Status identification on the road: requisitioning of travel resources by senators, equestrians, and centurions without diplomata. A note on the Sagalassus inscription (SEG XXVI 1392)

Lukas Lemcke

Research Article

Status identification on the road: requisitioning of travel resources by senators, equestrians, and centurions without diplomata. A note on the Sagalassus inscription (SEG XXVI 1392)

Year 2012, Volume: 9, 128 - 142, 15.05.2012

Lukas Lemcke

Abstract

This article seeks to answer the question posed in a study which I
undertook with Altay Coşkun (forthcoming in Latomus 2013) how high-ranking
users (senators, knights, and centurions) of the imperial information and
transportation system (most commonly known by its late antique name, cursus
publicus) would prove their social class, military rank, and official nature of
their journey in order to qualify for requisitioning at stations (mansiones,
mutationes) without permits (diplomata). Using the results of this study as
basis, I offer a survey over the susceptibility of each of the classes of
high-ranking users for status usurpation. This section is followed up by a discussion
of the various ways in which identification was possible, including status
symbols (ornamenta), travel permissions (legatio libera, commeatus) as well as
other written documentation (mandata, codicilli, army records). It will thus be
shown that there were acceptably reliable mechanisms in place to prove one's
social status. This result will further corroborate the findings of our
previous study that permits, in accordance with the edict of Sotidius Strabo
(SEG XXVI, 1392 [20/37]), were not obligatory for certain status groups.
Permits became a requirement for all users only in the reign of Claudius.

Keywords

status usurpation, senator, equestrian, centurion, cursus publicus, requisitioning, travel

References

A. Alföldi, Der frührömische Reiteradel und seine Ehrenabzeichen, Baden-Baden 1952.
G. Alföldy, Die Stellung der Ritter in der Führungsschicht des Imperium Romanum, Chiron 11, 1981, 169–215.
F. M. Ausbüttel, Die Verwaltung des römischen Kaiserreichs: von der Herrschaft des Augustus bis zum Niedergang des Weströmischen Reiches, Darmstadt 1998.
E. Birley, The Roman Army, Amsterdam 1988.
E. Birley, Some Legionary Centurions, ZPE 79, 1989, 114–128.
M. Bonnefond-Coudry, Le sénat de la République Romaine de la Guerre d'Hannibal Ã Auguste, Rome 1989.
P. A. Brunt, Princeps and Equites, JRS 73, 1983, 42–75.
G. P. Burton, The Issuing of Mandata to Proconsuls and a New Inscription from Cos, ZPE 21, 1976, 63–68.
L. Cleland, G. Davies, and L. Llewellyn-Jones, Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z, New York 2007.
A. Coşkun, Bürgerrechtsentzug oder Fremdenausweisung? Studien zu den Rechten von Latinern und weiteren Fremden sowie zum Bürgerrechtswechsel in der Römischen Republik (5. bis frühes 1. Jh. v.Chr.), Stuttgart 2009.
A. Coşkun, Cicero und das römische Bürgerrecht: die Verteidigung des Dichters Archias. Einleitung, Text, Übersetzung und historisch-philologische Kommentierungen, Göttingen 2010.
A. T. Croom, Roman Clothing and Fashion, Stroud 2002.
F. K. Drogula, Controlling Travel: Deportation, Islands and the Regulation of Senatorial Mobility in the Augustan Principate, CQ 61.1, 2011, 230–266.
W. Eck, The Age of Augustus, 2nd ed., Malden 2007.
P. Eich, Zur Metamorphose des politischen Systems in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Die Entstehung einer î‚Žpersonalen Bürokratieî‚ im langen dritten Jahrhundert, Berlin 2005.
R. O. Fink, Roman Military Records on Papyrus, Cleveland 1971.
D. H. French. Roman Roads and Milestones, fasc. 3.2: Galatia, Ankara 2012 URL: http://www.biaa.ac.uk/home/images/stories/3.2%20gal%20 final%20 opti¬mi¬sed.pdf.
J. Gagé, Les Classes Sociales dans l'Empire Romain, Paris 1964.
G. Geraci, Genesi delta Provincia Romana d'Egitto, Bologna 1983 (non vidi).
J. F. Gillam, The Appointment of Auxiliary Centurions (PMich. 164), APA 88, 1957, 155–168.
N. Goldman, Roman Footwear, in: J.L. Sebesta and L. Bonafante (eds.), The World of Roman Costume, Madison 1994, 101–29.
W. V. Harris, Ancient Literacy, Cambridge 1989.
P. A. Holder, Studies in the Auxilia of the Roman Army from Augustus to Trajan, Oxford 1980.
E. J. Holmberg, Zur Geschichte des Cursus Publicus, Uppsala 1933.
B. W. Jones, Suetonius: Vespasian, London 2000.
A. Jördens, Statthalterliche Verwaltung in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Studien zum praefectus Aegypti, Stuttgart 2009.
A. Kolb, Transport und Nachrichtentransfer im römischen Reich, Berlin 2000.
E. Kornemann, Postwesen, RE XXII, 995–1014, 1953.
L. Lemcke – A. Coşkun, Users and Issuers of Permits of the Imperial Information and Transportation System in the 1st Century CE, forthcoming in Latomus 2013.
F. H. Marshall, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum, London 1907.
F. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World, London 1977.
S. Mitchell, Requisitioned Transport in the Roman Empire: A New Inscription from Pisidia, JRS 66, 1976, 106–131.
C. Moatti, Le contrÃ´le de la mobilité des personnes dans l'empire romain, Mélanges de l'Ecole Française de Rome, Antiquité 112, 2000: 925–958.
Th. Mommsen, Römisches Staatsrecht. Leipzig 1876–7.
C. Nicolet, Rendre Ã César, Paris 1988.
H.-G. Pflaum, Les carriÃ¨res procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire Romain, Paris 1960.
C. Pharr, The Theodosian Code and Novels and the Sirmondian Constitutions. A Translations with Commentary, Glossary, and Bibliography, New York 1952.
M. Reinhold, History of Purple as a Status Symbol in Antiquity, Brussels 1970.
M. Reinhold, Status Symbols in the Ancient World, CJ 64, 1969, 300–304.
M. Reinhold, Usurpation of Status and Status Symbols, Historia 20, 1971, 275–302.
G. Rotondi, Leges Publicae Populi Romani, Milan, 1912.
E. Sander, Die Kleidung des römischen Soldaten, Historia 12, 1963, 144–166.
M. Serge – R. Herzog, Una lettera di Corbulone ai Coi, PP 30, 1975, 102–104 (non vidi).
A. N. Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny. A Historical and Social Commentary, Oxford 1966.
K. Stauner, Das offizielle Schriftwesen des römischen Heeres von Augustus bi Gallienus (27 v.Chr. – 268 n.Chr.). Eine Untersuchung zu Struktur, Funktion und Bedeutung der offiziellen militärischen Verwaltungsdokumentation und zu deren Schreibern, Bonn 2004.
A. Stein, Der Römische Ritterstand: Ein Beitrag zur Sozial- und Personengeschichte des römischen Reiches, München 1927.
J. Suolahti, Legatio libera, Arctos 6, 1969, 113–119.
R. J. A. Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome, Princeton 1984.
F. Vittinghoff, Soziale Struktur und politisches System der hohen römischen Kaiserzeit, HZ 230, 1980, 31–55.
M. Waelkens, Romanization in the East. A case study: Sagalassos in Pisidia (SW Turkey), MDAI 52, 2002, 311–368.
M. Waelkens et al., The Late Antique to Early Byzantine City in Southwest Anatolia. Sagalassos and its Territory: A Case Study, in: J.-U. Krause and C. Witschel (eds.), Die Stadt in der Spätantike - Niedergang oder Wandel? Akten des internationalen Kolloquiums in Munich am 30. und 31. Mai 2003, Stuttgart 2006, 199–255 (Historia. Einzelschriften; Heft 190).
A. Watson, The Digest of Justinian, Philadelphia 1998.

Yolda kimlik tespiti: senatörler, equester'ler ve centurio'ların resmi ulaşım vasıtalarını diplomata olmaksızın talep etmeleri. Sagalassus Yazıtı (SEG XXVI, 1392) üzerine bir not

Year 2012, Volume: 9, 128 - 142, 15.05.2012

Lukas Lemcke

Abstract

Yazar, bu makalede Altay Coşkun ile birlikte çalıştıkları ve yakında
yayınlanacak olan (Latomos 2013) bir çalışmada ortaya çıkan, imparatorluk
dönemi resmi haberleşme ve ulaşım sisteminin (geç dönemde genel olarak bilinen
adıyla cursus publicus'un) senatörler, equestres ve centuriones gibi
üst düzey kullanıcılarının, izin belgeleri olmaksızın (diplomata) araç
değiştirme istasyonlarında (mansiones, mutationes) vasıta talebi
yapabilmeleri için sosyal sınıflarını, askeri rütbelerini veya yolculuklarının
vesilesini nasıl kanıtlayabildikleri sorusuna cevap aramaktadır. Bu çalışmanın
sonuçlarını temel alarak yazar üst düzey kullanıcıların her bir sınıfının statü
gaspı için gösterdikleri hassasiyetleri üzerine bir araştırma sunmaktadır. Bu
bölümden sonra ise, statü göstergelerini (ornamenta), yolculuk
izinlerini (legatio libera, commeatus) diğer yazılı
belgeleri (mandata, codicilli, askeri kayıtlar gibi) de
içermek üzere kimliklendirmenin mümkün olduğu değişik yöntemleri tartışması yer
almaktadır. Böylece yazar, bir kimsenin sosyal statüsünü gösteren makul düzeyde
güvenilir bazı mekanizmaların olduğu göstermektedir. Dahası bu sonuç daha
önceki yapmış oldukları çalışmalarının sonucunda elde ettikleri, Sotidius
Strabon edict'i (SEG XXVI, 1392 [20/37]) uyarınca, belirli statü
sahibi gruplar için izinlerin zorunlu olmadığı bulgusunu desteklemektedir.
İzinler yanlızca Claudius döneminde bütün kullanıcılar için zorunlu hale
gelmiştir.

Keywords

: statü gaspı, senatör, equester, centurio, cursus publicus, vasıta talebi, seyahat

References

A. Alföldi, Der frührömische Reiteradel und seine Ehrenabzeichen, Baden-Baden 1952.
G. Alföldy, Die Stellung der Ritter in der Führungsschicht des Imperium Romanum, Chiron 11, 1981, 169–215.
F. M. Ausbüttel, Die Verwaltung des römischen Kaiserreichs: von der Herrschaft des Augustus bis zum Niedergang des Weströmischen Reiches, Darmstadt 1998.
E. Birley, The Roman Army, Amsterdam 1988.
E. Birley, Some Legionary Centurions, ZPE 79, 1989, 114–128.
M. Bonnefond-Coudry, Le sénat de la République Romaine de la Guerre d'Hannibal Ã Auguste, Rome 1989.
P. A. Brunt, Princeps and Equites, JRS 73, 1983, 42–75.
G. P. Burton, The Issuing of Mandata to Proconsuls and a New Inscription from Cos, ZPE 21, 1976, 63–68.
L. Cleland, G. Davies, and L. Llewellyn-Jones, Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z, New York 2007.
A. Coşkun, Bürgerrechtsentzug oder Fremdenausweisung? Studien zu den Rechten von Latinern und weiteren Fremden sowie zum Bürgerrechtswechsel in der Römischen Republik (5. bis frühes 1. Jh. v.Chr.), Stuttgart 2009.
A. Coşkun, Cicero und das römische Bürgerrecht: die Verteidigung des Dichters Archias. Einleitung, Text, Übersetzung und historisch-philologische Kommentierungen, Göttingen 2010.
A. T. Croom, Roman Clothing and Fashion, Stroud 2002.
F. K. Drogula, Controlling Travel: Deportation, Islands and the Regulation of Senatorial Mobility in the Augustan Principate, CQ 61.1, 2011, 230–266.
W. Eck, The Age of Augustus, 2nd ed., Malden 2007.
P. Eich, Zur Metamorphose des politischen Systems in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Die Entstehung einer î‚Žpersonalen Bürokratieî‚ im langen dritten Jahrhundert, Berlin 2005.
R. O. Fink, Roman Military Records on Papyrus, Cleveland 1971.
D. H. French. Roman Roads and Milestones, fasc. 3.2: Galatia, Ankara 2012 URL: http://www.biaa.ac.uk/home/images/stories/3.2%20gal%20 final%20 opti¬mi¬sed.pdf.
J. Gagé, Les Classes Sociales dans l'Empire Romain, Paris 1964.
G. Geraci, Genesi delta Provincia Romana d'Egitto, Bologna 1983 (non vidi).
J. F. Gillam, The Appointment of Auxiliary Centurions (PMich. 164), APA 88, 1957, 155–168.
N. Goldman, Roman Footwear, in: J.L. Sebesta and L. Bonafante (eds.), The World of Roman Costume, Madison 1994, 101–29.
W. V. Harris, Ancient Literacy, Cambridge 1989.
P. A. Holder, Studies in the Auxilia of the Roman Army from Augustus to Trajan, Oxford 1980.
E. J. Holmberg, Zur Geschichte des Cursus Publicus, Uppsala 1933.
B. W. Jones, Suetonius: Vespasian, London 2000.
A. Jördens, Statthalterliche Verwaltung in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Studien zum praefectus Aegypti, Stuttgart 2009.
A. Kolb, Transport und Nachrichtentransfer im römischen Reich, Berlin 2000.
E. Kornemann, Postwesen, RE XXII, 995–1014, 1953.
L. Lemcke – A. Coşkun, Users and Issuers of Permits of the Imperial Information and Transportation System in the 1st Century CE, forthcoming in Latomus 2013.
F. H. Marshall, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum, London 1907.
F. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World, London 1977.
S. Mitchell, Requisitioned Transport in the Roman Empire: A New Inscription from Pisidia, JRS 66, 1976, 106–131.
C. Moatti, Le contrÃ´le de la mobilité des personnes dans l'empire romain, Mélanges de l'Ecole Française de Rome, Antiquité 112, 2000: 925–958.
Th. Mommsen, Römisches Staatsrecht. Leipzig 1876–7.
C. Nicolet, Rendre Ã César, Paris 1988.
H.-G. Pflaum, Les carriÃ¨res procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire Romain, Paris 1960.
C. Pharr, The Theodosian Code and Novels and the Sirmondian Constitutions. A Translations with Commentary, Glossary, and Bibliography, New York 1952.
M. Reinhold, History of Purple as a Status Symbol in Antiquity, Brussels 1970.
M. Reinhold, Status Symbols in the Ancient World, CJ 64, 1969, 300–304.
M. Reinhold, Usurpation of Status and Status Symbols, Historia 20, 1971, 275–302.
G. Rotondi, Leges Publicae Populi Romani, Milan, 1912.
E. Sander, Die Kleidung des römischen Soldaten, Historia 12, 1963, 144–166.
M. Serge – R. Herzog, Una lettera di Corbulone ai Coi, PP 30, 1975, 102–104 (non vidi).
A. N. Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny. A Historical and Social Commentary, Oxford 1966.
K. Stauner, Das offizielle Schriftwesen des römischen Heeres von Augustus bi Gallienus (27 v.Chr. – 268 n.Chr.). Eine Untersuchung zu Struktur, Funktion und Bedeutung der offiziellen militärischen Verwaltungsdokumentation und zu deren Schreibern, Bonn 2004.
A. Stein, Der Römische Ritterstand: Ein Beitrag zur Sozial- und Personengeschichte des römischen Reiches, München 1927.
J. Suolahti, Legatio libera, Arctos 6, 1969, 113–119.
R. J. A. Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome, Princeton 1984.
F. Vittinghoff, Soziale Struktur und politisches System der hohen römischen Kaiserzeit, HZ 230, 1980, 31–55.
M. Waelkens, Romanization in the East. A case study: Sagalassos in Pisidia (SW Turkey), MDAI 52, 2002, 311–368.
M. Waelkens et al., The Late Antique to Early Byzantine City in Southwest Anatolia. Sagalassos and its Territory: A Case Study, in: J.-U. Krause and C. Witschel (eds.), Die Stadt in der Spätantike - Niedergang oder Wandel? Akten des internationalen Kolloquiums in Munich am 30. und 31. Mai 2003, Stuttgart 2006, 199–255 (Historia. Einzelschriften; Heft 190).
A. Watson, The Digest of Justinian, Philadelphia 1998.

There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Journal Section	Research Articles
Authors	Lukas Lemcke
Publication Date	May 15, 2012
Submission Date	November 12, 2011
Published in Issue	Year 2012 Volume: 9

Cite

APA	Lemcke, L. (2012). Status identification on the road: requisitioning of travel resources by senators, equestrians, and centurions without diplomata. A note on the Sagalassus inscription (SEG XXVI 1392). Gephyra, 9, 128-142.
AMA	Lemcke L. Status identification on the road: requisitioning of travel resources by senators, equestrians, and centurions without diplomata. A note on the Sagalassus inscription (SEG XXVI 1392). GEPHYRA. May 2012;9:128-142.
Chicago	Lemcke, Lukas. “Status Identification on the Road: Requisitioning of Travel Resources by Senators, Equestrians, and Centurions Without Diplomata. A Note on the Sagalassus Inscription (SEG XXVI 1392)”. Gephyra 9, May (May 2012): 128-42.
EndNote	Lemcke L (May 1, 2012) Status identification on the road: requisitioning of travel resources by senators, equestrians, and centurions without diplomata. A note on the Sagalassus inscription (SEG XXVI 1392). Gephyra 9 128–142.
IEEE	L. Lemcke, “Status identification on the road: requisitioning of travel resources by senators, equestrians, and centurions without diplomata. A note on the Sagalassus inscription (SEG XXVI 1392)”, GEPHYRA, vol. 9, pp. 128–142, 2012.
ISNAD	Lemcke, Lukas. “Status Identification on the Road: Requisitioning of Travel Resources by Senators, Equestrians, and Centurions Without Diplomata. A Note on the Sagalassus Inscription (SEG XXVI 1392)”. Gephyra 9 (May 2012), 128-142.
JAMA	Lemcke L. Status identification on the road: requisitioning of travel resources by senators, equestrians, and centurions without diplomata. A note on the Sagalassus inscription (SEG XXVI 1392). GEPHYRA. 2012;9:128–142.
MLA	Lemcke, Lukas. “Status Identification on the Road: Requisitioning of Travel Resources by Senators, Equestrians, and Centurions Without Diplomata. A Note on the Sagalassus Inscription (SEG XXVI 1392)”. Gephyra, vol. 9, 2012, pp. 128-42.
Vancouver	Lemcke L. Status identification on the road: requisitioning of travel resources by senators, equestrians, and centurions without diplomata. A note on the Sagalassus inscription (SEG XXVI 1392). GEPHYRA. 2012;9:128-42.

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