Yaşlı Farelerde Florür Maruziyetinin Motor Performans, Depresyon ve Hafıza Üzerine Etkileri

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 86 - 95, 31.12.2018

Beril Kadıoğlu Yaman Kübra Yalman Melda Özgürbüz Övgü Kazanç İlke Kuşatman Turgay Çelik

Abstract

Amaç: Florürün
yaşlanma döneminde motor fonksiyonlar, davranışsal ve bilişsel işlevler üzerine
etkilerini gösteren yeterli kanıt yoktur. Bu çalışmada yaşlı farelere oral
gavaj yolu ile verilen sodyum florürün motor fonksiyonları, davranışsal ve
bilişsel işlevleri etkileyip etkilemediğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.

 

Gereç ve Yöntemler: Balb-C fareleri rastgele seçilmiş ve kontrol, düşük ve yüksek doz
(sırası ile 3 ve 9 mg / L sodyum florür) olma üzere 3 gruba ayrılmıştır. Tüm
gruplara 28 gün süreyle sodyum florür maruziyeti sonrasında lokomotor aktivite
testi, zorlu yüzme testi ve yeni nesne tanıma testi uygulanmıştır.

 

Bulgular: Hem düşük hem de yüksek doz sodyum florür gruplarında yaşlı farelerin,
lokomotor aktivitelerinde azalma meydana gelmiş ancak anlamlı bir fark
gözlenememiştir. Gruplar arasında, zorunlu yüzme testinde hareketsiz kalma
süresinde meydana gelen artış, istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır.
Ancak, yeni obje tanıma testi sonuçları, yüksek doz (9 mg / L) grubunda, düşük
doz (3 mg / L) ve kontrol grubuna kıyasla, fark indeksine göre istatistiksel
olarak anlamlı bir fark olduğunu göstermiştir.

 

Sonuç:
Bulgularımız, yaşlı farelerde yüksek doz sodyum florür maruziyetinin yeni obje
tanıma testi sonuçlarına göre bilişsel işlev bozukluklarını artırabileceğini
göstermektedir.  

Keywords

Anahtar Kelimeler: Florür, yaşlı, hafıza, kognitif fonksiyon

Effects of Fluoride Exposure on Motor Performance, Depression and Memory in Elderly Mice

Abstract

Aim: There is insufficient evidence to support the effect of sodium fluoride on motor, behavioral and cognitive functions in the aging period. We aimed to investigate whether sodium fluoride exposure by oral gavage affected the locomotor activity, behavioral and memory functions in elderly mice.

 

Material and Methods: Balb-C mice were randomly divided into three groups: control, low and high (3 and 9 mg/L sodium fluoride, respectively) dose groups. Locomotor activity test, forced swim test and novel object recognition test were performed after 28 days of feeding in all groups.

 

Results: Older mice in both low and high sodium fluoride dose groups exhibited decreased locomotor activity but no statistically significant difference was observed. The increase in the immobility time in the forced swim test was also not statistically significant among the groups. However, the novel object recognition test results showed significant difference in high dose (9 mg/L) group when compared to low dose (3 mg/L) and control groups regarding to discrimination index.

 

Conclusion: Our findings indicate that high dose sodium fluoride may induce impairments in cognitive function based on the object recognition test results in elderly mice. 

Keywords

Fluoride, geriatric, memory, cognitive function

References

• 1. Zhang Z, Zhou B, Wang H, et al. Maize purple plant pigment protects against fluoride- induced oxidative damage of liver and kidney in rats. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2014, 11:1020–1033.
• 2. Ullah R, Zafar MS and Shahani N. Potential fluoride toxicity from oral medicaments: A review. Iran J Basic Med Sci, 2017, 20(8): 841–848.
• 3. Ullah R, Zafar MS. Oral and dental delivery of fluoride: a review. Fluoride, 2015; 48:195-204.
• 4. Jha SK, Mishra VK, Sharma DK, et al. Fluoride in the environment and its metabolism in humans. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 2011, 211: 121–142.
• 5. Barbier O, Arreola-Mendoza L and Del Razo LM. Molecular mechanisms of fluoride toxicity. Chem. Biol. Interact, 2010, 188:319–333.
• 6. Shashi A, Singh JP and Thapar SP. Toxic effects of fluoride on rabbit kidney. Fluoride, 2002, 35: 38-50.
• 7. Shashi A. Histopathological investigation of fluoride-induced neurotoxicity in rabbits. Fluoride, 2003, 36: 95–105.
• 8. Karadeniz A, Altıntas L. Effects of Panax Ginseng on fluoride-induced haematological pattern changes in mice. Fluoride, 2008, 41: 67–71.
• 9. LuY, LuoQ, CuiH, et al. Sodium fluoride causes oxidative stress and apoptosis in the mouse liver. Aging, 2017, 9(6):1623-1639.
• 10. Banala RR, Karnati PR. Vitamin A deficiency: An oxidative stress marker in sodium fluoride (NaF) induced oxidative damage in developing rat brain. Int J Dev Neurosci, 2015, 47(Pt B):298-303.
• 11. Nkpaa KW, Onyeso GI. Rutin attenuates neurobehavioral deficits, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation and apoptosis in fluoride treated rats. Neurosci Lett, 2018, (24):92-99.
• 12. Liu YJ, Gao Q, et al. Alterations of nAChRs and ERK1/2 in the brains of rats with chronic fluorosis and their connections with the decreased capacity of learning and memory. Toxicol Lett, 2010, 192(3):324-9
• 13. Long YG, Wang YN, et al. Chronic fluoride toxicity decreases the number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat brain. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 2002, (24): 751–757.
• 14. Chen J, Shan KR, et al. Selective decreases of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in PC12 cells exposed to fluoride. Toxicology, 2003, (183): 235–242.
• 15. Shan KR, Qi XL et al. Decreased nicotinic receptors in PC12 cells and rat brains influenced by fluoride toxicity–a mechanism relating to a damage at the level in post-transcription of the receptor genes. Toxicology, 2004, (200): 169–177.
• 16. Zhai JX, Guo ZY et al. Studies on fluoride concentration and cholinesterase activity in rat hippocampus. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi, 2003, (21):102-4.
• 17. Gao Q, Liu YJ et al. Decreased learning and memory ability in rats with f uorosis: Increases oxidative stress and reduced cholinesterase activity in the brain. Fluoride, 2009, (42): 277-85.
• 18. Martínez-Mier EA. Fluoride: its metabolism, toxicity, and role in dental health. J Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012; 17:28-32
• 19. Whitesall SE, Hoff JB, Vollmer AP, et al. Comparison of simultaneous measurement of mouse systolic arterial blood pressure by radiotelemetry and tail-cuff methods. Send to Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2004; 286(6):H2408-15.
• 20. Gumilar F, Lencinas I, Bras C, et al. Locomotor activity and sensory-motor developmental alterations in rat offspring exposed to arsenic prenatally and via lactation. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 2015;49:1-9.
• 21. Can A, Dao DT, Arad M, et al. The Mouse Forced Swim Test. J Vis Exp, 2012; (59): 3638.
• 22. Liu F, Ma J, Zhang H, et al. Fluoride exposure during development affects both cognition and emotion in mice. Physiol Behav, 2014;124:1-7.
• 23. Lueptow LM. Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice. J Vis Exp, 2017, 30;(126).
• 24. Hamezah HS, Durani LW, Ibrahim NF, et al. Volumetric changes in the aging rat brain and its impact on cognitive and locomotor functions. Exp Gerontol. 2017; 99:69-79.
• 25. Vanzella C, Neves JD, Vizuete AF, et al. Treadmill running prevents age-related memory deficit and alters neurotrophic factors and oxidative damage in the hippocampus of Wistar rats. Behav Brain Res. 2017; 334:78-85.
• 26. Demnitz N, Esser P, Dawes H, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies examining the relationship between mobility and cognition in healthy older adults. Gait & Posture. 2016; 50:164-74.
• 27. Depression Report 2017, Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders; Global Health Estimates, WHO, World Health Organization 2017.
• 28. Polku H, Mikkola TM, Portegijs E, et al. Life-space mobility and dimensions of depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults. Aging & Ment Health. 2015; 19(9):781-9.
• 29. Forlani C, Morri M, Ferrari B, et al. Prevalence and gender differences in late-life depression: a population-based study. Am J Geriat Psychiat. 2014; 22(4):370-80.
• 30. Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, et al. 2016 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 34th Annual Report, Clinical Toxicology. 2017; 55:10, 1072-1254.
• 31. Basha PM, Sujitha NS. Combined impact of exercise and temperature in learning and memory performance of fluoride toxicated rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012; 150(1-3):306-13.
• 32. Liu F, Ma J, Zhang H, et al. Fluoride exposure during development affects both cognition and emotion in mice. Physiol Behav. 2014; 124:1-7.
• 33. Bhatnagar M, Rao P, Saxena A, et al. Biochemical changes in brain and other tissues of young adult female mice from fluoride in their drinking water. Fluoride. 2006; 39(4):280-4.
• 34. Paul V, Ekambaram P, Jayakumar AR. Effects of sodium fluoride on locomotor behavior and a few biochemical parameters in rats. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1998; 6(3):187-91.
• 35. Shan KR, Qi XL, Long YG, et al. Decreased nicotinic receptors in PC12 cells and rat brains influenced by fluoride toxicity—a mechanism relating to a damage at the level in post-transcription of the receptor genes. Toxicology. 2004; 200(2-3):169-77.