Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Coinage of Kalynda

Year 2025, Volume: 29, 27 - 49, 11.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1540405

Abstract

This study discusses the coinage of Kalynda, the exact location of whose polis centre remains uncertain. Located near the Karian-Lycian border, Kalynda probably struck civic coins beginning in the 1st century BC. The coinage of the city includes three bronze series. The minting place of a series of silver coins previously attributed to Kalynda remains debated. The bronze coins predominantly depict Artemis and symbols associated with the goddess, indicating her importance in the city. The iconographic similarities between Kalynda’s coins and those of other Karian and Lycian cities, particularly the Lycian League, suggest that Kalynda’s coinage may have been influenced by regional trends. While the exact dating of these coins is still under discussion, Kalynda probably began striking civic coins in the first quarter of the 1st century BC. The absence of Kalyndan coins in archaeological finds from Şerefler/Asar Tepe, which is thought to have remained on the territory of Kalynda, raises questions about the location and numismatic history of the city.

References

  • Adak, M. – Şahin, S. 2004. “Neue Inschriften aus Tlos.” Gephyra 1: 85-105.
  • Adak, M. – Tüner, H. 2004. “Neue Inschriften aus Olympos und Seinem Territorium I.” Gephyra 1: 53-66.
  • Akyürek Şahin N. E. – Onur, F. – Alkan, M. – Yıldız M. E. 2017a. “Likya/Pamfilya Ulaşım Sistemlerinin Epigrafik ve Tarihi Coğrafik Açılardan Araştırılması 2015 ve 2016 Yılları Sonuçları.” AST 35: 387-410.
  • Akyürek Şahin N. E. – Onur, F. – Alkan, M. – Yıldız M. E. 2017b. “Surveys on the Transportation Systems in Lycia/Pamphylia 2016 - Likya/Pamfilya Ulaşım Sistemleri Yüzey Araştırması 2016.” ANMED 15: 203-212.
  • Albayrak, Y. 2008. Anadolu’da Artemis Kültü. Ph.D. diss., Ankara University.
  • Albayrak, Y. 2012. “Anadolu’da Artemis’in Sıfatları.” Atatürk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 12/48: 1-15.
  • Anson, L. 1911. Numismata graeca: Greek Coin-types, Classified for Immediate Identification, II: War. London: L. Anson.
  • Anson, L. 1913. Numismata graeca: Greek coin-types, Classified for Immediate Identification, IV: Religion. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co Lt.
  • Arkwright, W. 1895. “The Frontier of Caria and Lycia.” JHS 15: 93-99.
  • Arslan, M. 2010. İstanbul’un Antikçağ Tarihi: Klasik ve Hellenistik Dönemler. İstanbul: Odin Yayıncılık.
  • Ashton, R. H. J. 1987. “Pseudo-Rhodian Drachms and the Beginning of the Lycian League Coinage.” NC 147: 8-25.
  • Ashton, R. H. J. 1999. “The Hellenistic Hemidrachms of Kaunos.” RBN 145: 141-154.
  • Ashton, R. H. J. 2001. “The Coinage of Rhodes 408-c.190 BC.” In: A. Meadows - K. Shipton (edd.), Money and Its Uses in the Ancient Greek world. Oxford-New York: Oxford University Press, 79-115.
  • Ashton, R. H. J. - Kinns, P. 2003. “Opuscula Anatolica II.” NC 163: 1-47.
  • Ashton, R. H. J. 2006. “The Beginning of Bronze Coinage in Karia and Lykia.” NC 166: 1-14.
  • Bean, G. E. 1953. “Notes and Inscriptions from Caunos.” JHS 73: 10-35.
  • Bean, G. E. 2000. Eski Çağ’da Menderes’in Ötesi (translated by P. Kurtoğlu). İstanbul: Arion.
  • Blum, H. 2016. “Lykia’nın Tarihi Coğrafyası.” In: H. İşkan – E. Dündar (edd.), Lukka’dan Likya’ya: Sarpedon ve Aziz Nikolaos’un Ülkesi. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat, 136-141.
  • BMC Lycia = Hill, G. F. 1897. A Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum, Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia. London: British Museum.
  • Borrell, H. P. 1846. “Unedited Autonomous and Imperial Greek Coins.” The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society 9: 143-172.
  • Boutsikas, E. 2017. “The Role of Darkness in Ancient Greek Religion and Religious Practice.” In: C. Papadopoulas – H. Moyes (edd.), The Oxford Handbook of Light in Archaeology. New York: Oxford University Press, 43-63.
  • Bresson, A. 2003. “Les intérêts rhodiens en Carie à l’époque hellénistique, jusqu’en 167 av. J.-C.” In: F. Prost (ed.), L’Orient méditerranéen de la mort d’Alexandre le Grand aux campagnes de Pompée (323-63 av. J.-C.): Cités et royaumes à l’époque hellénistique. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 169-217.
  • Brüder, E. 1909. Auktions-Katalog Griescher Münzen. Wien.
  • Carbon, J. 2023. “Artemis Kindyas and the Traveling Tombs of Bargylia.” In: R. Benefiel - C. M. Keesling (edd.), Inscriptions and the Epigraphic Habit. Leiden: Brill, 62-70.
  • Carbone, L. F. 2021a. “The Introduction of Roman Coinages in Asia (133 BC – 1st Century AD).” In: R. Ashton - N. Badoud (edd.), Graecia capta?: Rome et les monnayages du monde égéen (IIe-Ier s. av. J.-C.), Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 233-293.
  • Carbone, L. F. 2021b. “The Standardization of Asian Bronze Denominations in the First Century BC.” In: A. Meadows – U. Wartenberg (edd.), Presbeus. Studies in Ancient Coinage presented to Richard Ashton. New York: American Numismatic Society, 365-432.
  • Crampa, J. 1972. Labraunda: Swedish Excavations and Researches, Vol. III, part 2, The Greek Inscriptions. Stockholm: Svenska Forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul.
  • Debiel, L. – Fröhlich, E. 1734. Appendicula ad numos Augustorum et Caesarum. Wien.
  • Delrieux, F. 2021. “Rome et les monnayages grecs de Carie aux IIe et Ier s. av. J.-C.: de la tutelle rhodienne à l’avènement du Principat.” In: R. Ashton - N. Badoud (edd.), Graecia capta?: Rome et les monnayages du monde égéen (IIe-Ier s. av. J.-C.). Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 187-232.
  • Deschamps, G. - Cousin, G. 1888. “Inscriptions du temple de Zeus Panamaros.” BCH 12: 82-104.
  • Diehl, C. – Cousin, G. 1887. “Inscriptions de Lagina.” BCH 11: 145-163.
  • Dündar, E. 2023. “Hellenistic Amphora Stamps from Kalynda.” Gephyra 26: 141-161.
  • Easterling, P. E. 1985. Greek Religon and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Eckhel, J. H. 1779. Catalogus musei Caesarei Vindobonensis numorum veterum: distributus in partes II quarum prior monetam urbium, populorum, regum, altera Romanorum complectitur. Vindobanae.
  • Farnell, L. R. 1896. The Cults of the Greek State. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Head, B. V. 1887. Historia Numorum, A Manuel of Greek Numismatics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Hellenkemper, H. – Hild, F. 2004. Tabula Imperii Byzantini 8: Lykien und Pamphylien. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Hirsch, J. 1905. Auctions-Catalog, Sammlung Griechischer Münzen. München.
  • Hirsch, J. 1909. Sammlung Gustav Philipsen in Kopenhagen, Antike Münzen von Griechenland, Asien und Afrika. München.
  • HNO = Historia Numorum Online (http://hno.huma-num.fr).
  • Imhoof-Blumer, F. 1883. Monnaies Grecques. Amsterdam.
  • Imhoof-Blumer, F. 1895. “Griechische Münzen.” The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society 15: 269-289.
  • Imhoof-Blumer, F. 1902. Kleinasiatische Münzen. Vol. II. Wien: A. Hölder.
  • Karayaka, N. 2007. Hellenistik ve Roma Döneminde Pisidia Tanrıları. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
  • Konuk, K. 1998. “The Early Coinage of Kaunos.” In: R. H. J. Ashton – S. Hurter (edd.), Studies in Greek Numismatics in Memory of Martin Jessop Price. London: Spink, 197-223.
  • Konuk, K. 2007. “Coin Legends in Carian.” In: I. J. Adiego (ed.), The Carian Language. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 471-492.
  • Laumonier, A. 1934. “Inscriptions de Carie.” BCH 58: 291-380.
  • Laumonier, A. 1958. Les cultes indigènes en Carie. Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 188. Paris: De Boccard.
  • LIMC II/1 = Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, II/1: Aphrodisias-Athena. Zürich/München: Artemis Verlag 1984.
  • Lenger, D. S. 2011. “Nerede Basıldığı Bilinmeyen ΘΥ Lejandlı Sikkeler.” MJH I/2: 151-161.
  • Lenger, D. S. 2017. “Not Thymbra in Troad but Thyessos in Lydia.” In: D. Boteva (ed.), Ex nummis lux, Studies in Ancient Numismatics in Honour of Dimitar Draganov. Sofia: Bobokov Bros, 221-229.
  • Maddoli, G. 2020. “Artemis Astias a Iasos.” In: F. Berti (ed.), Forme del sacro: scritti in memoria di Doro Levi. Roma: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, 15-21.
  • Meadows, A. 2021. “The Penetration of the Denarius and Quinarius Standards into Asia Minor in the late 1st Century BC.” In: R. Ashton – N. Badoud (edd.), Graecia capta? Rome et les monnayages du monde égéen (IIe-Ier s. av. J.-C.). Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 127-185.
  • Millingen, J. 1837. Sylloge of Ancient Unedited Coins of Greck Cities and Kings, from Various Collections Principally in Great Britain, London.
  • Mionnet, T. E. 1824. Description de médailles antiques, Grecques et Romaines. Supplément III. Paris: De L’Imprimerie de Crapelet.
  • Mionnet, T. E. 1833. Description de médailles antiques, Grecques et Romaines. Supplément VI. Paris: L’Imprimerie Royale.
  • Mitchell, 2005. “The Treaty Between Rome and Lycia of 46 BC, (MS 2070).” In: R. Pintaudi (ed.), Papyrologica Florentina XXXV, Papyri Graecae Schøyen. Firenze: Gonnelli, 163-258.
  • Müseler, W. 2016. Lykische Münzen in europäischen Privatsammlungen. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Müseler, W. 2019. “Beyond the Xanthos Valley II. Lycian rulers at Telmessos and in the Carian border-land around the middle of the 5th century BC.” In: M. K. Nollé et al. (edd.), Panegyrikoi Logoi: Festschrift für Johannes Nollé zum 65. Geburtstag. Bonn: Habelt, 361-270.
  • Nollé, J. 2000. “Selge: Historisch-numismatische Bemühungen um die Kultur einer untergegangenen pisidischen Stadt.” In: B. Kluge – B. Weisser (edd.), XII. Internationaler Numismatischer Kongress Berlin 1997, Akten-Proceedings. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 706-714.
  • Nordbø, J. H. 1972. Utmyntningen pa Knidos, 394 f. Kr. – ca. 210 e. Kr. M.A. diss., University of Oslo.
  • Onur, F. 2020. “The Location of Mount Masa on the Northern Border of Hellenistic Lycia.” Gephyra 19: 135-164.
  • Onur, F. 2022. “A Name List from Lyrnai (Kayadibi) of Oktapolis on the Border between Lycia and Caria.” Gephyra 23: 197-221.
  • Onur, F. 2023. “Likya-Karya Sınırında Kalinda: Tarihi ve Coğrafi Bir Değerlendirme.” Cedrus 11: 183-213.
  • Onur, F. – Tekoğlu, Ş. R. 2020. “The Ancient Routes and New Lycian Inscriptions around Fethiye.” Gephyra 19: 1-32.
  • Pack, R. A. 1989. “Two Classical Forgeries.” AJA 110/3: 479-483.
  • Parker, R. – Thonemann, P. 2015. “A Hellenistic Sale of a Priesthood from Halikarnassos.” ZPE 194: 132-134.
  • Picard, O. 1998. “La valeur des monnaies grecques en bronze.” RN 153: 7-18.
  • Poulsen, B. 2009. “The Sanctuaries of the Goddess of the Hunt.” In: B. Poulsen – T. Fischer-Hansen (edd.), From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Man and Beast. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 401-425.
  • Psoma, S. 1998. “Le nombre de chalques dans l’obole dans le monde grec.” RN 153: 19-29.
  • Ramus, C. 1816. Catalogus numorum veterum graecorum et latinorum Musei regis Daniae. Vol I. Kopenhagen.
  • Ratto, R. 1909. Catalogo di Monete Greche, Collezione di un dotto Numismatico Straniero. Genova.
  • Robert, L. 1949. Hellenica: recueil d’épigraphie, de numismatique et d’antiquités grecques. Vol. VII. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.
  • Robert, L. – Robert, J. 1954. La Carie. Histoire et Géographie Historique avec le recueil des inscriptions antiques, Tome II: Le Plateau de Tabai et ses environs. Paris: Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient A. Maisonneuve.
  • Robert, L. 1970. Études anatoliennes: recherches sur les inscriptions grecques de l’Asie mineure. Amsterdam: A. M. Hakkert.
  • Robert, L. 1977. “Monnaies hellénistiques.” RN 19: 7-47.
  • Robert, L. 1983. Fouilles D’Amyzon en Carie. Paris: De Boccard.
  • Robinson, E. S. G. 1936. “A Find of Archaic Coins from South-West Asia Minor.” NC 64: 265-280.
  • Roos, P. 1969. “Topographical and other Notes on South-Eastern Caria.” OpAth 9: 59-93.
  • Roos, P. 2013. “Reflections on Border and Identity.” In: H. Olivier (ed.), Fait partie d’un numéro thématique: 4th Century Karia. Defining a Karian identity under the Hekatomnids. Istanbul/Paris: De Boccard, 9-13.
  • RPC = Roman Provincial Coins, https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk
  • Sancaktar, H. 2019. Arykanda I. Arykanda Akropolisi Kutsal Alanları ve Kültleri. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
  • Schürr, D. 2016. “Neighbours of the Lycians: Solymoi, Rhodians, Milyai, Kabaleis and Carians.” In: H. İşkan – E. Dündar (edd.), Lukka’dan Likya’ya: Sarpedon ve Aziz Nikolaos’un Ülkesi. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 100-109.
  • Schmidt, J. 1941. “Phorosphoros.” In: RE XX/1: 655.
  • Scott, W. H. 1856. “Note on a supposed coin of Calynda.” NC 19: 225-226.
  • Sestini, D. 1821. Classes generales moneta vetus urbium populorum et regum ordine geographico et chronologico descripta. Florentiae: Apvd G. Piatti.
  • SNG Ashmolean Caria = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Part XI: Asia Minor, Caria to Commagene (except Cyprus). London: British Academy 2013.
  • SNG Cop. Lycia-Pamphylia = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Denmark, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, Lycia-Pamphylia. Copenhagen: Munksgaard 1955.
  • SNG Cop. Pisidia = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Denmark, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, Lycia-Pamphylia. Copenhagen: Munksgaard 1956.
  • SNG Turkey 6 = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Burdur Museum, vol. 1 Pisidia; part 2 Sagalassos - Termessos. Istanbul: Turkish Institute of Archaeology 2021.
  • SNG v. Aulock Lykien = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Deutschland, Sammlung v. Aulock, Lykien. Berlin: Gebr. Mann 1964.
  • SNG v. Aulock Nachträge IV = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Deutschland, Sammlung v. Aulock. Nachträge IV, Berlin: Gebr. Mann 1968.
  • SNG v. Aulock Pisidien = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Deutschland, Sammlung Hans Von Aulock, Pisidien, Lykaonien, Isaurien. Berlin: Gebr. Mann 1964.
  • Şahin, S. 1994. Die Inschriften von Arykanda. Bonn: R. Habelt.
  • Tatar, Ö. 2024. “Blaundos’un Hellenistik Dönem Sikke Darbı.” Anadolu 50: 193-223.
  • Tatar, Ö. forthcoming. ”Kalinda Kurtarma Kazılarında Ele Geçen Sikkeler.” Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Teixidor, J. 1978. “The Aramaic Text in the Trilingual Stele from Xanthus.” JNES 37/2: 181-185.
  • Tek, A. T. 2006. “Hellenistik ve Erken Roma İmparatorluk Dönemlerinde Likya’da Basılan Otonom Şehir Sikkeleri.” In: K. Dörtlük – B. Varkıvanç – T. Kahya – J. des Courtils – M. Doğan-Alpaslan – R. Boyraz, III. Likya Sempozyumu, 7-10 Kasım 2005, Antalya: Sempozyum Bildirileri. Antalya: Suna-İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü, 769-787.
  • Tietz, W. 2003. Der Golf von Fethiye: politische, ethnische und kulturelle Strukturen einer Grenzregion vom Beginn der nachweisbaren Besiedlung bis in die römische Kaiserzeit. Bonn: R. Habelt.
  • Troxell, H. A. 1979. “Winged Carians.” In: O. Mørkholm – N. M. Waggoner – M. Thompson (edd.), Greek Numismatics and Archaeology: Essays in Honor of Margaret Thompson. Wetteren: Cultura, 257-286.
  • Troxell, H. A. 1982. The Coinage of the Lycian League. New York: American Numismatic Society.
  • Türkoğlu, İ. 2019. “Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria.” Adalya 22: 167-200.
  • Vacano, O. v. 1988. Typenkatalog der antiken Münzen Kleinasiens. Berlin: D. Reimer.
  • Vikela, E. 2009. “The Worship of Artemis in Attica: Cult Places, Rites, Iconography.” In: N. Kaltsas – A. Shapiro (edd.), Worshipping Women, Ritual and Reality in Classical Athens. New York: Onassis Foundation, 73-81.
  • Waddington Coll. = Babelon, E. 1898. Inventaire Sommaire de la Collection Waddington. Paris: Chez C. Rollin et Feuardent.
  • Watkiss, L. W. 1947. “Artemis Elaphebolos.” AZ 5: 76-78.

Kalinda Sikkeleri

Year 2025, Volume: 29, 27 - 49, 11.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1540405

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, şu an için kent merkezinin tam olarak nerede olduğu bilinmeyen Kalinda’nın sikkeleri ele alınmaktadır. Karia-Lykia sınırına yakın bir konumda yer aldığını bildiğimiz Kalinda, Hellenistik dönem içerisinde MÖ 1. yüzyıldan itibaren kendi adını taşıyan sikkeler basmıştır. Kentin sikkeleri arasında üç bronz seri bulunmaktadır. Daha önce Kalinda’ya atfedilen bir gümüş sikke serisinin ise darp yeri tartışmalıdır. Kentin darplarında ağırlıklı olarak Artemis ve bu tanrıçayla ilişkili semboller betimlenmiştir ve bu da tanrıçanın kentte haiz olduğu öneme işaret eder. Kalinda sikkeleri ile başta Lykia Birliği olmak üzere diğer Karia ve Lykia kentlerinin sikkeleri arasındaki ikonografik benzerlikler, kentin sikke basımının bölgesel eğilimlerden etkilenmiş olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Kalinda’nın Hellenistik dönem darplarının tarihlendirmesi hâlâ tartışma konusu olmakla birlikte, kent muhtemelen MÖ 1. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde sivil sikke darbına başlamıştır. Kalinda egemenlik alanında kaldığı düşünülen Şerefler/Asar Tepe’de yürütülen çalışmalarda ele geçen arkeolojik buluntular arasında Kalinda sikkelerine rastlanmaması, kentin konumu ve aynı zamanda nümismatiği hakkında soru işaretleri yaratmaktadır.

References

  • Adak, M. – Şahin, S. 2004. “Neue Inschriften aus Tlos.” Gephyra 1: 85-105.
  • Adak, M. – Tüner, H. 2004. “Neue Inschriften aus Olympos und Seinem Territorium I.” Gephyra 1: 53-66.
  • Akyürek Şahin N. E. – Onur, F. – Alkan, M. – Yıldız M. E. 2017a. “Likya/Pamfilya Ulaşım Sistemlerinin Epigrafik ve Tarihi Coğrafik Açılardan Araştırılması 2015 ve 2016 Yılları Sonuçları.” AST 35: 387-410.
  • Akyürek Şahin N. E. – Onur, F. – Alkan, M. – Yıldız M. E. 2017b. “Surveys on the Transportation Systems in Lycia/Pamphylia 2016 - Likya/Pamfilya Ulaşım Sistemleri Yüzey Araştırması 2016.” ANMED 15: 203-212.
  • Albayrak, Y. 2008. Anadolu’da Artemis Kültü. Ph.D. diss., Ankara University.
  • Albayrak, Y. 2012. “Anadolu’da Artemis’in Sıfatları.” Atatürk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 12/48: 1-15.
  • Anson, L. 1911. Numismata graeca: Greek Coin-types, Classified for Immediate Identification, II: War. London: L. Anson.
  • Anson, L. 1913. Numismata graeca: Greek coin-types, Classified for Immediate Identification, IV: Religion. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co Lt.
  • Arkwright, W. 1895. “The Frontier of Caria and Lycia.” JHS 15: 93-99.
  • Arslan, M. 2010. İstanbul’un Antikçağ Tarihi: Klasik ve Hellenistik Dönemler. İstanbul: Odin Yayıncılık.
  • Ashton, R. H. J. 1987. “Pseudo-Rhodian Drachms and the Beginning of the Lycian League Coinage.” NC 147: 8-25.
  • Ashton, R. H. J. 1999. “The Hellenistic Hemidrachms of Kaunos.” RBN 145: 141-154.
  • Ashton, R. H. J. 2001. “The Coinage of Rhodes 408-c.190 BC.” In: A. Meadows - K. Shipton (edd.), Money and Its Uses in the Ancient Greek world. Oxford-New York: Oxford University Press, 79-115.
  • Ashton, R. H. J. - Kinns, P. 2003. “Opuscula Anatolica II.” NC 163: 1-47.
  • Ashton, R. H. J. 2006. “The Beginning of Bronze Coinage in Karia and Lykia.” NC 166: 1-14.
  • Bean, G. E. 1953. “Notes and Inscriptions from Caunos.” JHS 73: 10-35.
  • Bean, G. E. 2000. Eski Çağ’da Menderes’in Ötesi (translated by P. Kurtoğlu). İstanbul: Arion.
  • Blum, H. 2016. “Lykia’nın Tarihi Coğrafyası.” In: H. İşkan – E. Dündar (edd.), Lukka’dan Likya’ya: Sarpedon ve Aziz Nikolaos’un Ülkesi. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat, 136-141.
  • BMC Lycia = Hill, G. F. 1897. A Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum, Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia. London: British Museum.
  • Borrell, H. P. 1846. “Unedited Autonomous and Imperial Greek Coins.” The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society 9: 143-172.
  • Boutsikas, E. 2017. “The Role of Darkness in Ancient Greek Religion and Religious Practice.” In: C. Papadopoulas – H. Moyes (edd.), The Oxford Handbook of Light in Archaeology. New York: Oxford University Press, 43-63.
  • Bresson, A. 2003. “Les intérêts rhodiens en Carie à l’époque hellénistique, jusqu’en 167 av. J.-C.” In: F. Prost (ed.), L’Orient méditerranéen de la mort d’Alexandre le Grand aux campagnes de Pompée (323-63 av. J.-C.): Cités et royaumes à l’époque hellénistique. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 169-217.
  • Brüder, E. 1909. Auktions-Katalog Griescher Münzen. Wien.
  • Carbon, J. 2023. “Artemis Kindyas and the Traveling Tombs of Bargylia.” In: R. Benefiel - C. M. Keesling (edd.), Inscriptions and the Epigraphic Habit. Leiden: Brill, 62-70.
  • Carbone, L. F. 2021a. “The Introduction of Roman Coinages in Asia (133 BC – 1st Century AD).” In: R. Ashton - N. Badoud (edd.), Graecia capta?: Rome et les monnayages du monde égéen (IIe-Ier s. av. J.-C.), Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 233-293.
  • Carbone, L. F. 2021b. “The Standardization of Asian Bronze Denominations in the First Century BC.” In: A. Meadows – U. Wartenberg (edd.), Presbeus. Studies in Ancient Coinage presented to Richard Ashton. New York: American Numismatic Society, 365-432.
  • Crampa, J. 1972. Labraunda: Swedish Excavations and Researches, Vol. III, part 2, The Greek Inscriptions. Stockholm: Svenska Forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul.
  • Debiel, L. – Fröhlich, E. 1734. Appendicula ad numos Augustorum et Caesarum. Wien.
  • Delrieux, F. 2021. “Rome et les monnayages grecs de Carie aux IIe et Ier s. av. J.-C.: de la tutelle rhodienne à l’avènement du Principat.” In: R. Ashton - N. Badoud (edd.), Graecia capta?: Rome et les monnayages du monde égéen (IIe-Ier s. av. J.-C.). Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 187-232.
  • Deschamps, G. - Cousin, G. 1888. “Inscriptions du temple de Zeus Panamaros.” BCH 12: 82-104.
  • Diehl, C. – Cousin, G. 1887. “Inscriptions de Lagina.” BCH 11: 145-163.
  • Dündar, E. 2023. “Hellenistic Amphora Stamps from Kalynda.” Gephyra 26: 141-161.
  • Easterling, P. E. 1985. Greek Religon and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Eckhel, J. H. 1779. Catalogus musei Caesarei Vindobonensis numorum veterum: distributus in partes II quarum prior monetam urbium, populorum, regum, altera Romanorum complectitur. Vindobanae.
  • Farnell, L. R. 1896. The Cults of the Greek State. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Head, B. V. 1887. Historia Numorum, A Manuel of Greek Numismatics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Hellenkemper, H. – Hild, F. 2004. Tabula Imperii Byzantini 8: Lykien und Pamphylien. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Hirsch, J. 1905. Auctions-Catalog, Sammlung Griechischer Münzen. München.
  • Hirsch, J. 1909. Sammlung Gustav Philipsen in Kopenhagen, Antike Münzen von Griechenland, Asien und Afrika. München.
  • HNO = Historia Numorum Online (http://hno.huma-num.fr).
  • Imhoof-Blumer, F. 1883. Monnaies Grecques. Amsterdam.
  • Imhoof-Blumer, F. 1895. “Griechische Münzen.” The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society 15: 269-289.
  • Imhoof-Blumer, F. 1902. Kleinasiatische Münzen. Vol. II. Wien: A. Hölder.
  • Karayaka, N. 2007. Hellenistik ve Roma Döneminde Pisidia Tanrıları. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
  • Konuk, K. 1998. “The Early Coinage of Kaunos.” In: R. H. J. Ashton – S. Hurter (edd.), Studies in Greek Numismatics in Memory of Martin Jessop Price. London: Spink, 197-223.
  • Konuk, K. 2007. “Coin Legends in Carian.” In: I. J. Adiego (ed.), The Carian Language. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 471-492.
  • Laumonier, A. 1934. “Inscriptions de Carie.” BCH 58: 291-380.
  • Laumonier, A. 1958. Les cultes indigènes en Carie. Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 188. Paris: De Boccard.
  • LIMC II/1 = Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, II/1: Aphrodisias-Athena. Zürich/München: Artemis Verlag 1984.
  • Lenger, D. S. 2011. “Nerede Basıldığı Bilinmeyen ΘΥ Lejandlı Sikkeler.” MJH I/2: 151-161.
  • Lenger, D. S. 2017. “Not Thymbra in Troad but Thyessos in Lydia.” In: D. Boteva (ed.), Ex nummis lux, Studies in Ancient Numismatics in Honour of Dimitar Draganov. Sofia: Bobokov Bros, 221-229.
  • Maddoli, G. 2020. “Artemis Astias a Iasos.” In: F. Berti (ed.), Forme del sacro: scritti in memoria di Doro Levi. Roma: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, 15-21.
  • Meadows, A. 2021. “The Penetration of the Denarius and Quinarius Standards into Asia Minor in the late 1st Century BC.” In: R. Ashton – N. Badoud (edd.), Graecia capta? Rome et les monnayages du monde égéen (IIe-Ier s. av. J.-C.). Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 127-185.
  • Millingen, J. 1837. Sylloge of Ancient Unedited Coins of Greck Cities and Kings, from Various Collections Principally in Great Britain, London.
  • Mionnet, T. E. 1824. Description de médailles antiques, Grecques et Romaines. Supplément III. Paris: De L’Imprimerie de Crapelet.
  • Mionnet, T. E. 1833. Description de médailles antiques, Grecques et Romaines. Supplément VI. Paris: L’Imprimerie Royale.
  • Mitchell, 2005. “The Treaty Between Rome and Lycia of 46 BC, (MS 2070).” In: R. Pintaudi (ed.), Papyrologica Florentina XXXV, Papyri Graecae Schøyen. Firenze: Gonnelli, 163-258.
  • Müseler, W. 2016. Lykische Münzen in europäischen Privatsammlungen. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Müseler, W. 2019. “Beyond the Xanthos Valley II. Lycian rulers at Telmessos and in the Carian border-land around the middle of the 5th century BC.” In: M. K. Nollé et al. (edd.), Panegyrikoi Logoi: Festschrift für Johannes Nollé zum 65. Geburtstag. Bonn: Habelt, 361-270.
  • Nollé, J. 2000. “Selge: Historisch-numismatische Bemühungen um die Kultur einer untergegangenen pisidischen Stadt.” In: B. Kluge – B. Weisser (edd.), XII. Internationaler Numismatischer Kongress Berlin 1997, Akten-Proceedings. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 706-714.
  • Nordbø, J. H. 1972. Utmyntningen pa Knidos, 394 f. Kr. – ca. 210 e. Kr. M.A. diss., University of Oslo.
  • Onur, F. 2020. “The Location of Mount Masa on the Northern Border of Hellenistic Lycia.” Gephyra 19: 135-164.
  • Onur, F. 2022. “A Name List from Lyrnai (Kayadibi) of Oktapolis on the Border between Lycia and Caria.” Gephyra 23: 197-221.
  • Onur, F. 2023. “Likya-Karya Sınırında Kalinda: Tarihi ve Coğrafi Bir Değerlendirme.” Cedrus 11: 183-213.
  • Onur, F. – Tekoğlu, Ş. R. 2020. “The Ancient Routes and New Lycian Inscriptions around Fethiye.” Gephyra 19: 1-32.
  • Pack, R. A. 1989. “Two Classical Forgeries.” AJA 110/3: 479-483.
  • Parker, R. – Thonemann, P. 2015. “A Hellenistic Sale of a Priesthood from Halikarnassos.” ZPE 194: 132-134.
  • Picard, O. 1998. “La valeur des monnaies grecques en bronze.” RN 153: 7-18.
  • Poulsen, B. 2009. “The Sanctuaries of the Goddess of the Hunt.” In: B. Poulsen – T. Fischer-Hansen (edd.), From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Man and Beast. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 401-425.
  • Psoma, S. 1998. “Le nombre de chalques dans l’obole dans le monde grec.” RN 153: 19-29.
  • Ramus, C. 1816. Catalogus numorum veterum graecorum et latinorum Musei regis Daniae. Vol I. Kopenhagen.
  • Ratto, R. 1909. Catalogo di Monete Greche, Collezione di un dotto Numismatico Straniero. Genova.
  • Robert, L. 1949. Hellenica: recueil d’épigraphie, de numismatique et d’antiquités grecques. Vol. VII. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.
  • Robert, L. – Robert, J. 1954. La Carie. Histoire et Géographie Historique avec le recueil des inscriptions antiques, Tome II: Le Plateau de Tabai et ses environs. Paris: Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient A. Maisonneuve.
  • Robert, L. 1970. Études anatoliennes: recherches sur les inscriptions grecques de l’Asie mineure. Amsterdam: A. M. Hakkert.
  • Robert, L. 1977. “Monnaies hellénistiques.” RN 19: 7-47.
  • Robert, L. 1983. Fouilles D’Amyzon en Carie. Paris: De Boccard.
  • Robinson, E. S. G. 1936. “A Find of Archaic Coins from South-West Asia Minor.” NC 64: 265-280.
  • Roos, P. 1969. “Topographical and other Notes on South-Eastern Caria.” OpAth 9: 59-93.
  • Roos, P. 2013. “Reflections on Border and Identity.” In: H. Olivier (ed.), Fait partie d’un numéro thématique: 4th Century Karia. Defining a Karian identity under the Hekatomnids. Istanbul/Paris: De Boccard, 9-13.
  • RPC = Roman Provincial Coins, https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk
  • Sancaktar, H. 2019. Arykanda I. Arykanda Akropolisi Kutsal Alanları ve Kültleri. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
  • Schürr, D. 2016. “Neighbours of the Lycians: Solymoi, Rhodians, Milyai, Kabaleis and Carians.” In: H. İşkan – E. Dündar (edd.), Lukka’dan Likya’ya: Sarpedon ve Aziz Nikolaos’un Ülkesi. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 100-109.
  • Schmidt, J. 1941. “Phorosphoros.” In: RE XX/1: 655.
  • Scott, W. H. 1856. “Note on a supposed coin of Calynda.” NC 19: 225-226.
  • Sestini, D. 1821. Classes generales moneta vetus urbium populorum et regum ordine geographico et chronologico descripta. Florentiae: Apvd G. Piatti.
  • SNG Ashmolean Caria = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Part XI: Asia Minor, Caria to Commagene (except Cyprus). London: British Academy 2013.
  • SNG Cop. Lycia-Pamphylia = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Denmark, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, Lycia-Pamphylia. Copenhagen: Munksgaard 1955.
  • SNG Cop. Pisidia = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Denmark, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, Lycia-Pamphylia. Copenhagen: Munksgaard 1956.
  • SNG Turkey 6 = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Burdur Museum, vol. 1 Pisidia; part 2 Sagalassos - Termessos. Istanbul: Turkish Institute of Archaeology 2021.
  • SNG v. Aulock Lykien = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Deutschland, Sammlung v. Aulock, Lykien. Berlin: Gebr. Mann 1964.
  • SNG v. Aulock Nachträge IV = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Deutschland, Sammlung v. Aulock. Nachträge IV, Berlin: Gebr. Mann 1968.
  • SNG v. Aulock Pisidien = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Deutschland, Sammlung Hans Von Aulock, Pisidien, Lykaonien, Isaurien. Berlin: Gebr. Mann 1964.
  • Şahin, S. 1994. Die Inschriften von Arykanda. Bonn: R. Habelt.
  • Tatar, Ö. 2024. “Blaundos’un Hellenistik Dönem Sikke Darbı.” Anadolu 50: 193-223.
  • Tatar, Ö. forthcoming. ”Kalinda Kurtarma Kazılarında Ele Geçen Sikkeler.” Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Teixidor, J. 1978. “The Aramaic Text in the Trilingual Stele from Xanthus.” JNES 37/2: 181-185.
  • Tek, A. T. 2006. “Hellenistik ve Erken Roma İmparatorluk Dönemlerinde Likya’da Basılan Otonom Şehir Sikkeleri.” In: K. Dörtlük – B. Varkıvanç – T. Kahya – J. des Courtils – M. Doğan-Alpaslan – R. Boyraz, III. Likya Sempozyumu, 7-10 Kasım 2005, Antalya: Sempozyum Bildirileri. Antalya: Suna-İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü, 769-787.
  • Tietz, W. 2003. Der Golf von Fethiye: politische, ethnische und kulturelle Strukturen einer Grenzregion vom Beginn der nachweisbaren Besiedlung bis in die römische Kaiserzeit. Bonn: R. Habelt.
  • Troxell, H. A. 1979. “Winged Carians.” In: O. Mørkholm – N. M. Waggoner – M. Thompson (edd.), Greek Numismatics and Archaeology: Essays in Honor of Margaret Thompson. Wetteren: Cultura, 257-286.
  • Troxell, H. A. 1982. The Coinage of the Lycian League. New York: American Numismatic Society.
  • Türkoğlu, İ. 2019. “Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria.” Adalya 22: 167-200.
  • Vacano, O. v. 1988. Typenkatalog der antiken Münzen Kleinasiens. Berlin: D. Reimer.
  • Vikela, E. 2009. “The Worship of Artemis in Attica: Cult Places, Rites, Iconography.” In: N. Kaltsas – A. Shapiro (edd.), Worshipping Women, Ritual and Reality in Classical Athens. New York: Onassis Foundation, 73-81.
  • Waddington Coll. = Babelon, E. 1898. Inventaire Sommaire de la Collection Waddington. Paris: Chez C. Rollin et Feuardent.
  • Watkiss, L. W. 1947. “Artemis Elaphebolos.” AZ 5: 76-78.
There are 106 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Archaeology (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ömer Tatar 0000-0002-5644-2188

Publication Date May 11, 2025
Submission Date August 29, 2024
Acceptance Date January 7, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 29

Cite

APA Tatar, Ö. (2025). The Coinage of Kalynda. Gephyra, 29, 27-49. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1540405
AMA Tatar Ö. The Coinage of Kalynda. GEPHYRA. May 2025;29:27-49. doi:10.37095/gephyra.1540405
Chicago Tatar, Ömer. “The Coinage of Kalynda”. Gephyra 29, May (May 2025): 27-49. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1540405.
EndNote Tatar Ö (May 1, 2025) The Coinage of Kalynda. Gephyra 29 27–49.
IEEE Ö. Tatar, “The Coinage of Kalynda”, GEPHYRA, vol. 29, pp. 27–49, 2025, doi: 10.37095/gephyra.1540405.
ISNAD Tatar, Ömer. “The Coinage of Kalynda”. Gephyra 29 (May2025), 27-49. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1540405.
JAMA Tatar Ö. The Coinage of Kalynda. GEPHYRA. 2025;29:27–49.
MLA Tatar, Ömer. “The Coinage of Kalynda”. Gephyra, vol. 29, 2025, pp. 27-49, doi:10.37095/gephyra.1540405.
Vancouver Tatar Ö. The Coinage of Kalynda. GEPHYRA. 2025;29:27-49.