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Countermarks in the Name “Galba” on Roman Imperial and Provincial Coinages: Considerations on the Countermarks and the Circulation of Local Bronze Coins in Pannonia (?), Moesia, Thrace and Asia Minor (?)

Year 2018, Volume: 16, 37 - 73, 15.11.2018
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.479798

Abstract

This article investigates the eight different imperial
countermarks with Latin and Greek legends that use the name “Galba,” either
spelled out or abbreviated, in order to verify, correct, and update the
sequence of known types, cataloguing specimens identified since publication of
RPC-I, on the one hand, and, on the other, describing the social context where
the countermarking operation was set up around the lower Danube limes and the
province of Pontus et Bithynia, activity in keeping with the Galba’s imperial
policy. It singles out questions over the areas where the countermarks were
struck and the coinage distributed, offering concise discussion of these
problems that takes in­to account important new evidence from recently
documented specimens. Certain facets of both the minting and circulation of
imperial bronze coinage that had not been properly assessed hereto­fore are
limned. Special attention is paid to the moneying operations of the Roman
Legionary ad­ministration, run, of course, in close coordination with the
provincial administrative apparatus. The reading of two countermarks has been
corrected, compared to the GIC catalog. Three new countermark types have also
been identified. Finally, the catalog devotes a section to modern forge­ries,
specimens found rather often, whose lack of proper documentation may make it
impossible to ascertain the nature of the counterfeiting.

References

  • E. Bianchi, Il Senato e la “damnatio memoriae” da Caligola a Domiziano, Politica Antica I (gennaio-dicembre), 2014, 33-54.
  • D. Calomino, Defacing the Past. Damnation and Desecration in Imperial Rome, London 2016.
  • D. Draganov, The Countermarks of Moesia Inferior and Thrace, Klio 73, 495-509, 1991.
  • J. Geranio, The Counter Marked Coinage of the Julio Claudians, www.flickr.com/groups, 2014-
  • C. J. Howgego, Greek Imperial Countermarks. Studies in the Provincial Coiange of the Roman Empire, Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication no. 17, London 1985.
  • W. Hahn, Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in Österreich. III. Niederösterreich. I. Carnuntum, Wien 1976.
  • C .J. Howgego, Greek Legends and Roman Types: a Neroanian Enigma, Schweizerische Münzblätter 140 (November), 1985, 88-92. illyricum65, I tre rottami della settimana, www.lamoneta.it/topic.
  • H. -M. von Kaenel, Britannicus, Agrippina Minor und Nero in Thrakien, Schweizerische Numismatic Rundschau 63, 1984, 127-166.
  • P. Kos - A. Šemrov, Roman Impeial Coins and Countermarks on the 1st Century (Augustus Traianus), Situla 33, Ljubljana 1995.
  • D. W. MacDowall, Two Roman Countermarks of A.D. 68, Numismatic Chronicle 20, 1960, 103-112.
  • R. Martini, Monete romane imperiali contromarcate di bronzo dall'area delle province della Moesia e della Thracia di I secolo d.C. Volume I. Parte 1. Tipologie delle contromarche. Parte 2. Catalogo del materiale (censimento delle monete dalla Moesia e dalla Thracia e delle contromarche di area pannonica). Parte 3. Monete ausiliarie e falsificazioni, Milano (Collezioni Numismatiche 2) 2002.
  • R. Martini, Monete romane imperiali contromarcate di bronzo dall'area delle province della Moesia e della Thracia di I secolo d.C. Volume 2. Parte 1. ronologia relativa alle contromarche. Parte 2. Catalogo del materiale (censimento delle monete dalla Moesia e dalla Thracia e delle contromarche di area pannonica). Parte 3. Tecniche di produzione dellemonete e delle contromarche. Parte 4. Tipologie delle contromarche. Addenda I, Milano (Collezioni Numismatiche 3), 2003.
  • R. Martini, Collezione Pangerl. Contromarche imperiali romane (Augustus - Vespasianus), Milano (Nomismata 6) 2003.
  • R. Martini, Monete imperiali contromarcate. Nota II. Sesterzio di Tiberius per il Divus Augustus con contromarca NCAPR, Quaderno di Studi LXVIII (marzo-aprile), 1-39, 2005.
  • R. Martini, Countermarks with “god standing” and “spiked helmet” types struck in Sicily on Rome-minted Augustan sesterces from the Moesia-Thrace region: New evidence of legionary movements in Julian-Claudian times, Ex nummis lux. Studies in Ancient Numismatics in Honour of Dimitad Draganov [ed. D. Boteva], Sofia 2017, 235-260.
  • A. Burnett, M. Amandry, P.P. Ripollès, Roman Provincial Coinage. Volume I. From the death of Caesar to the death of Vitellius (44 BC - AD 69), London - Paris 1992.
  • A. Burnett, M. Amandry, P.P. Ripollès, Roman Provincial Coinage. Supplemet I, London – Paris 1998.
  • A. Burnett, M. Amandry, P.P. Ripollès, I. Carradine, Roman Provincial Coinage. Supplemet 2, www.uv.es/~ripolles/rpc_2 (2006).
  • C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage. Volume I (Revised edition). 31 BC - AD 69, London 1984.
  • E. Schönert, Die Münzprägung von Perinthos, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1965.
  • A Countermark of Galba on coin of Nero [bulgarian text], Numizmatika 20.2, 36-38, 1986.
  • Counter-marked Roman coins from Lower Danube, Macedonian Numismatic Journal 3, 45-49, 1999.

Roma İmparatorluk ve Eyalet Sikkeleri Üzerinde Bulunan “Galba” İsimli Kontrmarklar Kontrmarklar Üzerine Düşünceler ve Yerli Bronz Sikkelerin Pannonia (?), Moesia, Thrakia ve Küçük Asya’daki (?) Sirkülasyonu

Year 2018, Volume: 16, 37 - 73, 15.11.2018
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.479798

Abstract

Bu makale, bir yandan RPC-I’in yayınlanmasından itibaren
tanımlanan tipleri kataloglayarak, öte yandan aşağı Tuna sınırı ve Pontus et
Bithynia eyaleti etrafında kontrmark işlemlerin kurulduğu yerde, Galba’nın
emperyal politikasıyla uyum içindeki bir faaliyet olan sosyal bağlamı
tanımlayarak, bilinen tiplerin sırasını doğrulamak, düzeltmek ve geliştirmek
amacıyla ya komple yazılmış ya da kısaltılmış şekilde “Galba” ismini kullanan
Latince ve Yunanca lejantlı sekiz farklı imparatorluk kontrmarkını
araştırmaktadır. Bu makale, kontrmarkların basıldığı bölgeler ve basılmış
sikkelerin dağılımı ile ilgili soruları aralarından seçip bu sorunlara son
zamanlarda belgelenen tiplerle alakalı önemli yeni kanıtları göz önüne getiren
kısa bir tartışma sunmaktadır. Şimdiye kadar tam anlamıyla incelenmemiş olan
imparatorluk dönemi sikkelerinin hem basımı hem de sirkülasyonunun belirgin
özellikleri resmedilmiştir. Özel önem elbette eyaletlerin idari yönetimi ile
birlikte yakın bir ilişki içinde giden Roma lejyon yönetiminin parayla ilgili
operasyonlarına verilmiştir. İki tane kontrmarkın okunuşu GİC kataloğuyla
karşılaştırılarak düzeltilmiştir. Ayrıca üç tane yeni kontrmark tipi
tanımlanmıştır. Son olarak kataloğun bir bölümü modern sahteciliğe ayrılmıştır.
Bu tipler uygun belgelendirme yokluğu sahtekârlığın biçimini tespit etmeyi
imkânsız kıldığından dolayı oldukça sık bulunmaktadır.

References

  • E. Bianchi, Il Senato e la “damnatio memoriae” da Caligola a Domiziano, Politica Antica I (gennaio-dicembre), 2014, 33-54.
  • D. Calomino, Defacing the Past. Damnation and Desecration in Imperial Rome, London 2016.
  • D. Draganov, The Countermarks of Moesia Inferior and Thrace, Klio 73, 495-509, 1991.
  • J. Geranio, The Counter Marked Coinage of the Julio Claudians, www.flickr.com/groups, 2014-
  • C. J. Howgego, Greek Imperial Countermarks. Studies in the Provincial Coiange of the Roman Empire, Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication no. 17, London 1985.
  • W. Hahn, Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in Österreich. III. Niederösterreich. I. Carnuntum, Wien 1976.
  • C .J. Howgego, Greek Legends and Roman Types: a Neroanian Enigma, Schweizerische Münzblätter 140 (November), 1985, 88-92. illyricum65, I tre rottami della settimana, www.lamoneta.it/topic.
  • H. -M. von Kaenel, Britannicus, Agrippina Minor und Nero in Thrakien, Schweizerische Numismatic Rundschau 63, 1984, 127-166.
  • P. Kos - A. Šemrov, Roman Impeial Coins and Countermarks on the 1st Century (Augustus Traianus), Situla 33, Ljubljana 1995.
  • D. W. MacDowall, Two Roman Countermarks of A.D. 68, Numismatic Chronicle 20, 1960, 103-112.
  • R. Martini, Monete romane imperiali contromarcate di bronzo dall'area delle province della Moesia e della Thracia di I secolo d.C. Volume I. Parte 1. Tipologie delle contromarche. Parte 2. Catalogo del materiale (censimento delle monete dalla Moesia e dalla Thracia e delle contromarche di area pannonica). Parte 3. Monete ausiliarie e falsificazioni, Milano (Collezioni Numismatiche 2) 2002.
  • R. Martini, Monete romane imperiali contromarcate di bronzo dall'area delle province della Moesia e della Thracia di I secolo d.C. Volume 2. Parte 1. ronologia relativa alle contromarche. Parte 2. Catalogo del materiale (censimento delle monete dalla Moesia e dalla Thracia e delle contromarche di area pannonica). Parte 3. Tecniche di produzione dellemonete e delle contromarche. Parte 4. Tipologie delle contromarche. Addenda I, Milano (Collezioni Numismatiche 3), 2003.
  • R. Martini, Collezione Pangerl. Contromarche imperiali romane (Augustus - Vespasianus), Milano (Nomismata 6) 2003.
  • R. Martini, Monete imperiali contromarcate. Nota II. Sesterzio di Tiberius per il Divus Augustus con contromarca NCAPR, Quaderno di Studi LXVIII (marzo-aprile), 1-39, 2005.
  • R. Martini, Countermarks with “god standing” and “spiked helmet” types struck in Sicily on Rome-minted Augustan sesterces from the Moesia-Thrace region: New evidence of legionary movements in Julian-Claudian times, Ex nummis lux. Studies in Ancient Numismatics in Honour of Dimitad Draganov [ed. D. Boteva], Sofia 2017, 235-260.
  • A. Burnett, M. Amandry, P.P. Ripollès, Roman Provincial Coinage. Volume I. From the death of Caesar to the death of Vitellius (44 BC - AD 69), London - Paris 1992.
  • A. Burnett, M. Amandry, P.P. Ripollès, Roman Provincial Coinage. Supplemet I, London – Paris 1998.
  • A. Burnett, M. Amandry, P.P. Ripollès, I. Carradine, Roman Provincial Coinage. Supplemet 2, www.uv.es/~ripolles/rpc_2 (2006).
  • C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage. Volume I (Revised edition). 31 BC - AD 69, London 1984.
  • E. Schönert, Die Münzprägung von Perinthos, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1965.
  • A Countermark of Galba on coin of Nero [bulgarian text], Numizmatika 20.2, 36-38, 1986.
  • Counter-marked Roman coins from Lower Danube, Macedonian Numismatic Journal 3, 45-49, 1999.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Rodolfo Martini

Publication Date November 15, 2018
Submission Date July 3, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 16

Cite

APA Martini, R. (2018). Countermarks in the Name “Galba” on Roman Imperial and Provincial Coinages: Considerations on the Countermarks and the Circulation of Local Bronze Coins in Pannonia (?), Moesia, Thrace and Asia Minor (?). Gephyra, 16, 37-73. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.479798
AMA Martini R. Countermarks in the Name “Galba” on Roman Imperial and Provincial Coinages: Considerations on the Countermarks and the Circulation of Local Bronze Coins in Pannonia (?), Moesia, Thrace and Asia Minor (?). GEPHYRA. November 2018;16:37-73. doi:10.37095/gephyra.479798
Chicago Martini, Rodolfo. “Countermarks in the Name ‘Galba’ on Roman Imperial and Provincial Coinages: Considerations on the Countermarks and the Circulation of Local Bronze Coins in Pannonia (?), Moesia, Thrace and Asia Minor (?)”. Gephyra 16, November (November 2018): 37-73. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.479798.
EndNote Martini R (November 1, 2018) Countermarks in the Name “Galba” on Roman Imperial and Provincial Coinages: Considerations on the Countermarks and the Circulation of Local Bronze Coins in Pannonia (?), Moesia, Thrace and Asia Minor (?). Gephyra 16 37–73.
IEEE R. Martini, “Countermarks in the Name ‘Galba’ on Roman Imperial and Provincial Coinages: Considerations on the Countermarks and the Circulation of Local Bronze Coins in Pannonia (?), Moesia, Thrace and Asia Minor (?)”, GEPHYRA, vol. 16, pp. 37–73, 2018, doi: 10.37095/gephyra.479798.
ISNAD Martini, Rodolfo. “Countermarks in the Name ‘Galba’ on Roman Imperial and Provincial Coinages: Considerations on the Countermarks and the Circulation of Local Bronze Coins in Pannonia (?), Moesia, Thrace and Asia Minor (?)”. Gephyra 16 (November 2018), 37-73. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.479798.
JAMA Martini R. Countermarks in the Name “Galba” on Roman Imperial and Provincial Coinages: Considerations on the Countermarks and the Circulation of Local Bronze Coins in Pannonia (?), Moesia, Thrace and Asia Minor (?). GEPHYRA. 2018;16:37–73.
MLA Martini, Rodolfo. “Countermarks in the Name ‘Galba’ on Roman Imperial and Provincial Coinages: Considerations on the Countermarks and the Circulation of Local Bronze Coins in Pannonia (?), Moesia, Thrace and Asia Minor (?)”. Gephyra, vol. 16, 2018, pp. 37-73, doi:10.37095/gephyra.479798.
Vancouver Martini R. Countermarks in the Name “Galba” on Roman Imperial and Provincial Coinages: Considerations on the Countermarks and the Circulation of Local Bronze Coins in Pannonia (?), Moesia, Thrace and Asia Minor (?). GEPHYRA. 2018;16:37-73.