SCREENING THE ALKALI-NEUTRALIZED SUNFLOWER SEED OIL BLEACHING ABILITY OF SOME NATURAL AND ACID-ACTIVATED NATURAL CLAYS, SYNTHETIC ADSORBENTS, AND METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS

Abstract

The aim of this study was to search vegetable oil bleaching abilities of 30 different adsorbent materials placed into four groups (natural clay, acid-activated natural clay, synthetic adsorbent, metal-organic frames). After oil treatment against control sample, oil color (L, a*, b* values), oil weight loss (%), free fatty acidity (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and the specific extinctions of K232 and K270 were measured. Based on the data analysis, natural montmorillonite, acid-activated halloysite, Dowex, and Ti-MOF were selected, and tested in the same way against two commercial bleaching earth (C.B.E.) samples. Finally, an equal weight portion mixture of the four selected adsorbents were prepared and tested against C.B.Es. Results indicated that acid activated halloysite and Dowex had certain potentials to be implemented in oil bleaching. In conclusion, some other clay modification techniques suggested being applied to those potential adsorbents to improve their bleaching activity for potential commercial applications.

Keywords

• natural clays
• synthetic adsorbents
• MOF
• bleaching
• screening

BAZI NATURAL VE ASİT-AKTİVE NATURAL KİLLERİN, SENTETİK ADSORBANLARIN VE METAL-ORGANİK ÇERÇEVELERİN ALKALİ-NÖTRALİZE AYÇİÇEĞİ YAĞI AĞARTMA YETENEKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı dört grup altında (natürel kil, asit-aktive natürel kil, sentetik adsorban, metal-organik kafes) toplanmış 30 farklı adsorbentin bitkisel yağ ağartma kapasitelerinin araştırılmasıdır. Ağartma işlemi sonrasında yağlarda, yağ rengi (L, a*, b* değerleri), yağ ağırlık kaybı (%), serbest yağ asitliği (SYA), peroksit değeri (PD), ve K232 ile K270 özgül sönümleme katsayıları ölçülmüştür. Veri analizi sonucunda, doğal montmorollonit, asit-aktive halloysit, Dowex ve Ti-MOF seçilmiş, ve aynı yolla ticari ağartma topraklarına karşı test edilmiştir. Nihayet, seçilmiş adsorbanların eşit ağırlıklı bir karışımı hazırlanmış ve yine ticari örneklere karşı test edilmiştir. Asit-aktive halloysit ve Dowex’in diğerlerinden daha yüksek ağartma potansiyeli olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, bazı kil modifikasyon tekniklerinin bu potansiyel adsorbanlara uygulanarak ticari uygulamalar için kapasitelerinin artırılabileceği değerlendirilmiştir.

Keywords

• doğal killer
• sentetik adsorbanlar
• MOF
• ağartma
• tarama

References

1. Anderson, D. (1996). A Primer on oils processing technology. In Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Edited by Y.H. Hui, Wiley-Interscience Pub., New York, USA, pp. 1-60.
2. AOCS (1998). Official Methods and Recommended Practice of the American Oil Chemist’s Society (5th ed.). Champaign, IL, USA: American Oil Chemist’s Society.
3. Boki, K., Kubo, M., Wada, T., Tamura, T. (1992). Bleaching of alkali-refined vegetable oils with clay minerals. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 69: 232-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF02635892
4. Bu, F., Lin, Q., Zhai, Q., Wang, L., Wu, T., Zheng, S-T., Bu, X., Feng, P. (2012). Two zeolite-type frameworks in one metal-organic framework with Zn24@Zn104 cube-in-sodalite architecture. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 51: 8538-8541. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201203425
5. Didi, M.A., Makhoukhi, B., Azzouz, A., Villemin, D. (2009). Colza oil bleaching through optimized acid activation of bentonite. A comparative study. Applied Clay Science, 42: 336-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.03.014
6. Gil, B., Kim, M., Kim, J.H., Yoon, S.H. (2014). Comparative study of soybean oil refining using rice hull silicate and commercial adsorbents. Food Science and Biotechnology, 23: 1025-1028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-014-0139-8
7. Hodgson, A. S. (1996). Refining and bleaching. In Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Edited by Y.H. Hui, Wiley-Interscience Pub., New York, USA, pp. 157-212.
8. Jamal, Y., Boulanger, B.O. (2010). Separation of oleic acid from soybean oil using mixed-bed resins. Journal of Chemical Engineering Data, 55: 2405-2409. https://doi.org/10.1021/je900829c

9. Li, N., Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Nian, L., Lei, L., Ynag, X. (2014). Liquid-phase extraction coupled with metal-organic frameworks-based dispersive solid phase extraction of herbicides in peanuts. Talanta, 128: 345-353. DOI: 10.1016/ j.talanta.2014.04.084
10. Ma, Y., Lin, J., Xue, Y., Li, J., Huang, Y., Tang C. (2014). Acid-assisted hydro thermal synthesis and adsorption properties of high-specific-surface metal-organic frameworks. Material Letters, 132: 90-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.matlet.2014.06.025
11. Minitab (2010). Minitab Statistical Software (Version 16.1.1). Minitab Inc., State College, Pennsylvania, USA.
12. Mishra, P., Kar, R. (2003). Treatment of grapefruit juice for bitterness removal by amberlite ir120 and amberlite ir 400 and alginate entrapped naringinase enzyme. Journal of Food Science, 68: 1229-1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1365-2621.2003.tb09630.x
13. Naeimi, S., Faghihian, H. (2017). Performance of novel adsorbent prepared by magnetic metal-organic framework (MOF) modified by potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate for removal of Cs± from aqueous solution. Separation and Purification Technology, 175: 255-265. DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2016.11.028
14. O’Brien, R. D. (2004). Fats and Oils: Formulating and Processing for Applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 680 pp.
15. Pomeranz, Y. and Meloan, C.E. (1994). Food Analysis: Theory and Practice. Chapman and Hall, New York, USA, 778 pp.
16. Pu, M., Guan, Z., Ma, Y., Wan, J., Wang, Y., Brusseau, M. L., Chi, H. (2018). Synthesis of iron-based metal-organic framework MIL-53 as an efficient catalyst to activate persulfate for the degradation of Orange G in aqueous solution. Applied Catalysis A: General, 549: 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2017.09.021
17. Ribeiro, M.H.L., Silveira, D., Ferreira-Dias, S. (2002). Selective adsorption of limonin and naringin from orange juice to natural and synthetic adsorbents. European Food Research and Technology, 215: 462–471. DOI:10.1007/s00217-002-0592-0
18. Sabah, E., Çinar, M., Çelik, M. S. (2007). Decolorization of vegetable oils: Adsorption mechanism of β-carotene on acid-activated sepiolite. Food Chemistry, 100: 1661-1668. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.12.052
19. Samonin, V.V., Spiridonova, E.A., Zotov, A.S., Podvyaznikov, M.L., Garabanzhiu, A.V. (2012). Chemical structure, porous morphology, and sorption properties of adsorbents produced from organic technogenic substrates (a review). Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 91: 1546-1565. DOI:10.1134/S107036322108017X
20. Smaldone, R.A., Fogan, R.S., Furukawa, H., Gassemith, J.J., Slawin, A.M.Z., Yaghi, O.M. (2010). Metal-organic frameworks from edible natural products. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 49: 8630. https://doi.org/10.1002/ anie.201002343
21. Spanopoulos, I., Bratsos, I., Tampaxis, C., Kourtellaris, A., Tasiopoulos, A., Charalambopoulou, G., Steriotis, T. A., Trikalitis, P. N. (2015). Enhanced gas-sorption properties of a high surface area, ultra micro porous magnesium formate. CrystEngComm, 17: 532-539. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CE01667J
22. Srimiati, M., Kusharto, C.M., Tanziha, I., Suseno, S.H. (2015). Effect of differentbleaching temperatures on the quality of refined catfish (Clarias gariepinus) oil. Procedia Food Science, 3: 223-230. DOI:10.1016/j.profoo.2015.01.025
23. TGK (2012). Codex for vegetable oils (Codex No: 2012/29). Ministry of Agriculture, Ankara, Türkiye. TGK (2017). Turkish Food Codex for olive oil and olive pomace oil (Codex No: 2017/26). Ministry of Agriculture, Ankara, Türkiye.
24. Vlasova, E.A., Yakimov, S.A., Naidenko, E.V., Kudrik, E.V., Makarov, S.V. (2016). Application of metal-organic frameworks for purification of vegetable oils. Food Chemistry, 190: 103-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.078
25. Worasith, N., Goodman, B.A., Jeyashoke, N., Thiravetyan, P. (2011). Decolorization of rice bran oil using modified kaolin. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Sociey, 88: 2005-2014. DOI:10.1007/s11746-011-1872-2
26. Yılmaz, E., Erden, A., Güner, M. (2019). Structure and properties of selected metal organic frameworks as adsorbent materials for edible oil purification. La Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse, 96: 25–38.
27. Zhang, A., Du, G., Xiao, Z., Li, C. (2018). Study on optimization of tung oil bleaching and refining process using response surface methodology. IOP Conferance Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 153: 022032. DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/153/2/022032
28. Zschau, W. (2001). Bleaching of edible fats and oils. Cooperative work of the German Society for Fat Science (DGF) by the Study Group. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 103: 505-551. DOI:10.1002/1438-9312(200108) 103:8<505::AID-EJLT505>3.0.CO;2-7