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Neue Inschriften aus Bilecik 1

Year 2022, Volume: 23, 101 - 184, 15.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1085157

Abstract

This article primarily introduces new inscriptions found in Bilecik province, most of which are preserved today in Bilecik Museum, although, some inscriptions remain in the field. The remaining inscriptions in the museum are to be published in another article in the next issue of this journal, which we are preparing as the continuation of this article.
Bilecik Museum, the foundation of which began in 2005 and which was officially opened in 2010, is one of Turkey’s new museums. Due to the large number of stone artifacts found in the area, a museum was needed to preserve and display them. Most of the works in the Bilecik Museum are a collection compiled from the towns and villages of Bilecik. However, during the foundation of the museum, artifacts were also brought to it from the surrounding museums such as Kütahya and Afyon. However, some of them do not belong culturally to the Bilecik region, see. e.g. here no. 1, 7, 23-27. We also recorded inscriptions in a small museum in Söğüt, a town of Bilecik, in the Söğüt Museum at that time, and we are now publishing them here in this paper, as these stones were later transported from Söğüt to the Bilecik Museum. Today, the region belonging to the province of Bilecik was largely within the territory of the ancient city of Nikaia. The inscriptions of Nikaia and its surroundings were published by the late Prof. Dr. Sencer Şahin (I.Nikaia) between 1978-1987 in 5 volumes. During the foundation of the Bilecik Museum in 2005, the museum administration at that time consulted with Prof. Sencer Şahin in order that he could transcribe and translate the many inscriptions into Turkish. Sencer Şahin commissioned me (N. Eda Akyürek Şahin) with examining these inscriptions and translating them into Turkish. For this purpose, many artefacts, both those brought to the museum and those that were still in the field and recorded by the museum authorities, were transcribed and studied by me and their translations were provided to the museum. Later, for a few years (e.g. 2010-2011, 2013), I conducted epigraphic research in the Bilecik Museum with the permission of the Ministry of Culture and the museum directorate, including field research in the region under the permission and supervision of the museum authorities. This because at that time it was understood that these artefacts were going to be transported from the field to the museum, but unfortunately most of them remained in the field.
Bilecik is very rich in terms of its inscriptions. The general character of the region was rural and consisted of villages and farms. However, the density of the finds shows that this region was densely populated at that time. It is seen that the inscriptions are mainly divided into two groups, votive inscriptions and funerary inscriptions. The names of many gods are mentioned in the inscriptions. The artifacts are typologically in the form of prism-shaped altars or stelae with pediments. While altars are mostly preferred as votive stones, we see the stele are usually tombstones. Apart from these, there are also inscribed tombstones in the form of an architrave (see no. 41-42). At that time these architraves probably stood on great altars. Numerous personal names are documented in the inscriptions. All of the inscriptions belong to the Roman Imperial Period. There are quite a few inscriptions containing the surname Aurelius. Artifacts without inscriptions or whose inscriptions are not visible today are also included in this article in order to be known in the scientific world (nos. 61-78). In addition, photographs of previously published artifacts that are currently preserved in the museum (including the 3 altars standing today in the garden of the Bilecik Gendarmerie) have been added to the end of the article. These inscriptions were previously in the field and most of them were first published by Sencer Şahin.

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Bilecik’ten Yeni Yazıtlar 1

Year 2022, Volume: 23, 101 - 184, 15.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1085157

Abstract

Bu makalede ağırlıklı olarak Bilecik ilinde ele geçen yeni yazıtlar tanıtılmaktadır. Yazıtların çoğu günümüzde Bilecik Müzesi’nde korunmaktadır. Ancak bazı yazıtlar hâlâ arazidedir. Müzedeki geri kalan yazıtlar ise bu makalenin devamı niteliğinde hazırladığımız ve bu derginin bir sonraki sayısında, ikinci bir makalede yayınlanacaktır.
2005 yılında temelleri atılan ve 2010 yılında resmi olarak kurulan Bilecik Müzesi Türkiye’nin yeni müzelerinden biridir. Bölgede bulunan çok sayıda taş eser nedeniyle, bunları korumak ve sergilemek için bir müzeye ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bilecik Müzesi’ndeki eserlerin çoğu, Bilecik iline bağlı ilçe ve köylerden derlenmiş bir koleksiyondur. Ancak müzenin oluşturulması sırasında Kütahya veya Afyon müzesi gibi çevre müzelerden de eserler de getirilmiştir. Ancak bunlardan bazıları kültürel olarak Bilecik bölgesine ait değildir, bkz. örn. burada no. 1, 7, 23-27. Bilecik’in ilçesi Söğüt’te küçük bir müzede yöreden toplanmış olan yazıtları o dönemde Söğüt Müzesi’nde çalışmıştık ve onları şimdi burada yayınlıyoruz. Ancak bu taşlar daha sonra Söğüt’ten Bilecik Müzesi’ne getirilmiştir. Bugün Bilecik iline ait bölge Eskiçağ’da büyük ölçüde Nikaia antik kentinin egemenliği altındaydı. Nikaia kenti ve çevresinden ele geçen yazıtlar 1978-1987 yılları arasında rahmetli Prof. Dr. Sencer Şahin tarafından 5 corpus çalışmasında (I.Nikaia) ele alınmıştır. 2005 yılında Bilecik Müzesi’nin kurulması sırasında bölgeden çok sayıda yazıtın okunup Türkçe’ye çevrilmesi amacıyla o dönemki müze yönetimi bölgenin uzmanı Prof. Sencer Şahin’e başvurmuştur. Şahin beni (N. Eda Akyürek Şahin) bu yazıtları incelemek ve Türkçe’ye çevirmekle görevlendirmişti. Bu amaçla müzeye getirilen ve hâlâ arazide olup da müze yetkilileri tarafından kayıt altına alınan birçok eser tarafımdan okunup analiz edilmiş ve bunların çevirileri müzeye gönderilmiştir. Daha sonra birkaç sene (örn. 2010-2011, 2013) Kültür Bakanlığı’nın ve müzenin izniyle Bilecik Müzesi’nde çalışmalar yürütmüş ayrıca müze yetkililerinin izni ve denetiminde bölgede çalışmalar da yapmıştım. Çünkü o zaman yazıtlarını okuduğum bu taşlar da araziden müzeye taşınacaktı ama ne yazık ki çoğu arazide kaldı.
Bilecik yöresi yazıtlar açısından oldukça zengindir. Nikaia ile bağlantılı bir bölge olmasına rağmen yörenin genel karakteri kırsal idi ve köy ve çiftliklerden oluşuyordu. Ancak buluntuların yoğunluğu bu bölgenin o dönemde yoğun nüfusa sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Yazıtların başlıca adak yazıtları ve mezar yazıtları olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldığı görülmektedir. Yazıtlarda birçok tanrının ismi geçmektedir. Mezar yazıtları da formül olarak bölgede bulunan diğer yazıtlara benzemektedir. Eserler tipolojik olarak prizma biçimli altarlar veya alınlıklı steller şeklindedir. Altarlar daha çok adak taşı olarak tercih edilirken stellerin genellikle mezar taşı olduğunu görüyoruz. Bunların dışında yazıtlı arşitrav biçimli mezar taşları da vardır (bkz. no. 41-42). O zamanlar bu arşitravlar muhtemelen büyük altarlar üzerinde duruyordu. Yazıtlarda çok sayıda şahıs ismi belgelenmektedir. Yazıtların hepsinin Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne ait olduğu görülmektedir. Aurelius soyadını içeren epeyce yazıt vardır. Müzede bulunan yazıtsız veya yazıtları kaybolmuş eserler de bilim dünyasında bilinmeleri amacıyla bu makaleye dahil edilmiştir, bkz. no. 61-78. Ayrıca şu anda müzede bulunup da daha önce yayınlanmış eserlerin fotoğrafları da (Bilecik Jandarmasının bahçesinde duran 3 adak altarı dahil) makalenin sonuna eklenmiştir. Bu yazıtlar daha önce arazide idiler ve çoğu Sencer Şahin tarafından yayımlanmıştır.

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  • İ. Delemen, Anatolian Rider-Gods. A Study on Stone Finds from the Regions of Lycia, Pisidia, Isauria, Lycaonia, Phrygia, Lydia and Caria in the Late Roman Period (AMS 35), Bonn 1999.
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  • F. Dönmez Öztürk, Nikaia’dan Yeni Yazıtlar, Cedrus I, 2013, 285-292.
  • T. Drew-Bear – C. M. Thomas – M. Yıldızturan, Phrygian Votive Steles, Ankara 1999.
  • I. Duridanov, Die thrakischen Personennamen Bithyniens, Linguistique balkanique XXIV, 1981, 31-42.
  • P. Frei, Inschriften und Reliefs. Ein Beitrag zur lokalen Religionsgeschichte Anatoliens, in: S. Buzzi et al. (Hrsgg.), Zona Archaeologica. Festschrift für Hans Peter Isler zum 60. Geburtstag, Bonn 2001, 135-158 (SEG 51, 2001, Nr. 1777-1781).
  • Ş. D. Ful, A Dedication to Isis and Sarapis, Epigr Anat 42, 2009, 101.
  • E. Gibson, The “Christians for Christians” Inscriptions of Phrygia, Ann Arbor 1978.
  • F. T. Gignac, A Grammar of the Greek Papyri of the Roman and Byzantine Periods. Volume I, Phonology, Milano 1976.
  • A. P. Gregory, Village society in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor (Unpublizierte Dissertation/Universität Columbia), New York 1997.
  • R. Haensch – P. Weiss, Statthaltergewichte aus Pontus et Bithynia. Neue Exemplare und neue Erkenntnisse, Chiron 36, 2007, 183-218.
  • P. Herrmann – K. Z. Polatkan, Das Testament des Epikrates und andere neue Inschriften aus dem Museum von Manisa, Wien 1969.
  • S. E. Johnson, The Present State of Sabazios Research, ANRW II, 17.3, 1984, 1583-1613.
  • I. Kajanto, The Latin Cognomina, Helsinki-Helsingfors 1965.
  • Ş. Kileci, A New Epigram in the Uşak Museum: The Relief Stele of Maximus, Gephyra 20, 2020, 143-151.
  • C. Kokkinia, Rosen für die Toten im griechischen Raum und eine neue ῥοδισμός-Inschrift aus Bithynien, Museum Helveticum 56, 1999, 203-221.
  • T. Lochman, Eine Gruppe spätrömischer Grabsteine aus Phrygien, E. Berger (Hrsg.), Antike Kunstwerke aus der Sammlung Ludwig III. Die Skulpturen, Mainz 1990, 453-508.
  • T. Lochman, Provinzkunst und Kunstzentrum. Einige Beobachtungen an Grabsteinen aus dem Gebiet um Kadoi in der Mysia Abbaïtis, in: Akten des 1. Internationalen Kolloquiums über Probleme des Provinzialrömischen Kunstschaffens, Graz, 27.-30. April 1989, Teil II (MAGesStei 5), 1991, 57-82.
  • T. Lochman, Deux reliefs Anatoliens au Musée des Beaux-Arts de Budapest, BMusHongr 74, 1991, 11-24.
  • T. Lochman, Studien zu kaiserzeitlichen Grab- und Votivereliefs aus Phrygien, Basel 2003.
  • Chr. Marek – M. Adak, Epigraphische Forschungen in Bithynien, Paphlagonien, Galatien und Pontos, İstanbul 2016.
  • G. Mendel, Catalogue des monuments grecs, romains et byzantins du Musée Impérial Ottoman de Brousse, BCH 33, 1909, 245-435.
  • S. Mitchell, The Cult of Theos Hypsistos between Pagans, Jews, and Christians, in: P. Athanassiadi – M. Frede (Hrsgg.), Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity, Oxford 1999, 81-148.
  • S. Mitchell, Further thoughts on the cult of Theos Hypsistos, in: S. Mitchell – P. van Nuffelen (Hrsgg.), One God. Pagan Monotheism in the Roman Empire, Cambridge 2010, 167-208.
  • T. Nuorluoto, Roman Female Cognomina: Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women, Uppsala 2021.
  • M. Oktan, Ein neues Epigramm aus Bozüyük (Lamunia), Gephyra 7, 2010, 89-94.
  • H. S. Öztürk, Nikaia’dan (Bithynia) Yeni Yazıtlar I, Arkeoloji ve Sanat 137, 2011, 147-154.
  • H. S. Öztürk, Nikaia’dan Yeni Yazıtlar IV: İznik Arkeoloji Müzesi (Bursa), Cedrus I, 2013, 293-298.
  • H. S. Öztürk, Nikaia’dan Yeni Yazıtlar VIII, Phaselis IV, 2018, 361-369.
  • H. S. Öztürk, Nikaia ve Nikomedeia’dan Yeni Yazıtlar X (New Inscriptions from Nicaea and Nicomedia X), Phaselis V, 2019, 391-395.
  • H. S. Öztürk, Nikaia’dan Yeni Yazıtlar XI (New Inscriptions from Nikaia XI), Libri V, 2019, 307-314.
  • H. S. Öztürk, Nikaia Egemenlik Alanı Epigrafik-Tarihi, Coğrafya Araştırmaları I. Osmaneli/Lefke (Bilecik), İstanbul 2022.
  • H. S. Öztürk – S. Kılıç Aslan, Nikaia’dan Yeni Yazıtlar II: (New Inscriptions from Nikaia II), Gephyra 9, 2012, 101-110.
  • H. S. Öztürk – C. Pilevneli, Nikaia’dan Yeni Yazıtlar III: (New Inscriptions from Nikaia III), Mediterranean Journal of Humanities (MJH) II/2, 2012, 189-203.
  • H. S. Öztürk – F. D. Öztürk – B. Öztürk – C. Pilevneli – S. K. Aslan, Nikaia Egemenlik Alanı (Bithynia) 2010-2011 Yılı Epigrafik-Tarihi Coğrafya Yüzey Araştırmasına İlişkin Genel Sonuçlar, Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 30/1, 2012, 83-88.
  • H. S. Öztürk – E. Demirhan, Nikaia’dan Yeni Yazıtlar VI (New Inscriptions from Nikaia VI), Phaselis II, 2016, 167-177.
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  • H. S. Öztürk – E. Demirhan Öztürk – H. Nikolayidis – A. Gündüz, Nikaia’dan Yeni Yazıtlar VII (New Inscriptions from Nikaia VII), TÜBA-AR 22, 2018, 231-243.
  • H. S. Öztürk – E. Demirhan Öztürk, Nikaia’dan Yeni Yazıtlar IX (New Inscriptions from Nikaia IX), Arkeoloji ve Sanat 159, 2018, 81-92.
  • H. S. Öztürk – A. Aktaş – E. Demirhan Öztürk, New Inscriptions from Nikaia XII. Sanctuary of Zeus Bronton in Ahmetler Village, Pazaryeri District, Gephyra 20, 2020, 171-192.
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Neue Inschriften aus Bilecik 1

Year 2022, Volume: 23, 101 - 184, 15.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1085157

Abstract

This article primarily introduces new inscriptions found in Bilecik province, most of which are preserved today in Bilecik Museum, although, some inscriptions remain in the field. The remaining inscriptions in the museum are to be published in another article in the next issue of this journal, which we are preparing as the continuation of this article.
Bilecik Museum, the foundation of which began in 2005 and which was officially opened in 2010, is one of Turkey’s new museums. Due to the large number of stone artifacts found in the area, a museum was needed to preserve and display them. Most of the works in the Bilecik Museum are a collection compiled from the towns and villages of Bilecik. However, during the foundation of the museum, artifacts were also brought to it from the surrounding museums such as Kütahya and Afyon. However, some of them do not belong culturally to the Bilecik region, see. e.g. here no. 1, 7, 23-27. We also recorded inscriptions in a small museum in Söğüt, a town of Bilecik, in the Söğüt Museum at that time, and we are now publishing them here in this paper, as these stones were later transported from Söğüt to the Bilecik Museum. Today, the region belonging to the province of Bilecik was largely within the territory of the ancient city of Nikaia. The inscriptions of Nikaia and its surroundings were published by the late Prof. Dr. Sencer Şahin (I.Nikaia) between 1978-1987 in 5 volumes. During the foundation of the Bilecik Museum in 2005, the museum administration at that time consulted with Prof. Sencer Şahin in order that he could transcribe and translate the many inscriptions into Turkish. Sencer Şahin commissioned me (N. Eda Akyürek Şahin) with examining these inscriptions and translating them into Turkish. For this purpose, many artefacts, both those brought to the museum and those that were still in the field and recorded by the museum authorities, were transcribed and studied by me and their translations were provided to the museum. Later, for a few years (e.g. 2010-2011, 2013), I conducted epigraphic research in the Bilecik Museum with the permission of the Ministry of Culture and the museum directorate, including field research in the region under the permission and supervision of the museum authorities. This because at that time it was understood that these artefacts were going to be transported from the field to the museum, but unfortunately most of them remained in the field.
Bilecik is very rich in terms of its inscriptions. The general character of the region was rural and consisted of villages and farms. However, the density of the finds shows that this region was densely populated at that time. It is seen that the inscriptions are mainly divided into two groups, votive inscriptions and funerary inscriptions. The names of many gods are mentioned in the inscriptions. The artifacts are typologically in the form of prism-shaped altars or stelae with pediments. While altars are mostly preferred as votive stones, we see the stele are usually tombstones. Apart from these, there are also inscribed tombstones in the form of an architrave (see no. 41-42). At that time these architraves probably stood on great altars. Numerous personal names are documented in the inscriptions. All of the inscriptions belong to the Roman Imperial Period. There are quite a few inscriptions containing the surname Aurelius. Artifacts without inscriptions or whose inscriptions are not visible today are also included in this article in order to be known in the scientific world (nos. 61-78). In addition, photographs of previously published artifacts that are currently preserved in the museum (including the 3 altars standing today in the garden of the Bilecik Gendarmerie) have been added to the end of the article. These inscriptions were previously in the field and most of them were first published by Sencer Şahin.

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There are 83 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language German
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nalan Eda Akyürek Şahin

Hüseyin Uzunoğlu 0000-0001-7707-4647

Publication Date May 15, 2022
Submission Date March 9, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 23

Cite

APA Akyürek Şahin, N. E., & Uzunoğlu, H. (2022). Neue Inschriften aus Bilecik 1. Gephyra, 23, 101-184. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1085157
AMA Akyürek Şahin NE, Uzunoğlu H. Neue Inschriften aus Bilecik 1. GEPHYRA. May 2022;23:101-184. doi:10.37095/gephyra.1085157
Chicago Akyürek Şahin, Nalan Eda, and Hüseyin Uzunoğlu. “Neue Inschriften Aus Bilecik 1”. Gephyra 23, May (May 2022): 101-84. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1085157.
EndNote Akyürek Şahin NE, Uzunoğlu H (May 1, 2022) Neue Inschriften aus Bilecik 1. Gephyra 23 101–184.
IEEE N. E. Akyürek Şahin and H. Uzunoğlu, “Neue Inschriften aus Bilecik 1”, GEPHYRA, vol. 23, pp. 101–184, 2022, doi: 10.37095/gephyra.1085157.
ISNAD Akyürek Şahin, Nalan Eda - Uzunoğlu, Hüseyin. “Neue Inschriften Aus Bilecik 1”. Gephyra 23 (May 2022), 101-184. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1085157.
JAMA Akyürek Şahin NE, Uzunoğlu H. Neue Inschriften aus Bilecik 1. GEPHYRA. 2022;23:101–184.
MLA Akyürek Şahin, Nalan Eda and Hüseyin Uzunoğlu. “Neue Inschriften Aus Bilecik 1”. Gephyra, vol. 23, 2022, pp. 101-84, doi:10.37095/gephyra.1085157.
Vancouver Akyürek Şahin NE, Uzunoğlu H. Neue Inschriften aus Bilecik 1. GEPHYRA. 2022;23:101-84.