Determination of Benzo(A)Pyrene From Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Extra Virgin, Riviera and Olive Pomace Oils (Turkish with English Abstract)

Year 2006, Volume: 31 Issue: 5, 239 - 251, 01.10.2006

Zehra Baloğlu Ali Bayrak

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the amount of benzo(a)pyrene in 20 of extra virgin olive oils, 20 of riviera olive oils and 10 of refined olive pomace oils. Solid phase extraction (silica cartidge) was used in the preparation of samples. Analyses were made by HPLC combined with fluorescence detector. In this method, mean of recovery was found % 76.08 ± 1.49 and limit of detection was 0.3 µg/kg. The findings showed that this method can be used for determining benzo(a)pyrene in olive oils for routine analysis. In three of the extra virgin olive oil samples analysed, BaP was determined between 0.330 µg/kg and 0.870 µg/kg and mean concentration was 0.539 ± 0.167µg/kg. BaP was not determined at limit of dedection in eight of riviera olive oils samples whereas; it was found 2.465 µg/kg in 12 of these samples. In the samples containing BaP, mean concentration of BaP was determined 0.737 ± 0.192 µg/kg. In the most of the olive pomace oils, BaP was found at the highest level. The mean concentration of BaP was 31.472 ± 7.42 µg/kg (min: 0.460 µg/kg, max: 58.241 µg/kg) in 7 samples containing BaP. Results were analyzed by the one-way analysis of variance for determining the differences among the BaP concentrations of extra virgin olive oils, riviera olive oils, olivepomace oils. It was found that the mean concentrations were significantly different (p≤0.09) DUNCAN test for comparision among means, only mean concentration of BaP in olive pomace oil was statistically significant (p< 0.01).

Keywords

Benzo(a)pyrene, extra virgin, riviera, olive-pomace, olive oil, HPLC    

Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH)'lardan Benzo(A)Pirenin Sızma, Riviera ve Prina Zeytinyağlarında Belirlenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 20 adet naturel sızma zeytinyağı, 20 adet riviera zeytinyağı ve 10 adet rafine prina yağında bulunan benzo(a)piren (BaP) miktarlarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Örneklerin hazırlanmasında silika kartuş kullanılmış ve katı faz ekstraksiyonu yapılmıştır. Analizler fluoresansdedektörü ile kombine edilmiş HPLC cihazında yapılmıştır. Yöntemde ortalama geri alma oranı % 76,08 ± 1,49, tespit edilebilir en düşük miktar 0,3 µg/kg olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu bilgiler, yöntemin zeytinyağlarındaki BaP miktarının belirlenmesinde rutin olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Analizi yapılan naturel sızma zeytinyağı örneklerinin 3'ünde 0,330 µg/kg ile 0,870 µg/kg arasında BaP tespit edilmiştir. Bu örnekler için ortalama BaP miktarı 0,539 ± 0,167µg/kg'dır. Riviera zeytinyağının 8'inde tespit edilebilir düzeyde BaP kalıntısına rastlanmazken, 12'sinde 2,465 µg/kg seviyesine kadar BaP bulunmuştur. BaP tespit edilen örneklerde ortalama miktar 0,737 ± 0,192 µg/kg olarak saptanmıştır. Prina yağlarının çoğunda yüksek miktarlarda BaP bulunmuştur. BaP tespit edilen 7 örnekte ortalama miktar 31,472 ± 7,42 µg/kg (en az: 0,460 µg/kg, en çok: 58,241 µg/kg)'dır. Naturel sızma zeytinyağı, riviera zeytinyağı ve prina yağlarının ortalamaları arasındaki farklılıkların irdelenmesinde varyans analizi tekniği kullanılmış ve ortalamalar arasındaki farkların önemli olduğu saptanmıştır. Farklı yağ gruplarının tespitinde ise DUNCAN testinden yararlanılmış, sadece prina yağı ortalaması ile diğer yağ örneklerinin ortalamaları arasındaki farkların istatistik olarak önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir (p< 0,01).

Keywords

Benzo(a)piren, sızma, riviera, prine, zeytinyağı, HPLC  

References

• Tuominen J. 1990. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and method development in supercritical fluid chromatography. Technical Research Centre ot Finland, Publications 60 Espoo, Finland
• Williams PT. 1990. Sampling and analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds from Combustion systems. Journal of The lnstitue of Energy, 63; 22
• Moret S, Conte L. S. 2000. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible fats and oils: occurrence and analytical methods. Journal of Chromatography A. 882; 245-253
• Kaya S., Pirinçci, |.. Bilgili A. 1998. Veteriner Hekimliğinde Toksikoloji. Medisan Yayın Serisi:35, 1. Baskı, 452 s, Ankara.
• Moret. S, Conte L. S. 2002.A rapid method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon determination in vegetable oils. Journal of Separation Science, 25; 916-100.
• Anonim. 2003b. Refik Saydam Hıfzısıhha Merkezi Başkanlığı Çevre Sağlığı Araştırma Müdürlüğü Hava Kirliliğine Genel Bakış. 47-60 5.
• Anonim. 1983. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemical to humans, polynuclear aromatic compounds. Part 1 . France.
• B. Dıraman E. 1994. Aspirin ve antioksidantların (butylated hydroxyanisole ve askorbik asit) farelerde (mus musculus) benzo(a)pyrene hidroksilaz akiivitesi üzerine etkileri. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Samsun.
• Shuguang L, Dinhua, P, Guoxiong, W. 1994. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cooking oil fumes. Archives of Environmental Health, 49(2); 119-122. .
• Moret S, Piani B, Bortolomeazzi R, Conte [. S. 1997. HPLC determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in olive oils. Z. Lebensm Unters Forsch A, 205; 116-120.
• Pupin, A. M., Toledo, M. C. F.1995. Benzo(a)pyrene in olive oils on the Brazilian market. Food Chemistry, 55(2); 185-188.
• Troche, V. S, Falcon, G. M. S, Amigo, G. S, Yusty, L. M. A, Lozano, S. J. 2000. Enrichment of benzo(a)pyrene in vegetable oils and determination by HPLG-FL. Talanta, 51; 1069-1076
• Gfrerer, M, Lankmayr, E. 2003. Microwave—assisted saponification for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from pumpkin seed oils. Journal of Separation Science, 26; 1230-1236. '
• Stijn, F. V. Kerkhoft, M. A. T, Vandeginste, B. G. M 1996. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils and fats by on-Iine donor—acceptor complex chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence dedection. Journal Chromatography A, 750; 263-273.
• Moreda. W, Perez-Camino, M. G, Cert, A. 2001. Gas and liquid chromatography of hydrocarbons in edible vegetable oils. Journal of Chromatography A, 936; 159-171.
• Anonim. 2001a. Contaminants- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in olive residue oil.
• Anonim.2002a. European Commission. Directorate F- Food and Veterinary 0ftice.Final report of a mission carried out“ *
• in France from 21St to 30th october 2002 in order to assess the control measures in place for vegetable oil production _;_
• Anonim. 2003a Prinanın bir yakıt olarak kullanımı ve eldesi. Gazi Univ.
• Bogusz, M. J, Haji,S. A. E, Ehaideb, Z., Hassan. H, Al- Tufail, M. 2004 Rapid determination of benzo(a)pyrene ın olive
• Larsson, B. K, Erikson, A. T, Cervenka, M. 1987. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude and deodorized vegetable
• Moret, S. Dudine, A.. Conte, L. S. 2000. Processing effects on the poiyaromatic hydrocarbon content of grapeseed oil.
• Cert. A., Moreda, W., Perez-Camino, M. G. 2000. Chromatographic analysis of minor constituents in vegetable oils.
• Perrin, J. l., Poirot. N_. Liska, P., Thienpont, A., Felix, G. 1993. Trace enrichment and HPLC analysis of PAHs in edible
• oils and fat products. using liquid chromatography on electron acceptor stationary phases in connection with reverse
• Anonim 2003c. Removal of PAH from vegetable oil.
• Anonim 2003d. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons removal.
• Bogan. B. W., Trbovic, V., Paterek, J. R. 2003. Inclusion of vegetable oils in Fenton's chemistry for remediation of PAH
• contaminated soils. Chemosphere. 50: 15-21.
• Osborne, M. R.. Crosby, N. T. 1987. Benzopyrenes. Cambridge University Press,128-129, UK.
• Anonim 2004a. Outline of the amendment of the cabinet ordinance and the ministerial ordinance for the law for the
• Speer, K., Steeg, E., Horstmann, P., Kühn, T., Montag,A.1990.Determination and distribution of polycyclic aromatic
• hydrocarbons in native vegetable oils. smoked fish products. mussels and oysters and bream from the River Elbe.
• Björseth, A., Becher. G. 1986. PAH in work atmospheres: occurrence and determination. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Pres:
• Barranco, A. Alonso- Salces, R. M. Bakkali, A. Berrueta. L. A. Gallo. B. Vicente, F. Sarobe, M. 2003a. Solid-phase
• clean- -up in the liquid chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils. Journal of
• Anonim 2002b. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in evening primrose oil.
• Anonim 2002d. Türk gıda kodeksi gıda maddelerinde belirli bulaşanların maksimum seviyelerinin belirlenmesi hakkında
• Moret, S.. Cericco, V., Conte. L. S. 2001. On-line solvent evaporator for coupled normal phase- -reversed phase high
• performance liquid chromatography systems. Heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analysis. J. Microcolumn
• Camacho, M. L., Alcaide, |. V., Mendez, M. V. R. 2003. Elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by bleaching of
• Pollard. S.J.T.. Sollars, C.J.. Perry. R. 1993. The reuse of spent bleaching earth: a feasibility study in waste minimisation
• Anonim 1993. Guidelines on good laboratory practice in pesticide residue analysis. Food and Agricultural Organization
• of United Nations. World Health Organization. Rome.
• Anonim 2004c.Food Standarts Agency.Update on EU discussions on chemical contaminants. Annex II. Sample
• preparation and criteria for methods of analysis used in official checking ofthe levels of benzo(a)pyrene in foods.