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New Inscriptions from Northeast Phrygia: The Cult of Hosios and Dikaios

Year 2018, Volume: 15, 101 - 117, 15.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.420755

Abstract

The last three decades have witnessed increasing number of publications
on the cult of Hosios kai Dikaios, Holy
and Just
, a cult predominantly found in Phrygia and Lydia worshipped together
with Helios and Apollo. Due to various reasons, this cult, however, is less
examined within archaeologi­cal context in which votive inscriptions emerged.
The lack of archaeological context prevents us to evaluate the origins and
organization of the cult under consideration. This paper presents the initial
results of an epigraphic survey carried out since 2014 in northeast Phrygia. The
first surveyed area today encompassing Mihalıççık County
in Eskişehir province is located between the
Sakarya (Sangarios) river to the north and the Porsuk (Tembris) river to the
south. This paper focuses on two groups of new inscriptions found in
Kayı and Otluk villages and
their vicinities located in Mihalıç­çık County.
It also includes one
inscription (no. 5) which was incompletely published by Anderson. The
discovery of four inscriptions offers some new information about
the cult of Hosios and Dikaios, possible locations for the sanctuary/shrine of
the cult and the provenance of the stone used for votive inscriptions in
northeast Phrygia. The paper begins by laying out the historical geography of
survey area, and then it presents the inscriptions and commentaries. It finally
evaluates the evidence with reference to archaeological context including
general historical conclusions.
 

References

  • N. E. Akyürek Şahin, Anadolu’da Hosios kai Dikaios Kültü (Kutsal ve Adil Tanrı), Arkeoloji ve Sanat 118, 2004, 1-19.
  • N. E. Akyürek Şahin, Neue Weihungen für Hosios kai Dikaios, Gephyra 1, 2004, 135-148.
  • J. G. C. Anderson, Exploration in Galatia cis Halym, JHS 19, 1899, 52-134 and 318.
  • M. Arslan, Iuliopolis Nekropolü Kharon Sikkeleri, in: K. Dörtlük – O. Tekin – R. Boyraz Seyhan (eds.), First International Congress of the Anatolian Monetary History and Numismatics, İstanbul 2014, 13-24.
  • F. Avcu, Nallıhan Çevresinden Yeni Yazıtlar, in: B. Takmer – E. Akdo-ğu Arca – N. Gökalp (eds.), Vir Doctus Anatolicus. Studies in Memory of Sencer Şahin, İstanbul 2016, 162-168.
  • F. Avcu – Y. Doğan, Epigraphic research around Juliopolis II: New in¬scriptions from Nallıhan, Gephyra 11, 2014, 85-99.
  • M. Aydaş, New Inscriptions from Strotenikeia and its territory, Gephyra 6, 2009, 113-130.
  • K. Belke, Galatien und Lykaonien (TIB 4), Vienna 1984.
  • T. Corsten – M. Ricl, A dedication to Herakles, Hosios and Dikaios and Chrysea Parthenos from the Kibyratis, Gephyra 9, 2012, 143-151.
  • F. Dönmez-Öztürk – H. S. Öztürk, Göynük ve Mudurnu’dan yeni ya-zıtlar III, Cedrus 3, 2015, 243-256.
  • T. Drew-Bear, Local Cults in Graeco-Roman Phrygia, GRBS 17, 1976, 247-268.
  • T. Drew-Bear – C. M. Thomas – M. Yıldızturan, The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations: Phrygian Votive Steles, Ankara 1999.
  • E. Erten – H. Sivas, Eine Neue Weihung aus Phrygien, Epigr Anat 44, 2011, 185-196.
  • H. Güney, New Inscriptions from Choria Considiana: Çalçak Roman necropolis, Anat Stud 66, 2016, 127-128.
  • C. H. E. Haspels, The Highlands of Phrygia. Sites and Monuments, Princeton 1971. H. Hellenkemper – F. Hild, Neue Forschungen in Kilikien (TIB 4), Vienna 1986.
  • G. H. R. Horsley – J. M. Luxford, Pagan angels in Roman Asia Minor: revisiting the epigraphic evidence, Anat Stud 66, 2016, 141-183.
  • J. Strubbe, The Inscriptions of Pessinous (IK 66), Bonn 2005.
  • C. W.W. Cox – A. Cameron, Monuments from Dorylaeum et Nacolea (MAMA 5), Manchester 1937.
  • B. Levick – St. Mitchell – J. Potter – M. Waelkens, Monuments from the Aezanitis (MAMA 9), London 1988.
  • C. Marek, Der höchste, beste, größte, allmächtige Gott. Inschriften aus Nordkleinasien, Epigr Anat 32, 2000, 129-146.
  • J. Masséglia, Phrygians in relief: trends in self-representation, in: P. Thonemann (ed.), Roman Phrygia: Culture and Society, Oxford 2013, 95-123.
  • St. Mitchell, The Plancii in Asia Minor, JRS 64, 1974, 27-39.
  • St. Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor. I: The Celts and the Impact of Roman Rule; II. The Rise of the Church, Oxford 1993.
  • St. Micthell, The cult of Theos Hypsistos, in: P. Athanassiadi – M. Frede (eds.), Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity, Oxford 1999, 81-148.
  • St. Mitchell, Further thoughts on the cult of Theos Hypsistos, in: S. Mitchell – P. van Nuffelen (eds.), One God: Pagan Monotheism in the Roman Empire, Cambridge 2010, 167-208.
  • P. Niewöhner – G. Dikilitaş – E. Erkul – S. Giese – J. Gorecki – W. Prochaska – D. Sarı – H. Stümpel – A. Vardar – A. Waldner – A. V. Walser – H. Woith (eds.), Bronze Age höyüks, Iron Age hilltop forts, Roman poleis and Byzantine pilgrimage in Germia and its vicinity. “Connecti¬vity” and a lack of “definite places” on the central Anatolian high plateau, Anat Stud 63, 2013, 97-136.
  • C. Onur, Epigraphic research around Juliopolis III: Roman and Byzan¬tine inscriptions from Doğandere and Juliopolis, Gephyra 11, 2014, 101-113.
  • F. Onur, Epigraphic research around Juliopolis I: a historical and geo¬graphical overview, Gephyra 11, 2014, 65-83.
  • H. S. Öztürk, Göynük ve Mudurnu’dan Yeni Yazıtlar IV, Cedrus IV, 2016, 287-297.
  • G. Petzl, Ein frühes Zeugnis für den Hosios-Dikaios-Kult (Ricl Nr. 103), Epigr Anat 20, 1992, 143-147.
  • M. Ricl, Le Sanctuaire des Dieux Saint et Juste a Yaylababa Köyü, Živa Antika 40, 1990, 157-177.
  • M. Ricl, Hosios kai Dikaios. Premiere Partie: Catalogue des inscriptions, Epigr Anat 18, 1991, 1-70.
  • M. Ricl, Hosios kai Dikaios. Seconde partie: Analyse, Epigr Anat 19, 1992, 71-125.
  • M. Ricl, Hosios kai Dikaios. Nouveaux monuments, Epigr Anat 20, 1992, 95-100.
  • M. Ricl, Newly Published and Unpublished Inscriptions for Hosios and Dikaios and their Contribution to the Study of the Cult, in: E. Winter (ed.), Vom Euphrat bis zum Bosporus. Kleinasien in der Antike. Festschrift für Elmar Schwertheim zum 65. Geburtstag II (Asia Mi¬nor Studien 65), Bonn 2008, 563-579.
  • W. Ruge, Iuliopolis, RE 10, 1917, 102.
  • A. R. Sheppard, Pagan cults of angels in Roman Asia Minor, Talanta 12/13, 1980/1981, 77-100.
  • T. Sivas – H. Sivas, Eskişehir, Kütahya, Afyonkarahisar İlleri 2004 Yılı Arkeolojik Envanteri ve Yüzey Araştırması, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Kültür Envanteri Dergisi 4, 2005, 33-58.
  • K. Strobel, Iuliopolis, DNP 6, 1999, 18-19.
  • R. Talbert, The Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Prin¬ceton 2000. Vita Theodore of Sykeon, A. - J. Festugèire (ed.), Vie de Théodore de Sykéôn I. Texte grec II. Traduction, Commentaire et Appendice, Brussels 1970.

Kuzey Doğu Phrygia’dan Yeni Yazıtlar: Hosios ve Dikaios Kültü

Year 2018, Volume: 15, 101 - 117, 15.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.420755

Abstract

Geçtiğimiz son otuz
yılda artan sayıdaki adak yazıtlarının yayını sadece yazıtlarda tespit edilen
an­cak antik edebi eserlerde bahsedilmeyen Hosios kai Dikaios kültü hakkında
bilinenleri arttırmıştır. Hosios kai Dikaios, yani kutsal ve adil tanrı bazen
tek bir tanrı bazen de iki ayrı tanrı olarak kabul edilmiştir ve günümüze
ulaşan yazıtların büyük çoğunluğu Phrygia ve Lydia bölgelerinde bulunmuştur.
Pek çok nedenden dolayı söz konusu kült, adak yazıtlarının bulunduğu arkeolojik
bağlamda çok fazla incelenememiştir. Oysa bu eksiklik kültün organizasyonu gibi
pek çok konudaki soruyu yanıtlamayı zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu makale 2014 yılından
bu yana kuzeydoğu Phrygia’da yürütülen epigrafik yüzey araştırması kapsamında
bulunan dört yeni adak yazıtını incelemektedir. Makale ayrıca daha önce
Anderson tarafından eksik olarak yayımlanmış beşinci bir yazıtı da
içermektedir. Bu yazıtlar Eskişehir ilinin Sakarya ve Porsuk nehirleri arasında
kalan Mihalıççık ilçesine bağlı Otluk ve Kayı köylerinde bulunmuştur. Bu
çalışmada Hosios Dikaios kültü adak yazıtları, külte ait muhtemel kutsal alan
ve söz konusu yazıtların sağlandığı antik taş ocakları da incelenerek değerlen­dirilmiştir.
Makale tarihi coğrafyayı içeren birinci bölüm, yazıtların sunulduğu katalog
bölümü ve son olarak analiz ve sonuç bölümü olmak üzere üç ana bölümden oluşur.

No. 1: ‘Hayırlı olsun! Tyrannos etrafındaki Ktaenoi
Bachion kendileri ve aileleri adına bu adağı Hosios (ve) Dikaios’a sundular; (Anthos?’un
oğlu) App(as?) ve (Tyrannos?’un oğlu) Kl(audius) . . . . . . işlemleri
yürüttüler.’

No. 2: ‘İmparatorların kölesi Khryseros. Khryseros ve
köy sakinleri bu adağı Apollon ile Hosios ve Dikaios’a kendi esenlikleri için
diktiler.’

No. 3: ‘Khryseros ve köy sakinleri? bu adağı Apollon
ile Hosios ve Dikaios’a köyleri için? diktiler.’

No. 4: Hosios
ve Dikaios’a filanca ve filanca bu adağı . . . . için diktiler.











No. 5: ‘Hayırlı olsun! Filanca ve filanca bu adağı
kendileri ve aileleri için Hosios ve Dikaios’a diktiler.’

References

  • N. E. Akyürek Şahin, Anadolu’da Hosios kai Dikaios Kültü (Kutsal ve Adil Tanrı), Arkeoloji ve Sanat 118, 2004, 1-19.
  • N. E. Akyürek Şahin, Neue Weihungen für Hosios kai Dikaios, Gephyra 1, 2004, 135-148.
  • J. G. C. Anderson, Exploration in Galatia cis Halym, JHS 19, 1899, 52-134 and 318.
  • M. Arslan, Iuliopolis Nekropolü Kharon Sikkeleri, in: K. Dörtlük – O. Tekin – R. Boyraz Seyhan (eds.), First International Congress of the Anatolian Monetary History and Numismatics, İstanbul 2014, 13-24.
  • F. Avcu, Nallıhan Çevresinden Yeni Yazıtlar, in: B. Takmer – E. Akdo-ğu Arca – N. Gökalp (eds.), Vir Doctus Anatolicus. Studies in Memory of Sencer Şahin, İstanbul 2016, 162-168.
  • F. Avcu – Y. Doğan, Epigraphic research around Juliopolis II: New in¬scriptions from Nallıhan, Gephyra 11, 2014, 85-99.
  • M. Aydaş, New Inscriptions from Strotenikeia and its territory, Gephyra 6, 2009, 113-130.
  • K. Belke, Galatien und Lykaonien (TIB 4), Vienna 1984.
  • T. Corsten – M. Ricl, A dedication to Herakles, Hosios and Dikaios and Chrysea Parthenos from the Kibyratis, Gephyra 9, 2012, 143-151.
  • F. Dönmez-Öztürk – H. S. Öztürk, Göynük ve Mudurnu’dan yeni ya-zıtlar III, Cedrus 3, 2015, 243-256.
  • T. Drew-Bear, Local Cults in Graeco-Roman Phrygia, GRBS 17, 1976, 247-268.
  • T. Drew-Bear – C. M. Thomas – M. Yıldızturan, The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations: Phrygian Votive Steles, Ankara 1999.
  • E. Erten – H. Sivas, Eine Neue Weihung aus Phrygien, Epigr Anat 44, 2011, 185-196.
  • H. Güney, New Inscriptions from Choria Considiana: Çalçak Roman necropolis, Anat Stud 66, 2016, 127-128.
  • C. H. E. Haspels, The Highlands of Phrygia. Sites and Monuments, Princeton 1971. H. Hellenkemper – F. Hild, Neue Forschungen in Kilikien (TIB 4), Vienna 1986.
  • G. H. R. Horsley – J. M. Luxford, Pagan angels in Roman Asia Minor: revisiting the epigraphic evidence, Anat Stud 66, 2016, 141-183.
  • J. Strubbe, The Inscriptions of Pessinous (IK 66), Bonn 2005.
  • C. W.W. Cox – A. Cameron, Monuments from Dorylaeum et Nacolea (MAMA 5), Manchester 1937.
  • B. Levick – St. Mitchell – J. Potter – M. Waelkens, Monuments from the Aezanitis (MAMA 9), London 1988.
  • C. Marek, Der höchste, beste, größte, allmächtige Gott. Inschriften aus Nordkleinasien, Epigr Anat 32, 2000, 129-146.
  • J. Masséglia, Phrygians in relief: trends in self-representation, in: P. Thonemann (ed.), Roman Phrygia: Culture and Society, Oxford 2013, 95-123.
  • St. Mitchell, The Plancii in Asia Minor, JRS 64, 1974, 27-39.
  • St. Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor. I: The Celts and the Impact of Roman Rule; II. The Rise of the Church, Oxford 1993.
  • St. Micthell, The cult of Theos Hypsistos, in: P. Athanassiadi – M. Frede (eds.), Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity, Oxford 1999, 81-148.
  • St. Mitchell, Further thoughts on the cult of Theos Hypsistos, in: S. Mitchell – P. van Nuffelen (eds.), One God: Pagan Monotheism in the Roman Empire, Cambridge 2010, 167-208.
  • P. Niewöhner – G. Dikilitaş – E. Erkul – S. Giese – J. Gorecki – W. Prochaska – D. Sarı – H. Stümpel – A. Vardar – A. Waldner – A. V. Walser – H. Woith (eds.), Bronze Age höyüks, Iron Age hilltop forts, Roman poleis and Byzantine pilgrimage in Germia and its vicinity. “Connecti¬vity” and a lack of “definite places” on the central Anatolian high plateau, Anat Stud 63, 2013, 97-136.
  • C. Onur, Epigraphic research around Juliopolis III: Roman and Byzan¬tine inscriptions from Doğandere and Juliopolis, Gephyra 11, 2014, 101-113.
  • F. Onur, Epigraphic research around Juliopolis I: a historical and geo¬graphical overview, Gephyra 11, 2014, 65-83.
  • H. S. Öztürk, Göynük ve Mudurnu’dan Yeni Yazıtlar IV, Cedrus IV, 2016, 287-297.
  • G. Petzl, Ein frühes Zeugnis für den Hosios-Dikaios-Kult (Ricl Nr. 103), Epigr Anat 20, 1992, 143-147.
  • M. Ricl, Le Sanctuaire des Dieux Saint et Juste a Yaylababa Köyü, Živa Antika 40, 1990, 157-177.
  • M. Ricl, Hosios kai Dikaios. Premiere Partie: Catalogue des inscriptions, Epigr Anat 18, 1991, 1-70.
  • M. Ricl, Hosios kai Dikaios. Seconde partie: Analyse, Epigr Anat 19, 1992, 71-125.
  • M. Ricl, Hosios kai Dikaios. Nouveaux monuments, Epigr Anat 20, 1992, 95-100.
  • M. Ricl, Newly Published and Unpublished Inscriptions for Hosios and Dikaios and their Contribution to the Study of the Cult, in: E. Winter (ed.), Vom Euphrat bis zum Bosporus. Kleinasien in der Antike. Festschrift für Elmar Schwertheim zum 65. Geburtstag II (Asia Mi¬nor Studien 65), Bonn 2008, 563-579.
  • W. Ruge, Iuliopolis, RE 10, 1917, 102.
  • A. R. Sheppard, Pagan cults of angels in Roman Asia Minor, Talanta 12/13, 1980/1981, 77-100.
  • T. Sivas – H. Sivas, Eskişehir, Kütahya, Afyonkarahisar İlleri 2004 Yılı Arkeolojik Envanteri ve Yüzey Araştırması, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Kültür Envanteri Dergisi 4, 2005, 33-58.
  • K. Strobel, Iuliopolis, DNP 6, 1999, 18-19.
  • R. Talbert, The Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Prin¬ceton 2000. Vita Theodore of Sykeon, A. - J. Festugèire (ed.), Vie de Théodore de Sykéôn I. Texte grec II. Traduction, Commentaire et Appendice, Brussels 1970.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hale Güney This is me

Publication Date May 15, 2018
Submission Date January 16, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 15

Cite

APA Güney, H. (2018). New Inscriptions from Northeast Phrygia: The Cult of Hosios and Dikaios. Gephyra, 15, 101-117. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.420755
AMA Güney H. New Inscriptions from Northeast Phrygia: The Cult of Hosios and Dikaios. GEPHYRA. May 2018;15:101-117. doi:10.37095/gephyra.420755
Chicago Güney, Hale. “New Inscriptions from Northeast Phrygia: The Cult of Hosios and Dikaios”. Gephyra 15, May (May 2018): 101-17. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.420755.
EndNote Güney H (May 1, 2018) New Inscriptions from Northeast Phrygia: The Cult of Hosios and Dikaios. Gephyra 15 101–117.
IEEE H. Güney, “New Inscriptions from Northeast Phrygia: The Cult of Hosios and Dikaios”, GEPHYRA, vol. 15, pp. 101–117, 2018, doi: 10.37095/gephyra.420755.
ISNAD Güney, Hale. “New Inscriptions from Northeast Phrygia: The Cult of Hosios and Dikaios”. Gephyra 15 (May 2018), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.420755.
JAMA Güney H. New Inscriptions from Northeast Phrygia: The Cult of Hosios and Dikaios. GEPHYRA. 2018;15:101–117.
MLA Güney, Hale. “New Inscriptions from Northeast Phrygia: The Cult of Hosios and Dikaios”. Gephyra, vol. 15, 2018, pp. 101-17, doi:10.37095/gephyra.420755.
Vancouver Güney H. New Inscriptions from Northeast Phrygia: The Cult of Hosios and Dikaios. GEPHYRA. 2018;15:101-17.