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Termophilic Phages That Cause Failure in Dairy Industry (Turkish with English Abstract)

Year 2009, Volume: 34 Issue: 2, 107 - 113, 01.04.2009

Abstract

Starter cultures are used in the production of a wide variety of fermented products to achieve hygienic products with standard flavour, aroma and consistency. During the production, the properties of the starter cultures are critically important besides the technological process parameters. For this reason, active cultures with high growth potential and physiological yield, which are resistant to bacteriophages and are not lysogenic, must be preferred. Although it provides products with standard quality, utilizing starter cultures introduced the bacteriophage problem. ere have been many attempts to investigate whether the contamination results from the lysogenic strains or the raw milk. In order to prevent the phage problem, rotation programs, cleaning and disinfection are implemented and direct set cultures and phage inhibitor mediums are used. Besides, some cultures may show resistance to phages due to having one of the four resistance mechanisms which are phage adsorption, inhibition of DNA injection, abortive infection and restriction/modification systems. ese phages which are either virulent or temperent, have two types of life cycles in their hosts, namely lytic or lysogenic. rough out these life cycles, each individual phage has its specific growth parameters.

References

  • 1. Tamime AY, Robinson RK. 1999. Yoghurt Science and Technology, 2nd, Woodhead Publishing Ltd and CRC Press LLC, Pp: 623, USA.
  • 2. Benbadis L, Faelen M, Slos P, Fazel A, Mercenier A. 1990. Characterization and comparison of virulent bacteriophages of Streptococcus thermophilus isolated from yogurt. Biochimie, 72: 855-862.
  • 3. Suárez VB, Quiberoni A, Binetti AG, Reinheimer JA. 2002. ermophilic lactic acid bacteria phages isolated from Argentinian dairy industries. J Food Prot 65 (10): 1597-1604.
  • 4. Quiberoni A, Auad L, Binetti AG, Suarez VB, Reinheimer JA, Raya RR. 2003. Comparative analysis of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages isolated from a yoghurt industrial plant. Food Microbiol, 20: 461-469.
  • 5. Tunail N, Demirtaş D, Durlu-Özkaya F. 2000. Yoğurt Fabrikalarında Görülen Bakteriyofaj Problemi, Nedenleri ve Çözüm Önerileri, Süt Mikrobiyolojisi ve Katkı Maddeleri. VI. Süt ve Süt Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 113- 125 s, Tekirdağ.
  • 6. Kaleli D. 2001. Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus virulent fajlarının izolasyonu ve yoğurt starter kültürleri üzerine litik etkilerinin belirlenmesi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Müh. Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
  • 7. Özyurt Ş. 2005. Doğal (yerel) Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus ve Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus suşlarında endüstriyel öneme sahip özelliklerin araştırılması. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 85 s, Ankara.
  • 8. Kahraman E. 2006. Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus ve Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus suşlarında lizogeninin araştırılması, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Müh. Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 80 s, Ankara.
  • 9. Mata M, Trautwetter A, Luthaud G, Ritzenthaler P. 1986. irteen virulent and temperate bacteriophages of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus lactis belong to a single DNA homology group. Appl Environ Microbiol 52 (4): 812-818.
  • 10. Lahbib-Mansais Y, Mata M, Ritzenthaler P. 1988. Molecular taxonomy of Lactobacillus phages. Biochimie, 70: 429-435.
  • 11. Tremblay DM, Moineau S. 1999. Complete genomic sequence of the lytic bacteriophage DT1 of Streptococcus thermophilus. Virology, 255: 63-76.
  • 12. Bruttin A, Desiere F, d’Amico N, Guerin JP, Sidoti J, Huni B, Lucchini S, Brüssow H. 1997. Moleculer ecology of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage infections in a cheese factory. Appl Environ Microbiol, 63: 3144- 3150.
  • 13. Neve H. 1996. Bacteriophage, In Dairy Starter Cultures, TM Cogan and JP Accolas (eds), VCH-Verlag, Weinheim.
  • 14. Cluzel PJ, Veaux M, Rousseau M, Accolas JP. 1987. Evidence for temperate bacteriophages in two strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. J Dairy Res, 54: 397-405.
  • 15. Sechaud L, Cluzel PJ, Rousseau M, Baumgartner A, Accolas JP. 1988. Bacteriophages of lactobacilli, Biochimie, 70: 401-410.
  • 16. Davidson BE, Powell IB, Hiller AJ. 1990. Temperate bacteriophages and lysogeny in lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 87: 79-90.
  • 17. Brüssow H, Frémont M, Bruttin A, Sidoti J, Constabla A, Fryder V. 1994. Detection and Classification of Streptococcus thermophilus Bacteriophages Isolated from Industrial Milk Fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol, 60 (12): 4537-4543.
  • 18. Le Marrec C, Sinderen D, Walsh L, Stanley E, Vlegels E, Moineau S, Heinze P, Fitzgerald G, Fayard B. 1997. Two groups of bacteriophages Streptococcus thermophilus can be distinguished on the basis of mode of packaging and genetic determinants for major structural proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol, 63 (8): 3246-3253.
  • 19. Fayard B, Haefliger M, Accolas JP. 1993. Interaction of temperate bacteriophages of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus with lysogenic affect phage DNA restriction pattern and host ranges. J. Dairy Res, 60: 385- 399.
  • 20. Brussow H, Bruttin A. 1995. Characterization of a temperate Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage and its genetic relationship with lytic phages. Virology, 212: 632-640.
  • 21. Kaleli D, Tunail N. 2001. Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus virulent fajlarının izolasyonu ve yoğurt starter kültürleri üzerine litik etkilerinin belirlenmesi. XII. Biyoteknoloji Kongresi, 286 s, Ayvalık.
  • 22. Moineau S. 1999. Applications of Phage Resistance in Lactic Acid Bacteria, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 76: 377-382.
  • 23. Binetti AG, Reinheimer JA. 2000. ermal and chemical inactivation of indigenous Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages isolated from Argentinian dairy plants. J Food Prot, 63 (4): 509-515.
  • 24. Acar Soykut E. 2007. Streptococcus thermophilus ve Lactobacillus bulgaricus virülent fajlarının replikasyon parametreleri, kapsid protein profilleri ve restriksiyon endonükleaz analizleri esas alınarak tanımlanmaları ve sınıflandırılmaları. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Müh. Ana Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi, 176 s, Ankara.
  • 25. Coffey A, Ross RP. 2002. Bacteriophage-resistance systems in dairy starter strains: molecular analysis to application. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 82: 303-321.
  • 26. Chow J, Batt CA, Sinskey AJ. 1988. Characterization of Lactobacillus bulgaricus bacteriophage ch2. Appl Environ Microbiol, 54 (5): 1138-1142.
  • 27. Rasic J, Kurmann AJ. 1978. Yoghurt, Technical Dairy Publishing House, pp: 466, Denmark.
  • 28. Reinbold GW, Reddy MS, Hammond EG. 1982. Ultrastructures of bacteriophages active against Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus lactis and Lactobacillus helveticus. J Food Prot, 45 (2): 119-124.
  • 29. Durlu F., Tunail N. 1991. Resistance of commercial cheese starter cultures to domestic bacteriophages in Turkey, e ird International Congres on Food Industry, pp: 125-139, Kuşadası.
  • 30. Tunail N, Aşkın O. 1991. Çiğ sütlerden laktik streptokok bakteriyofajlarının izolasyonu ve yerli laktik streptokok suşları ile ticari starterlerin faj dirençliliklerinin belirlenmesi. Doğa Dergisi, 15 (3): 785-791.
  • 31. Akçelik M, Tunail, N. 1992. A 30 kd cell wall protein produced by plasmid DNA which encodes inhibition of phage adsorbtion in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis P25. Milchwissenschaft, 47 (4): 215-217.
  • 32. Aydar LY, Tunail N. 1995. Isolation and electron microscopic investigation of lactic phages which isolated from Turkey. Milchwissenschaft, 50 (6): 312-316.
  • 33. Durlu-Özkaya F, İç N, Tunail N. 1999. Termofilik fajlara dirençli yoğurt kültürleri ve rotasyon. Biyoteknoloji (Kükem) Dergisi. XI. KÜKEM-Biyoteknoloji Kongresi Özel Sayısı 23 (2): 7-8.
  • 34. Guttman B, Raya RA, Kutter E. 2005. Basic Phage Biology. In Bacteriophages Biology and Applications, E Kutter, A Sulakvelidze (eds), pp. 29-67, CRC Press, USA.
  • 35. Hendrix RW. 2002. Bacteriophage λ and Its Relatives, In Modern Microbial Genetics, 2nd. UN Streips and RE Yasbin (eds), A John Willey&Sons, Inc., New York.
  • 36. Lerner KL, Lerner BW. 2003 World of Microbiology and Immunology, Gale Group, pp: 701, USA.
  • 37. Birge EA. 2000. Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics. 4th Edition, Springer-Verlag, pp: 559, New York.
  • 38. Yoon SS, Kim JW, Breidth F, Fleming HP. 2001. Characterization of a lytic bacteriophage and molecular cloning of a lysin gene in Escherichia coli. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 65: 63-74.
  • 39. Luria SE, Darnell JE. 1967. General Virology, 2nd Edition, John Wiley&Sons, pp: 512, USA.
  • 40. Klug WS, Cummings MR. 2000. Concepts of Genetics, 6th Edition. Prentice Hall, pp: 816, USA (Çeviri Editörü Cihan Öner).
  • 41. Lahbib-Mansais Y, Boizet B, Dupont L, Mata M, Ritzenthaler P. 1992. Characterization of a temperate bacteriophage of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and its interactions with the host cell chromosome. J Gen Microbiol, 138: 1139-1146.
  • 42. Hill C. 1993. Bacteriophage and Bacteriophage Resistance in Lactic Acid Bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 12: 87-108.
  • 43. Forde A, Fitzgerald GF. 1999. Bacteriophage defence system in lactic acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 76: 89-113.
  • 44. McGrath S, van Sinderen D, Fitzgerald GF. 2002. Bacteriophage-derived genetic tools for use in lactic acid bacteria. Int Dairy J Dairy J, 12: 3-15.
  • 45. Blumenthal RM, Cheng X. 2002. RestrictionModification Systems. In Modern Microbial Genetics, 2 nd, UN Streips and RE Yasbin (eds), pp: 350-465, A John Willey&Sons Inc., New York.
  • 46. Benbadis L, Garel JR, Hartley DL. 1991. Purification, properties and sequence spesificity of SslI, a new type II restriction endonuclease from Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol, 57 (12): 3677-3678.
  • 47. Guimont C, Henry P, Linden G. 1993. Restriction/ modification in Streptococcus thermophilus: isolation and characterization of a type II restriction endonüclease Sth455I. Appl Environ Microbiol, 39: 216-220.
  • 48. Solow BT, Somkuti GA. 2001. Molecular properties of Streptococcus thermophilus plasmid pER35 encoding a restriction modification system. Current Microbiol, 42: 122-128.
  • 49. Geis A, El Demerdash HAM, Heller KJ. 2003. Sequence analysis and characterization of plasmids from Streptococcus thermophilus. Plasmid, 50: 53-69.
  • 50. Cann AJ. 2001. Principles of Molecular Virology, 3rd Edition. Elsevier Academic Press, Pp: 339, USA.
  • 51. Quiberoni A, Guglielmotti DM, Binetti A, Reinheimer JA. 2004. Characterization of three Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus phages and the physicochemical analysis of phage adsorption. J Appl Microbiol, 96: 340-351.
  • 52. Larbi D, Colmin C, Rousselle L, Decaris B, Simonet JM. 1990. Genetic and Biological Characterization of Nine Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus Bacteriophages. Lait, 70: 107-116.
  • 53. Ellis EK, Delbrück M. 1939. e growth of bacteriophage, Papers on Bacterial Viruses, Selected by G. S. Stent (1960). 365p, Methuen and Co Ltd. London.
  • 54. Sanders ME, Klaenhammer TR. 1980. Restriction and modification group N Streptococci: Effect of heat on development of modified lytic bacteriophage. Appl Environ Microbiol, 40 (3): 500-506.
  • 55. Auad L, Peril MAA, Ruiz Holgado AAP, Raya RR. 1998. Evidence of a restriction/modification system in Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CNRZ 326. Current Microbiol, 36: 271-273.
  • 56. Kivi S, Peltomäki T, Luomala K, Sarimo SS. 1987. Some properties of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages. Fotra Microbiol, 32: 101-106.
  • 57. Tunail N, Ayhan K, Akçelik M, Durlu Özkaya F, Do- ğan HB, Kaleli D, Tükel Ç, Acar E. 2002. Yoğurt fabrikalarında faj probleminin çözümüne yönelik araştırmalar, TÜBİTAK/TARP-2106 Nolu Proje.
  • 58. Tunail N, Açık L, Acar E, Özyurt Ş, Kahraman E, Çelebi A. 2006. Yerel (doğal) S. thermophilus ve Lb. bulgaricus ile özgül fajlarının edüstriyel öneme sahip özellikler açısından tanımlanarak alternatif starterlerin belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Biyoteknoloji Enstitüsü 67 nolu proje.

Süt Endüstrisinde Sorun Yaratan Termofilik Fajlar

Year 2009, Volume: 34 Issue: 2, 107 - 113, 01.04.2009

Abstract

Starter kültürler standart tat, aroma ve kıvama sahip hijyenik ürünlerin eldesi için yogurt dahil birçok fermente ürünün üretiminde kullanılmaktadır. Üretim sırasında, teknolojik proses parametrelerinin yanında starter olarak kullanılan kültürlerin tasıdıkları özellikler çok büyük önem tasımaktadır. Bu nedenle üreme yetenekleri ve fizyolojik verimlilikleri yüksek, bakteriyofajlara dirençli, lizogen olmayan aktif kültürler seçilmektedir. Starter kültür kullanımı standart kalitede ürün eldesini saglamıs olsa da faj problemini de beraberinde getirmistir. Faj sorunu ile sıklıkla karsılasılması, bu fajların kontaminasyon kaynaklarının lizogen suslar mı yoksa çig süt mü oldugu arastırılmasına neden olmustur. Faj probleminin önüne geçilmesi amacı ile rotasyon programları, temizlik, dezenfeksiyon uygulanmakta, direkt set kültürler ve faj inhibitör ortamları kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca bazı kültürler fajlara karsı; faj adsorbsiyonunun ve DNA injeksiyonunun engellenmesi, abortif infeksiyon ve restriksiyon/modifikasyon sistemleri olmak üzere toplam dört adet faj direnç mekanizmasından birini tasıyabilmektedirler. Virülent veya temperent karakterde olan bu fajların, konakçıları üzerinde sırasıyla litik ve lizogenik olmak üzere iki tip yasam sekli vardır. Bu yasam döngülerinin basından sonuna kadar fajların her birine özgü olan gelisme parametreleri bulunmaktadır. 

References

  • 1. Tamime AY, Robinson RK. 1999. Yoghurt Science and Technology, 2nd, Woodhead Publishing Ltd and CRC Press LLC, Pp: 623, USA.
  • 2. Benbadis L, Faelen M, Slos P, Fazel A, Mercenier A. 1990. Characterization and comparison of virulent bacteriophages of Streptococcus thermophilus isolated from yogurt. Biochimie, 72: 855-862.
  • 3. Suárez VB, Quiberoni A, Binetti AG, Reinheimer JA. 2002. ermophilic lactic acid bacteria phages isolated from Argentinian dairy industries. J Food Prot 65 (10): 1597-1604.
  • 4. Quiberoni A, Auad L, Binetti AG, Suarez VB, Reinheimer JA, Raya RR. 2003. Comparative analysis of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages isolated from a yoghurt industrial plant. Food Microbiol, 20: 461-469.
  • 5. Tunail N, Demirtaş D, Durlu-Özkaya F. 2000. Yoğurt Fabrikalarında Görülen Bakteriyofaj Problemi, Nedenleri ve Çözüm Önerileri, Süt Mikrobiyolojisi ve Katkı Maddeleri. VI. Süt ve Süt Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 113- 125 s, Tekirdağ.
  • 6. Kaleli D. 2001. Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus virulent fajlarının izolasyonu ve yoğurt starter kültürleri üzerine litik etkilerinin belirlenmesi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Müh. Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
  • 7. Özyurt Ş. 2005. Doğal (yerel) Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus ve Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus suşlarında endüstriyel öneme sahip özelliklerin araştırılması. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 85 s, Ankara.
  • 8. Kahraman E. 2006. Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus ve Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus suşlarında lizogeninin araştırılması, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Müh. Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 80 s, Ankara.
  • 9. Mata M, Trautwetter A, Luthaud G, Ritzenthaler P. 1986. irteen virulent and temperate bacteriophages of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus lactis belong to a single DNA homology group. Appl Environ Microbiol 52 (4): 812-818.
  • 10. Lahbib-Mansais Y, Mata M, Ritzenthaler P. 1988. Molecular taxonomy of Lactobacillus phages. Biochimie, 70: 429-435.
  • 11. Tremblay DM, Moineau S. 1999. Complete genomic sequence of the lytic bacteriophage DT1 of Streptococcus thermophilus. Virology, 255: 63-76.
  • 12. Bruttin A, Desiere F, d’Amico N, Guerin JP, Sidoti J, Huni B, Lucchini S, Brüssow H. 1997. Moleculer ecology of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage infections in a cheese factory. Appl Environ Microbiol, 63: 3144- 3150.
  • 13. Neve H. 1996. Bacteriophage, In Dairy Starter Cultures, TM Cogan and JP Accolas (eds), VCH-Verlag, Weinheim.
  • 14. Cluzel PJ, Veaux M, Rousseau M, Accolas JP. 1987. Evidence for temperate bacteriophages in two strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. J Dairy Res, 54: 397-405.
  • 15. Sechaud L, Cluzel PJ, Rousseau M, Baumgartner A, Accolas JP. 1988. Bacteriophages of lactobacilli, Biochimie, 70: 401-410.
  • 16. Davidson BE, Powell IB, Hiller AJ. 1990. Temperate bacteriophages and lysogeny in lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 87: 79-90.
  • 17. Brüssow H, Frémont M, Bruttin A, Sidoti J, Constabla A, Fryder V. 1994. Detection and Classification of Streptococcus thermophilus Bacteriophages Isolated from Industrial Milk Fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol, 60 (12): 4537-4543.
  • 18. Le Marrec C, Sinderen D, Walsh L, Stanley E, Vlegels E, Moineau S, Heinze P, Fitzgerald G, Fayard B. 1997. Two groups of bacteriophages Streptococcus thermophilus can be distinguished on the basis of mode of packaging and genetic determinants for major structural proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol, 63 (8): 3246-3253.
  • 19. Fayard B, Haefliger M, Accolas JP. 1993. Interaction of temperate bacteriophages of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus with lysogenic affect phage DNA restriction pattern and host ranges. J. Dairy Res, 60: 385- 399.
  • 20. Brussow H, Bruttin A. 1995. Characterization of a temperate Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage and its genetic relationship with lytic phages. Virology, 212: 632-640.
  • 21. Kaleli D, Tunail N. 2001. Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus virulent fajlarının izolasyonu ve yoğurt starter kültürleri üzerine litik etkilerinin belirlenmesi. XII. Biyoteknoloji Kongresi, 286 s, Ayvalık.
  • 22. Moineau S. 1999. Applications of Phage Resistance in Lactic Acid Bacteria, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 76: 377-382.
  • 23. Binetti AG, Reinheimer JA. 2000. ermal and chemical inactivation of indigenous Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages isolated from Argentinian dairy plants. J Food Prot, 63 (4): 509-515.
  • 24. Acar Soykut E. 2007. Streptococcus thermophilus ve Lactobacillus bulgaricus virülent fajlarının replikasyon parametreleri, kapsid protein profilleri ve restriksiyon endonükleaz analizleri esas alınarak tanımlanmaları ve sınıflandırılmaları. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Müh. Ana Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi, 176 s, Ankara.
  • 25. Coffey A, Ross RP. 2002. Bacteriophage-resistance systems in dairy starter strains: molecular analysis to application. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 82: 303-321.
  • 26. Chow J, Batt CA, Sinskey AJ. 1988. Characterization of Lactobacillus bulgaricus bacteriophage ch2. Appl Environ Microbiol, 54 (5): 1138-1142.
  • 27. Rasic J, Kurmann AJ. 1978. Yoghurt, Technical Dairy Publishing House, pp: 466, Denmark.
  • 28. Reinbold GW, Reddy MS, Hammond EG. 1982. Ultrastructures of bacteriophages active against Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus lactis and Lactobacillus helveticus. J Food Prot, 45 (2): 119-124.
  • 29. Durlu F., Tunail N. 1991. Resistance of commercial cheese starter cultures to domestic bacteriophages in Turkey, e ird International Congres on Food Industry, pp: 125-139, Kuşadası.
  • 30. Tunail N, Aşkın O. 1991. Çiğ sütlerden laktik streptokok bakteriyofajlarının izolasyonu ve yerli laktik streptokok suşları ile ticari starterlerin faj dirençliliklerinin belirlenmesi. Doğa Dergisi, 15 (3): 785-791.
  • 31. Akçelik M, Tunail, N. 1992. A 30 kd cell wall protein produced by plasmid DNA which encodes inhibition of phage adsorbtion in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis P25. Milchwissenschaft, 47 (4): 215-217.
  • 32. Aydar LY, Tunail N. 1995. Isolation and electron microscopic investigation of lactic phages which isolated from Turkey. Milchwissenschaft, 50 (6): 312-316.
  • 33. Durlu-Özkaya F, İç N, Tunail N. 1999. Termofilik fajlara dirençli yoğurt kültürleri ve rotasyon. Biyoteknoloji (Kükem) Dergisi. XI. KÜKEM-Biyoteknoloji Kongresi Özel Sayısı 23 (2): 7-8.
  • 34. Guttman B, Raya RA, Kutter E. 2005. Basic Phage Biology. In Bacteriophages Biology and Applications, E Kutter, A Sulakvelidze (eds), pp. 29-67, CRC Press, USA.
  • 35. Hendrix RW. 2002. Bacteriophage λ and Its Relatives, In Modern Microbial Genetics, 2nd. UN Streips and RE Yasbin (eds), A John Willey&Sons, Inc., New York.
  • 36. Lerner KL, Lerner BW. 2003 World of Microbiology and Immunology, Gale Group, pp: 701, USA.
  • 37. Birge EA. 2000. Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics. 4th Edition, Springer-Verlag, pp: 559, New York.
  • 38. Yoon SS, Kim JW, Breidth F, Fleming HP. 2001. Characterization of a lytic bacteriophage and molecular cloning of a lysin gene in Escherichia coli. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 65: 63-74.
  • 39. Luria SE, Darnell JE. 1967. General Virology, 2nd Edition, John Wiley&Sons, pp: 512, USA.
  • 40. Klug WS, Cummings MR. 2000. Concepts of Genetics, 6th Edition. Prentice Hall, pp: 816, USA (Çeviri Editörü Cihan Öner).
  • 41. Lahbib-Mansais Y, Boizet B, Dupont L, Mata M, Ritzenthaler P. 1992. Characterization of a temperate bacteriophage of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and its interactions with the host cell chromosome. J Gen Microbiol, 138: 1139-1146.
  • 42. Hill C. 1993. Bacteriophage and Bacteriophage Resistance in Lactic Acid Bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 12: 87-108.
  • 43. Forde A, Fitzgerald GF. 1999. Bacteriophage defence system in lactic acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 76: 89-113.
  • 44. McGrath S, van Sinderen D, Fitzgerald GF. 2002. Bacteriophage-derived genetic tools for use in lactic acid bacteria. Int Dairy J Dairy J, 12: 3-15.
  • 45. Blumenthal RM, Cheng X. 2002. RestrictionModification Systems. In Modern Microbial Genetics, 2 nd, UN Streips and RE Yasbin (eds), pp: 350-465, A John Willey&Sons Inc., New York.
  • 46. Benbadis L, Garel JR, Hartley DL. 1991. Purification, properties and sequence spesificity of SslI, a new type II restriction endonuclease from Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol, 57 (12): 3677-3678.
  • 47. Guimont C, Henry P, Linden G. 1993. Restriction/ modification in Streptococcus thermophilus: isolation and characterization of a type II restriction endonüclease Sth455I. Appl Environ Microbiol, 39: 216-220.
  • 48. Solow BT, Somkuti GA. 2001. Molecular properties of Streptococcus thermophilus plasmid pER35 encoding a restriction modification system. Current Microbiol, 42: 122-128.
  • 49. Geis A, El Demerdash HAM, Heller KJ. 2003. Sequence analysis and characterization of plasmids from Streptococcus thermophilus. Plasmid, 50: 53-69.
  • 50. Cann AJ. 2001. Principles of Molecular Virology, 3rd Edition. Elsevier Academic Press, Pp: 339, USA.
  • 51. Quiberoni A, Guglielmotti DM, Binetti A, Reinheimer JA. 2004. Characterization of three Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus phages and the physicochemical analysis of phage adsorption. J Appl Microbiol, 96: 340-351.
  • 52. Larbi D, Colmin C, Rousselle L, Decaris B, Simonet JM. 1990. Genetic and Biological Characterization of Nine Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus Bacteriophages. Lait, 70: 107-116.
  • 53. Ellis EK, Delbrück M. 1939. e growth of bacteriophage, Papers on Bacterial Viruses, Selected by G. S. Stent (1960). 365p, Methuen and Co Ltd. London.
  • 54. Sanders ME, Klaenhammer TR. 1980. Restriction and modification group N Streptococci: Effect of heat on development of modified lytic bacteriophage. Appl Environ Microbiol, 40 (3): 500-506.
  • 55. Auad L, Peril MAA, Ruiz Holgado AAP, Raya RR. 1998. Evidence of a restriction/modification system in Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CNRZ 326. Current Microbiol, 36: 271-273.
  • 56. Kivi S, Peltomäki T, Luomala K, Sarimo SS. 1987. Some properties of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages. Fotra Microbiol, 32: 101-106.
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There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Esra Acar Soykut This is me

Nezihe Tunail This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 34 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Soykut, E. A. ., & Tunail, N. . (2009). Süt Endüstrisinde Sorun Yaratan Termofilik Fajlar. Gıda, 34(2), 107-113.
AMA Soykut EA, Tunail N. Süt Endüstrisinde Sorun Yaratan Termofilik Fajlar. The Journal of Food. April 2009;34(2):107-113.
Chicago Soykut, Esra Acar, and Nezihe Tunail. “Süt Endüstrisinde Sorun Yaratan Termofilik Fajlar”. Gıda 34, no. 2 (April 2009): 107-13.
EndNote Soykut EA, Tunail N (April 1, 2009) Süt Endüstrisinde Sorun Yaratan Termofilik Fajlar. Gıda 34 2 107–113.
IEEE E. A. . Soykut and N. . Tunail, “Süt Endüstrisinde Sorun Yaratan Termofilik Fajlar”, The Journal of Food, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 107–113, 2009.
ISNAD Soykut, Esra Acar - Tunail, Nezihe. “Süt Endüstrisinde Sorun Yaratan Termofilik Fajlar”. Gıda 34/2 (April 2009), 107-113.
JAMA Soykut EA, Tunail N. Süt Endüstrisinde Sorun Yaratan Termofilik Fajlar. The Journal of Food. 2009;34:107–113.
MLA Soykut, Esra Acar and Nezihe Tunail. “Süt Endüstrisinde Sorun Yaratan Termofilik Fajlar”. Gıda, vol. 34, no. 2, 2009, pp. 107-13.
Vancouver Soykut EA, Tunail N. Süt Endüstrisinde Sorun Yaratan Termofilik Fajlar. The Journal of Food. 2009;34(2):107-13.

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