A Foodborne Pathogen: Arcobacter (Turkish with English Abstract)

Year 2009, Volume: 34 Issue: 5, 331 - 335, 01.10.2009

Reyhan İrkin Mihriban Korukluoğlu

Abstract

Arcobacter, which are Gram-negative, zoonotic and aero-tolerant bacteria belonging to the family Campylobacteraceae, differentiate from Campylobacter, as it is able to grow at 15 ºC and optimally at 30 ºC in aerobic conditions, but not at 42 ºC and it contains 27-30% moles of G+C but not menaquinone-6 which is one of the major isoprenoid quinones. Arcobacter have some species like A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, A. skirrowii, A. cibarius, A. sulfidicus. It is known that Arcobacter recently caused food poisoning outbreaks in some countries like Italy, Canada and Brazil. It is reported that Arcobacter causes infections in humans through contaminated water, poultry, meat carcasses, meat products and raw milk. Researches on pathways of spread to humans and toxin mechanisms are very limited and insufficient. It is known that these bacteria are resistant to some of the antibiotics to some extent. In this review, potential pathogenity of Arcobacter spp. in animals and humans, pathways of spread, problems caused by these bacteria and possible control measures were discussed.

Keywords

Arcobacter spp., food poisonings, pathogens in foods.　　

Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Patojen: Arcobacter

Abstract

Camplylobacteraceae familyasına ait Gram negatif, zoonotik ve oksijene dirençli bir mikroorganizma olan Arcobacter 15 ºC’de gelişmesi, 42 ºC’de gelişmemesi, aerobik ortamda optimum olarak 30 °C’de gelişme göstermesi, %27-30 mol G+C içeriği ve önemli izoprenoid kinonlardan olan menakinon-6 içermemesi ile Campylobacter’den ayrılmaktadır. Arcobacter’in, A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, A. skirrowii, A. cibarus, A. sulfidicus gibi türleri bulunmaktadır. Arcobacter türlerinin son yıllarda İtalya, Kanada, Brezilya gibi bazı ülkelerde gıda zehirlenmelerine yol açtığı gözlenmiştir. Özellikle kirli su, kümes hayvanları, karkas, et ürünleri ve çiğ sütler aracılığıyla enfeksiyonlara neden olduğu bildirilmiştir. İnsana bulaşma yolları ve toksin mekanizmasıyla ilgili bilgiler oldukça sınırlı ve yetersizdir. Belirli bir ölçüde antibiyotiklere de direnç gösterdiği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada Arcobacter türlerinin hayvan ve insanlardaki potansiyel patojenitesi, bulaşma koşulları, yol açtığı sorunlar ve alınabilecek tedbirlere değinilmiştir.

Keywords

Arcobacter spp., gıda zehirlenmeleri, gıdalardaki patojenler　　

References

• 1. Houf K, Devriese LA, Haesebrouck F, Vandenberg O, Butzler JP, Hoof JV, Vandamme P. 2004. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus Strains Isolated from Humans and Broilers. Microbial Drug Resist, 10(3): 243-247.
• 2. Son I, Englen MD, Berrang ME, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Harrison MA. 2007. Antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter and Campylobacter from broiler carcasses. Int J Antimic Agents, 29: 451-455.
• 3. Anadut FO ve Gümüşsoy KS. 2005. Kayseri’de tüketime sunulan kanatlı etlerinden Arcobacter spp.’nin izolasyonu. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, J Health Sci, 14 (2): 125- 131.
• 4. Quinones B, Parker CT, Janda JM, Miller WG and Mandrell RE. 2007. Detection and Genotyping of Arcobacter and Campylobacter Isolates from Retail Chicken Samples by Use of DNA Oligonucleotide Arrays. Appl Env Microbiol, 73 (11): 3645-3655.
• 5. Ho TKH, Lipman LJA, Gaastra W. 2006. Arcobacter, what is known and unknown about a potential foodborne zoonotic agent. Vet Microbiol, 115:1-13.
• 6. Snelling WJ, Matsuda M, Moore JE, Dooley JSG. 2006. Under the microscope: Arcobacter. Lett Appl Microbiol, 42:7-14.
• 7. Collado L, Inza I, Guarro J, Figueras MJ. 2008. Presence of Arcobacter spp. in environmental waters correlates with high levels of fecal pollution. Env Microbiol, 10 (6):1635–1640.
• 8. Prouzet-Mauleon V, Labadi L, Bouges N, Menard A, Megraud F. 2006. Arcobacter butzleri: underestimated pathogen. Emerg Inf Dis, 12 (2): 307-309.
• 9. Houf K, Coenye, T., On, S.L., Hoof, J.V., Driessche, E.V. 2003. Isolation of a new Arcobacter species from Belgian broiler carcasses. Int J Med Microbiol, 293: 89-93.
• 10. Houf K, On SLW, Coenye T, Mast J, Hoof JV, Vandamme P. 2005. Arcobacter cibarius sp. nov., isolated from broiler carcasses. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 55: 713-717.
• 11. Driessche EV, Houf K. 2008. Survival capacity in water of Arcobacter species under different temperature conditions. J Appl Microbiol, 1-9.
• 12. Gonzales A, Moreno R, Gonzales R, Hernandez J, Ferrus MA. 2006. Development of a Simple and Rapid Method Based on Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis to Differentiate Helicobacter, Campylobacter and Arcobacter Species. Current Microbiol, 53: 416-421.
• 13. Neubauer C and Hess M. 2006. Detection and identification of food-borne pathogens of the genera Campylobacter, Arcobacter and Helicobacter by multiplex PCR in poultry and poultry products. J Vet Med, 53: 376–381.
• 14. Stoeva K, Ward FB. 2006. Genome mapping of Arcobacter butzleri. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 256: 290-297.
• 15. Miller G, Dunn GM, Palmer AS, Ogden ID, Strachan JC. 2004. Human Campylobacteriosis in Scotland: seasonality, regional trends and bursts of infection. Epidemiol Inf, 132: 585-593.
• 16. Neimann J, Negberg J, Molbak K, Wegner, HC. 2003. A case–control study of risk factors for sporadic campylobacter infections in Denmark. Epidemiol Inf, 130: 353-366.
• 17. Atabay HI, Aydın F. 2001. Susceptibility of Arcobacter butzleri isolates to 23 antimicrobial agents. Lett Appl Microbiol, 33: 430-433.
• 18. Rodriques LC, Cowden JM, Wheeler JG, Sethi D, Walls PG, Cumberland P, Tompkins DS, Hudson MJ, Roberts JA, Roderick PJ. 2000. The study of infectious intestinal disease in England: risk factors for cases of infectious intestinal disease with Campylobacter jejuni infection. Epidemiol Inf, 127: 185-193.
• 19. Ridsdale JA, Atabay HI, Corry JEL. 1998. Prevalence of Campylobacters and Arcobacters in ducks at the abattoir. J Appl Microbiol, 85: 567-573.
• 20. Atabay HI, Corry JEL, On SLW. 1998. Diversity and prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in broiler chickens. J Appl Microbiol, 84: 1007-1016.
• 21. Vandenberg O, Dediste A, Houf K, Ibekwem S, Savayah H, Cadranel S, Dokat N, Zissis G, Butzler JP, Vandamme P. 2004. Arcobacter species in humans. Emerg Inf Dis, 10 (109): 1863-1867.
• 22. Lerner J, Brumberger V, Preac-Mursi CV. 1994. Severe diarrhoea associated with Arcobacter butzleri . Eur J Clin Microbiol Inf Dis, 13 (8): 660-662.
• 23. Andersen MME, Wesley IV, Nestor E, Trampel DW. 2007. Prevalence of Arcobacter species in market-weight commercial turkeys. Antonie van Leeuw, 92: 309-317.
• 24. Atabay HI, Unver A, Sahin M, Otlu S, Elmalı M, Yaman H. 2008. Isolation of various Arcobacter species from domestic geese (Anser anser). Vet Microbiol, 128: 400–405.
• 25. Cervenka L. 2007. Survival and inactivation of Arcobacter spp., A current status and future prospect. Crit Rev Microbiol, 33: 101-108.
• 26. Fisher K, Rowe C, Phillips CA. 2007. The survival of three strains of Arcobacter butzleri in the presence of lemon, orange and bergamot essential oils and their components in vitro and on food. Lett Appl Microbiol, 44: 495-499.
• 27. Houf K, Stephan R. 2001. Isolation and characterization of the emerging foodborne pathogen Arcobacter from human stool. J Microbiol Meth, 68:408- 413.
• 28. Atabay HI, Waino M, Madsen M. 2006. Detection and diversity of various Arcobacter species in Danish poultry. Int J Food Microbiol, 109: 139-145.
• 29. Donachie SP, Bowman JP, Stephen LWO, Alam M. 2005. Arcobacter halophilus sp. nov., the first obligate halophile in the genus Arcobacter. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 55:1271-1277.
• 30. Gude A, Hillman TJ, Helps CR, Allen VM, Corry JEL. 2005. Ecology of Arcobacter species in chicken rearing and processing. Lett Appl Microbiol, 41:82-87.
• 31. Rivas JL, Fegan N, Vanderlinde P. 2004. Isolation and characterisation of Arcobacter butzleri from meat. Int J Food Microbiol, 91:31-41.
• 32. Wesley IV. 1997. Helicobacter and Arcobacter: Potential human foodborne pathogens? Trends Food Sci Technol, 8: 293-299.
• 33. Vindigni SM, Srijan A, Wongstitwilairoong B, Marcus R, Meek J, Riley P, Mason C. 2007. Prevalence of Foodborne Microorganisms in Retail Foods in Thailand. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 4 (2): 208-215.
• 34. Phillips CA. 2001. Arcobacter spp in food: isolation, identification and control. Trends Food Sci Tech, 12: 263- 275.
• 35. Kabeya H, Maruyama S, Morita Y, Ohsuga T, Ozawa S, Kobayashi Y, Abe M, Katsube Y, Mikami T. 2004. Prevalence of Arcobacter species in retail meats and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates in Japan. Int J Food Microbiol, 90: 303-308.
• 36. Lehner A, Tasara T, Stephan R. 2005. Relevant aspects of Arcobacter spp. as potential foodborne pathogen. International. J Food Microbiol, 102: 127-135.
• 37. Öngör H, Çetinkaya B, Açik MN, Atabay HI. 2004. Investigation of Arcobacter in meat and faecal samples of clinically healthy cattle in Turkey. Lett Appl Microbiol, 38: 339-344.
• 38. Gugliandolo C, Irrera GP, Lentini V, Maugeri TL. 2008. Pathogenic Vibrio, Aeromonas and Arcobacter spp. associated with copepods in the Straits of Messina (Italy). Baseline / Marine Poll Bull, 56: 580–606.
• 39. Borch E, Arinder P. 2002. Bacteriological safety issues in red meat and ready-to-eat meat products, as well as control measures. Meat Sci, 62: 381–390.
• 40. Rice EW, Rodgers MR, Wesley IV, Johnson CH, Taner SA. 1999. Isolation of Arcobacter butzleri from ground water. Lett Appl Microbiol, 28: 31-35.
• 41. Assanta MA, Roy D, Lemay MJ, Montpetit D. 2002. Attachment of Arcobacter butzleri a new water borne pathogen to water distribution pipe surfaces. J Food Prot, 65 (8): 1240-1247.
• 42. Morita Y, Maruyama S, Kabeya H, Boonmar S, Nimsuphan B, Nagai A, Kozawa K, Nakajima T, Mikami T, Kimura H. 2004. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Arcobacter spp. in ground meat and environmental water in Japan and Thailand. Microbiol Immun, 48: 527-533.
• 43. Fera MT, Maugri TL, Giannone M, Gugliandolo C, Camera EL, Blandino G, Carbone M. 2003. In vitro susceptibility of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerphilus to different antimicrobial agents. Int J Antimicrobiol Ag, 21: 488-491.
• 44. Fong TT, Mansfield LS, Wilson DL, Schwab DJ, Molloy SL, Rose JB. 2007. Massive microbiological groundwater contamination associated with a waterborne outbreak in Lake Erie, South Bass Island Ohio. Environ Health Perspect, 115: 856-858.
• 45. Houf K, Devriese LA, Zutter LD, Hoof JV, Vandamme P. 2001. Development of a new protocol for the isolation and quantification of Arcobacter species from poultry products. Int J Food Microbiol, 71:189–196.
• 46. Phillips C.A. 2001. Arcobacter as emerging human foodborne pathogens. Food Control, 12: 1-6.
• 47. Phillips C.A. 1999. The effect of citric acid, lactic acid, sodium citrate and sodium lactate, alone and in combination with nisin, on the growth of Arcobacter butzleri. Lett Appl Microbiol, 29: 424-428.
• 48. Phillips CA, Duggan J. 2002. The effect of temperature and citric acid, alone, and in combination with nisin, on the growth of Arcobacter butzleri in culture. Food Control, 13: 463-468.
• 49. Cervenka L, Peskova I, Foltynova E, Pejchalova M, Brozkova I, Vytrasova J. 2006. Inhibitory effects of some spice and herb extracts against Arcobacter butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii. Current Microbiol, 53: 435-439