine Culture

Year 2025, Volume: 35 Issue: 3, 471 - 475, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1617920

Abstract

Background/Aims: Empiric appropriate antibiotic therapy is recommended in patients with symptoms of urinary tract infections(UTIs) as it reduces the morbidity rate. Inappropriate antibiotic use leads to a decrease in treatment effectiveness and the development of late-stage complications. The aim of this study is retrospectively evaluate the results of urine cultures from patients prediagnosed with UTIs and the antibiotic resistance rate of the bacteria.
Methods: Midstream urine samples from the patients were collected in sterile screw-cap containers and transported to the laboratory following standard procedures to avoid contamination. The urine samples were cultured on appropriate media and incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours. Bacterial identification was performed using conventional microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines.
Results: In our study, a total of 1357 urine cultures were found to be positive for bacterial growth over one year. 1249 samples were obtained from adults, and 108 from children. The most frequently identified uropathogen in both adults and children was E. coli, with an average occurrence of 57.3%. The second most frequently isolated bacteria were Enterococcus spp. in adults and Klebsiella spp. in children. In adults, the most resistant antibiotics were found to be ampicillin(77.2%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (63.3%), while the most sensitive antibiotics were carbapenems(1%). The highest resistance rate in P. aeruginosa strains were observed against ceftazidime(%38.9), while all strains were susceptible for colistin, tigecycline, and amikacin.
Conclusions: The findings of this study underscore the importance of performing routine urine cultures to identify the specific pathogens causing UTIs and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Empirical treatment based on local antibiogram data is essential to ensure effective management and reduce unnecessary antibiotic use.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval was obtained from the Kafkas University Medicine Faculty Non-Interventional Ethics Committee with the approval number KAÜ-TFEK 2025/01/06.

Supporting Institution

destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır.

References

  • 1. Todorovic Markovic M, Todorovic Mitic M, Ignjatovic A, Gottfredsson M, Gaini S. Mortality in Community-Acquired Sepsis and Infections in the Faroe Islands: A Prospective Observational Study. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2024;16(3):448-57.
  • 2. Koksal I, Yilmaz G, Unal S, Zarakolu P, Korten V, Mulazimoglu L, et al. Epidemiology and susceptibility of pathogens from SMART 2011–12 Turkey: evaluation of hospital-acquired versus community-acquired urinary tract infections and ICU-versus non-ICU-associated intra-abdominal infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2017;72(5):1364-72.
  • 3. Jacoby GA. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases and other enzymes providing resistance to oxyimino-β-lactams. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1997;11(4):875-87.
  • 4. Guducuoglu H, Gursoy NC, Yakupogullari Y, Parlak M, Karasin G, Sunnetcioglu M, et al. Hospital outbreak of a colistin-resistant, NDM-1-and OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: high mortality from pandrug resistance. Microbial Drug Resistance. 2018;24(7):966-72.
  • 5. Özçakar ZB, Yalçınkaya F. Üriner Sistem Enfeksiyonları. Turkiye Klinikleri Pediatric Sciences-Special Topics. 2007;3(2):99-104.
  • 6. Uyanık M, Hancı H, Yazgı H. Üriner sistem infeksiyonlarından soyutlanan toplum kökenli Escherichia coli suşlarına fosfomisin trometamolün ve bazı antibiyotiklerin in-vitro etkinliği. Ankem Derg. 2009;23(4):172-6.
  • 7. Fan N-C, Chen H-H, Chen C-L, Ou L-S, Lin T-Y, Tsai M-H, et al. Rise of community-onset urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in children. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2014;47(5):399-405.
  • 8. Kim YH, Yang EM, Kim CJ. Urinary tract infection caused by community-acquired extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria in infants☆. J. Pediatr. 2017;93:260-6.
  • 9. Islam MA, Islam MR, Khan R, Amin MB, Rahman M, Hossain MI, et al. Prevalence, etiology, and antibiotic resistance patterns of community-acquired urinary tract infections in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Plos one. 2022;17(9):e0274423.
  • 10. Şenol A, Yakupoğulları Y, Şenol FF. Toplum Kökenli Üriner Sistem İnfeksiyonlarında Genişlemiş Spektrumlu β-Laktamaz Üreten Escherichia coli ve Klebsiella spp. ve Antimikrobiyal Dirençleri. Klimik Derg. 2020;33(2):163-8.
  • 11. Ergün M, Akyüz O, Özdemir AA, Taken K. İdrar Yolu Enfeksiyonu Geçiren Çocukların İdrar Kültürlerinde Üreyen Bakteriler ve Antibiotik Dirençleri. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;13(1):29-37.
  • 12. Schwaber MJ, Klarfeld-Lidji S, Navon-Venezia S, Schwartz D, Leavitt A, Carmeli Y. Predictors of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae acquisition among hospitalized adults and effect of acquisition on mortality. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2008;52(3):1028-33.
  • 13. Khawcharoenporn T, Vasoo S, Singh K. Urinary tract infections due to multidrug‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae: prevalence and risk factors in a Chicago emergency department. Emergency Medicine International. 2013;2013(1):258517.
  • 14. Setegn Eshetie CU, Aschalew Gelaw, Birhanu Ayelign, Mengistu Endris, Feleke Moges. Multidrug-resistant and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among patients with urinary tract infection at the referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4(12):1-8.
  • 15. EL Wartiti MA, Bahmani F-Z, Elouennass M, Benouda A. Prevalence of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in a University Hospital in Rabat, Morocco: A 19-Month Prospective Study. The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2012;2(3):1-6.
  • 16. Hayder N, Hasan Z, Afrin S, Noor R. Determination of the frequency of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Stam. J. Microbiol. 2012;2(1):28-30.
  • 17. Lai C-C, Wu U-I, Wang J-T, Chang S-C. Prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and its impact on clinical outcomes at a teaching hospital in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2013;112(8):492-6.
  • 18. Huang T-D, Berhin C, Bogaerts P, Glupczynski Y, group ams, Caddrobi J, et al. Prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from 24 hospitals in Belgium. J. antimicrob. Chemotherapy. 2013;68(8):1832-7.
  • 19. Agrawal G, Shevade SU. β-lactamase Production in Uropathogens. Indian J Bas Appl Med Res. 2013;3(1):206-8.
  • 20. Day K, Salman M, Kazi B, Sidjabat H, Silvey A, Lanyon C, et al. Prevalence of NDM‐1 carbapenemase in patients with diarrhoea in Pakistan and evaluation of two chromogenic culture media. J. Applied Microbiol. 2013;114(6):1810-6.
  • 21. Nazik H, Ongen B, Ilktac M, Aydin S, Kuvat N, Sahin A, et al. Carbapenem Resistance Due To Bla^ Sub Oxa-48^ Among Esbl-Producing Escherichia Coli And Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolates In A University Hospital, Turkey. SEATROPH. 2012;43(5):1178.
  • 22. Lascols C, Peirano G, Hackel M, Laupland KB, Pitout JD. Surveillance and molecular epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that produce carbapenemases: first report of OXA-48-like enzymes in North America. Antimicrob. Agents and chemother. 2013;57(1):130-6.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Microbiology
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Nurullah Çiftçi 0000-0002-8934-0575

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date January 11, 2025
Acceptance Date May 9, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 35 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Çiftçi N. Distribution and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Urine Culture. Genel Tıp Derg. 2025;35(3):471-5.

The Journal of General Medicine is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).