Utilization of Various Substrate Sources in the Production of Citric Acid by Fermentation (Turkish with English Abstract)

Year 2010, Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 135 - 142, 01.04.2010

Seda Karasu Yalçın M. Tijen Bozdemir Z. Yeşim Özbaş

Abstract

Citric acid is a tricarboxylic acid which can be used in food industry as an acidifier, aroma enhancer, preservative, emulsifier, stabilizer, and antioxidant. Today, citric acid is produced mainly by fermentation, and it is known that molds and yeasts have been widely used for this purpose. Citric acid is an intermediate product in Krebs (Tricarboxylic acid-TCA) cycle, whereby accumulation of this product in the cell can only occure at certain conditions. It is stated that production of citric acid is mainly dependent on the strain and medium composition. It is reported that the most important factor affecting to citric acid production is the type and concentration of the substrate used. Among plenty of substrates that are used for this purpose and varied according to the microorganism, natural substrate sources such as various industrial wastes and by-products have attracted significant interest in recent years.

Keywords

Citric acid, fermentation, Aspergillus niger, Yarrowia lipolytica, production metabolism, natural substrate sources  

Fermantasyon Yolu ile Sitrik Asit Üretiminde Farklı Substrat Kaynaklarının Kullanılma Olanakları

Abstract

Sitrik asit, gıda endüstrisinde asitlendirici, aroma geliştirici, koruyucu, emülsifiyer, stabilizatör ve antioksidan olarak kullanılabilen bir trikarboksilik asittir. Sitrik asit günümüzde büyük ölçüde, fermantasyon yolu ile üretilmekte ve bu amaçla yaygın olarak küflerin ve mayaların kullanıldıkları bilinmektedir. Sitrik asit Krebs (Trikarboksilik asit–TCA) çevriminde bir ara ürün olup, bu ürünün hücrede birikimi ancak belirli koşullarda gerçekleşmektedir. Sitrik asit üretiminin büyük ölçüde suşa ve ortam bileşimine bağlı olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Mikroorganizmalar tarafından sitrik asit üretimini etkileyen en önemli faktörün, kullanılan substratın türü ve derişimi olduğu belirtilmektedir. Bu amaçla kullanılan ve mikroorganizmaya göre değişen birçok substrat seçeneği arasında, çeşitli endüstriyel artıklar veya yan ürünler gibi doğal substrat kaynakları son yıllarda oldukça ilgi çekici hale gelmiştir.

Keywords

Sitrik asit, fermantasyon, Aspergillus niger, Yarrowia lipolytica, üretim metabolizması, doğal substrat kaynakları      　　

References

• 1. Blair G, Staal P. 1999. Citric acid. In: Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Kroschwitz JI (ed), John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA, pp. 452-454.
• 2. Verhoff FH. 2003. Citric acid. In: Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Elvers B, Hawkins S, Harrer R, Pikart-Müller M (eds), Volume 8, Wiley-VCH, Germany, pp. 525-531.
• 3. Roehr M, Kubicek CP, Komínek J. 1993. Citric acid. In: Biotechnology Rehm. HC and Reed G (eds), Volume 6, Verlagsgesellschaft, Germany, pp. 388-395.
• 4. Soccol CR, Vandenberghe LPS, Rodrigues C, Pandey A. 2006. New perspectives for citric acid production and application. Food Technol Biotechnol, 44(2): 141-149.
• 5. Sauer M, Porro D, Mattanovich D, Branduardi P. 2008. Microbial production of organic acids: expanding the markets. Trends Biotechnol, 26(2): 100-108.
• 6. Anastassiadis S, Aivaidis A, Wandrey C. 2002. Cit lular nitrogen limitation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 60: 81-87.
• 7. Grewal HS, Kalra KL. 1995. Fungal production of citric acid. Biotechnol Adv, 13(2): 209-234.
• 8. Mattey M. 1992. The production of organic acids. Crit Rev Biotechnol, 12(1/2): 87-132.
• 9. Abou-Zeid AA, Ashy MA. 1984. Production of citric acid: a review. Agr Waste, 9: 51-76.
• 10. Crueger W, Crueger A. 1990. Biotechnology, A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology. Sinauer Associates, Inc., USA, 357p.
• 11. Kurtzman. 2000. Yarrowia van der Walt & von Arx. In: The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study. Kurtzman CP and Fell JW (eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 420-421.
• 12. Rane KD, Sims KA. 1993. Production of citric acid by Candida lipolytica Y1095: Effect of glucose concentration on yield and productivity. Enzyme Microb Technol, 15: 646-651.
• 13. Kamzolova SV, Finogenova TV, Morgunov I. 2006. Biosynthesis of citric and isocitric acids by Yarrowia lipolytica grown on vegetable oils. 2nd FEMS Congress of European Microbiologists, p. 98, 4-8 July 2006, Madrid, Spain.
• 14. Wojtatowicz M, Marchin GL, Erickson LE. 1993. Attempts to improve strain A-101 of Yarrowia lipolytica for citric acid production from n-paraffins. Process Biochem, 28: 453-460.
• 15. Lu MY, Maddox IS, Brooks JD. 1998. Application of a multi-layer packed- bed reactor to citric acid production in solid-state fermentation using A. niger. Process Biochem, 33: 117-123.
• 16. Vandenberghe LPS, Soccol CR, Pandey A, Lebeault J-M. 2000. Solid-state fermentation for the synthesis of citric acid by Aspergillus niger. Bioresour Technol, 74: 175-178.
• 17. Couto SR, Sanromán MA. 2006. Application of solid state fermentation to food industry – A review. J Food Eng, 76: 291-302.
• 18. Cartledge TG. 1987. Substrate utilization, noncarbohydrate substrates. In: Yeast Biotechnology. Berry DR, Russell I, Stewart GG (eds), Allen & Unwin Inc., United Kingdom, pp. 331-334.
• 19. Ratledge C. 2001. Biochemistry and physiology of growth and metabolism. In: Basic Biotechnology. Ratledge C and Kristiansen B (eds), Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 17-44.
• 20. Gözükara EM. 2001. Biyokimya (Cilt-2). Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul, Türkiye, 1258s.
• 21. Legiša M, Mattey M. 1986. Glycerol as an initiator of citric acid accumulation in Aspergillus niger. Enzyme Microb Technol, 8: 258-259.
• 22. Anastasiadis S, Rehm HJ. 2005. Continuous citric acid secretion by a high specific pH dependent active transport system in yeast Candida oleophila ATCC 20177. Electron J Biotechnol, 8(2): 26-42.
• 23. Milsom PE, Meers JL. 1985. Citric acid. In Comprehensive Biotechnology, The Principles, Applications and Regulations of Biotechnology in Industry, Agriculture and Medicine (Vol. 3), CW Robinson and JA Howell (eds.), pp. 665-680, Pergamon Press, U.K.
• 24. Papagianni M. 2007. Advances in citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger : biochemical aspects, membrane transfer and modeling. Biotechnol Adv, 25: 244-263.
• 25. Wojtatowicz M, Rymowicz W, Kautola H. 1991. Comparison of different strains of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica for citric acid production from glucose hydrol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 31: 165-174.
• 26. Hamissa FA, Abou-Zeid AA. 1981. Fermentative production of citric acid by yeasts. Agr Waste, 3: 21-23.
• 27. Karasu Yalçın S. 2007. Yarrowia lipolytica ile sitrik asit üretimine etki eden çeşitli parametrelerin incelenmesi ve bazı endojen maya suşlarının sitrik asit üretim kapasitelerinin değerlendirilmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Doktora tezi, Ankara, Türkiye, 240s.
• 28. Arzumanov TE, Shishkanova NV, Finogenova TV. 2000. Biosynthesis of citric acid by Yarrowia lipolytica repeat-batch culture on ethanol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 53: 525-529.
• 29. Finogenova TV, Kamzolova SV, Dedyukhina EG, Shishkanova NV, II’chenko AP, Morgunov IG, Chernyavskaya OG, Sokolov AP. 2002. Biosynthesis of citric and isocitric acids from ethanol by mutant Yarrowia lipolytica N 1 under continous cultivation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 59: 493-500.
• 30. Morgunov IG, Kamzolova SV, Shishkanova NZ, Finogenova TV. 2004. Overproduction of organic acids from various substrates by Yarrowia lipolytica yeast. 19th International ICFMH Symposium FoodMicro 2004, 12- 16 September 2004, Portoroz, Slovenia, 210 p.
• 31. Fickers P, Benetti PH, Waché Y, Marty A, Mauersberger S, Smit MS, Nicaud JM. 2004. Hydrophobic substrate utilization by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, and its potential applications. FEMS Yeast Res, 5: 527-543.
• 32. Papanikolaou S, Galiotou- Panayotou M, Chevalot I, Komaitis M, Marc I, Aggelis G. 2006. Influence of glucose and saturated free-fatty acid mixtures on citric acid and lipid production by Yarrowia lipolytica. Curr Microbiol, 52: 134-142.
• 33. Kamzolova SV, Morgunov IG, Perevoznikova OA, Shishkanova NV, Finogenova TV. 2004. New renewable substrate for citric acid production by Yarrowia lipolytica yeast. The 19th International ICFMH Symposium FoodMicro 2004, 12-16 September 2004, Portoroz, Slovenia p. 210.
• 34. Venter T, Kock JLF, Botes PJ, Smit MS, Hugo A, Joseph M. 2004. Acetate enhances citric acid production by Yarrowia lipolytica when grown on sunflower oil. Syst Appl Microbiol, 27: 135-138.
• 35. Sarangbin S, Watanapokasin Y. 1999. Yam bean starch : a novel substrate for citric acid production by the protease-negative mutant strain of Aspergillus niger. Carbohydr Polymer, 38: 219-224.
• 36. Adham NZ. 2002. Attempts at improving citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger in beet-molasses medium. Bioresour Technol, 84: 97-100.
• 37. Hang YD, Woodams EE. 1986. Utilization of grape pomace for citric acid production by solid state fermentation. Am J Enol Vitic, 37(2): 141-142.
• 38. Hang YD, Luh BS, Woodams EE. 1987. Microbial production of citric acid by solid state fermentation of kiwifruit peel. J Food Sci, 52(1): 226-227.
• 39. Lu M, Brooks JD, Maddox IS. 1997. Citric acid production by solid-state fermentation in a packed-bed reactor using Aspergillus niger. Enzyme Microb Technol, 21: 392-397.
• 40. Roukas T, Kotzekidou P. 1997. Pretreatment of date syrup to increase citric acid production. Enzyme Microb Technol, 21: 273-276.
• 41. Roukas T, Liakopoluou-Kyriakides M. 2002. Optimization study for the production of citric and gluconic acid from fig water extract by Aspergillus niger in surface fermentation. Food Biotechnol, 16(1): 17-28.
• 42. Shojaosadati SA, Babaeipour V. 2002. Citric acid production from apple pomace in multi-layer packed bed solid-state bioreactor. Process Biochem, 37: 909-914.
• 43. Kumar D, Jain VK, Shanker G, Srivastava A. 2003. Utilization of fruits waste for citric acid production by solid state fermentation. Process Biochem, 38: 1725-1729.
• 44. Hang YD, Woodams EE. 2001. Enzymatic enhancement of citric acid production by Aspergillus niger from corn cobs. Lebens-Wiss Technol, 34: 484-486.
• 45. Kumar D, Jain VK, Shanker G, Srivastava A. 2003. Citric acid production by solid state fermentation using sugarcane bagasse. Process Biochem, 38: 1731-1738.
• 46. Alben E, Erkmen O. 2004. Production of citric acid from a new substrate, undersized semolina, by Aspergillus niger. Food Technol Biotechnol, 42(1): 19-22.
• 47. Kurbanoğlu EB. 2003. Enhancement of citric acid production with ram horn hydrolysate by Aspergillus niger. Bioresour Technol, 92(1): 97-101.
• 48. Kurbanoğlu EB, Kurbanoğlu Nİ. 2003. Production of citric acid from ram horn hydrolysate by Aspergillus niger. Process Biochem, 38: 1421-1424.
• 49. Imandi SB, Bandaru VVR, Somalanka SR, Garapari HR. 2007. Optimization of medium constituents for the production of citric acid from byproduct glycerol using Doehlert experimental design. Enzyme Microb Technol, 40: 1367-1372.
• 50. Abou-Zeid AA, Baghlaf AO, Khan JA, Makhashin SS. 1983. Utilization of date seeds and cheese whey in production of citric acid by Candida lipolytica. Agr Waste, 8: 131-142.
• 51. El-Samragy YA, Khorshid MA, Foda MI, Shehata AE. 1996. Effect of fermentation conditions on the production of citric acid from cheese whey by Aspergillus niger. Int J Food Microbiol, 29: 411-416.
• 52. El-Holi MA, Al-Delaimy KS. 2003. Citric acid production from whey with sugars and additives by Aspergillus niger. Afr J Biotechnol, 2(10): 356-359.
• 53. Kamzolova SV, Morgunov IG, Aurich A, Perevoznikova OA, Shishkanova NV, Stottmeister U, Finogenova TV. 2005. Lipase secretion and citric acid production in Yarrowia lipolytica yeast grown on animal and vegetable fat. Food Technol Biotechnol, 43(2): 113-122.
• 54. Rymowicz W, Rywinska A, Zarowska B, Juszczyk P. 2006. Citric acid production from raw glycerol by acetate mutants of Yarrowia lipolytica. Chem Pap, 60(5): 391-394.