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Chemical Composition of Lemon (Citrus Limon) and Peels Its Considerations as Animal Food (in English)

Year 2012, Volume: 37 Issue: 5, 267 - 271, 01.10.2012

Abstract

Lemon peels utilizable foodstuffs were analysed for crude protein, phosphorus, calcium, copper, manganese, iron, zinc, sodium, potassium and some chemical parameters in feedstuffs. The levels of protein (9.42 %), fat (4.98%), ash (6.26%), fiber (15.18%), sodium (755.5 mg/100g), potassium (8600 mg/100g), calcium (8452.5 mg/100g), copper (4.94 mg/100g), iron (147.65 mg/100g), magnesium (1429.50 mg/100g), zinc (13.94 mg/100g) and phosphorus (6656 mg/100g) detected in the lemon peels were compared with that of Iranian national standard for animal food. The value of fat, crude protein and fiber are comparable to the values for varieties of animal feed reported by Iranian national standard. 

References

  • FAO. 2003. Estadística. www.fao.org.
  • Agustı´ M. 2003. Anatomı´a de los cı´tricos. Page 85–86 in: Citricultura, Madrid, Spain: Mundi- Prensa.
  • Brat P, Olle D, Gancel AL, Reynes M, Brillouet JM. 2001. Essential oils obtained by flash vacuum -expansion of peels from lemon, sweet orange, mandarin and grapefruit. Fruits, 56(6): 395–402.
  • Vekiari SA, Protopadakis EE, Papadopoulou P, Papanicolau D, Panou C, Vamvakias M. 2002. Composition and seasonal variation of the essential oil from leaves and peel of a cretan lemon vari- ety. J Agric Food Chem, 50(1): 147–153.
  • Aleson-Carbonell L, Ferna´ndez-Lo´pez J, Pe´rez-A´lvarez JA, Kuri V. 2005. Characteristics of beef burger as influenced by various types of lemon albedo. Innovat Food Sci Emerg Tech, 6(2): 247–255.
  • Ferna´ndez-Gine´s JM, Ferna´ndez-Lo´pez J, Sayas-Barbera´ E, Sendra E, Pe´rez-A´lvarez JA. 2004. Lemon albedo as a new source of dietary fiber: Application to bologna sausages. Meat Sci, 67(1): 7–13.
  • Aleson-Carbonell L, Ferna´ndez-Lo´pez J, Sayas-Barbera´ E, Sendra E, Pe´rez-A´lvarez JA. 2003. Utilization of lemon albedo in dry-cured sausages. J Food Sci, 68(5): 1826–1830.
  • Marı´n FR, Frutos MJ, Pe´rez-A´lvarez JA, Martı´nez-Sa´nchez F, Del Rio JA. 2002. Flavonoids as nutraceuticals; structural related antioxidant properties and their role on ascorbic acid preservation. Page 741–778 in: Atta-Ur-Rahman (Ed.), Studies in natural products chemistry, Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier.
  • AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis, 18th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
  • Kjeldahl J. 1883. Determination of protein nitrogen in food products. Encyclopedia of Food Sci, 1883: 439-441.
  • Onyeike EN, Acheru GN. 2002. Chemical composition of selected Nigerian oil seeds and physicochemical properties of the oil extracts. Food Chem, 77: 431-437.
  • AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th
  • Chemists, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
  • ISIRI. 2008. Animal feeding stuffs - Determination of phosphorus content - Spectrometric method, Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, second Revision, No. 513.
  • Erdogan S, Celik S, Erdogan Z. 2004. Seasonal and locational efects on serum, milk, liver and kidney chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, and iron concentrations of dairy cows. Biol Trace Elem Res, 98: 51-61.
  • Yanik M, Kocyigit A, Tutkun H, Vural H, Herken H. 2004. Plasma manganese, selenium, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Trace Elem Res, 98: 109-117.
  • Sorenson JRJ. 2002. Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, chelates offer a medicinal chemistry approach to overcoming radiation injury. Curr Med Chem, 9: 639-662.
  • Zhao ZH. 1998. Principle of Geochemistry; Chinese Science Press: Beijing.
  • Potassium in Animal Nutrition. 1998. Better Crops, Vol. 82(3).
  • Tandogan B, Ulusu NN. 2005. Importance of Calcium. Turk J Med Sci, 35: 197-201.
  • Phosphorus in Animal Nutrition. 1999. Better Crops, Vol. 83(1).
  • Ferrao JEM, Ferro AMBC, Antures AMG. 1987. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) Aspect of its nutritive value. Gracia de orta seriede Estudos Agronomics, 14: 35-39.
  • ISIRI. 1996. Corn seen for animal feed (REV), Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, Second Revision, 4thEdition, No. 1445.
  • ISIRI. 1984. Specification for soybean oilcake as livestock and poultry feed, Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, First Revision, 3thEdition, No. 800.
  • ISIRI. 2002. Sunflower meal specification and test methods in feed stuff, Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, second Revision, No. 322.
  • Akinhanmi TF, Atasie VN, Akintokun PO. 2008. Chemical compositon and physicochemical properties of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) oil and cashew nut shell liquid. J Agric Food Environ Sci, 2(1): 1-10.
  • Okon BD. 1983. Studies on the chemical composition and nutritive value of the fruits of African star apple. M.Sc. Thesis, Univ., Calabar, pp. 67.

Limon (Citrus Limon) Kabuklarının Kimyasal Bileşimi ve Hayvan Yemi Olarak Değerlendirilmesi (İngilizce)

Year 2012, Volume: 37 Issue: 5, 267 - 271, 01.10.2012

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, limon kabuklarının; bileşimindeki ham protein, fosfor, kalsiyum, bakır, manganez, demir, çinko, sodyum, potasyum ve diğer bazı kimyasal bileşenler nedeni ile yem olarak kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Limon kabuklarında bulunan protein miktarı (%9.42), yağ (%4.98), kül (%6.26), selüloz (%15.18), sodyum (755.5 mg/100g), potasyum (8600 mg/100g), kalsiyum (8452.5 mg/100g), bakır (4.94 mg/100g), demir (147.65 mg/100g), magnezyum (1429.50 mg/100g), çinko (13.94 mg/100g) ve fosfor (6656 mg/100g) İran ulusal hayvan yemi standardı ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Yağ, protein ve selüloz miktarlarının bu standardı karşılayabildiği görülmüştür.

References

  • FAO. 2003. Estadística. www.fao.org.
  • Agustı´ M. 2003. Anatomı´a de los cı´tricos. Page 85–86 in: Citricultura, Madrid, Spain: Mundi- Prensa.
  • Brat P, Olle D, Gancel AL, Reynes M, Brillouet JM. 2001. Essential oils obtained by flash vacuum -expansion of peels from lemon, sweet orange, mandarin and grapefruit. Fruits, 56(6): 395–402.
  • Vekiari SA, Protopadakis EE, Papadopoulou P, Papanicolau D, Panou C, Vamvakias M. 2002. Composition and seasonal variation of the essential oil from leaves and peel of a cretan lemon vari- ety. J Agric Food Chem, 50(1): 147–153.
  • Aleson-Carbonell L, Ferna´ndez-Lo´pez J, Pe´rez-A´lvarez JA, Kuri V. 2005. Characteristics of beef burger as influenced by various types of lemon albedo. Innovat Food Sci Emerg Tech, 6(2): 247–255.
  • Ferna´ndez-Gine´s JM, Ferna´ndez-Lo´pez J, Sayas-Barbera´ E, Sendra E, Pe´rez-A´lvarez JA. 2004. Lemon albedo as a new source of dietary fiber: Application to bologna sausages. Meat Sci, 67(1): 7–13.
  • Aleson-Carbonell L, Ferna´ndez-Lo´pez J, Sayas-Barbera´ E, Sendra E, Pe´rez-A´lvarez JA. 2003. Utilization of lemon albedo in dry-cured sausages. J Food Sci, 68(5): 1826–1830.
  • Marı´n FR, Frutos MJ, Pe´rez-A´lvarez JA, Martı´nez-Sa´nchez F, Del Rio JA. 2002. Flavonoids as nutraceuticals; structural related antioxidant properties and their role on ascorbic acid preservation. Page 741–778 in: Atta-Ur-Rahman (Ed.), Studies in natural products chemistry, Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier.
  • AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis, 18th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
  • Kjeldahl J. 1883. Determination of protein nitrogen in food products. Encyclopedia of Food Sci, 1883: 439-441.
  • Onyeike EN, Acheru GN. 2002. Chemical composition of selected Nigerian oil seeds and physicochemical properties of the oil extracts. Food Chem, 77: 431-437.
  • AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th
  • Chemists, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
  • ISIRI. 2008. Animal feeding stuffs - Determination of phosphorus content - Spectrometric method, Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, second Revision, No. 513.
  • Erdogan S, Celik S, Erdogan Z. 2004. Seasonal and locational efects on serum, milk, liver and kidney chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, and iron concentrations of dairy cows. Biol Trace Elem Res, 98: 51-61.
  • Yanik M, Kocyigit A, Tutkun H, Vural H, Herken H. 2004. Plasma manganese, selenium, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Trace Elem Res, 98: 109-117.
  • Sorenson JRJ. 2002. Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, chelates offer a medicinal chemistry approach to overcoming radiation injury. Curr Med Chem, 9: 639-662.
  • Zhao ZH. 1998. Principle of Geochemistry; Chinese Science Press: Beijing.
  • Potassium in Animal Nutrition. 1998. Better Crops, Vol. 82(3).
  • Tandogan B, Ulusu NN. 2005. Importance of Calcium. Turk J Med Sci, 35: 197-201.
  • Phosphorus in Animal Nutrition. 1999. Better Crops, Vol. 83(1).
  • Ferrao JEM, Ferro AMBC, Antures AMG. 1987. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) Aspect of its nutritive value. Gracia de orta seriede Estudos Agronomics, 14: 35-39.
  • ISIRI. 1996. Corn seen for animal feed (REV), Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, Second Revision, 4thEdition, No. 1445.
  • ISIRI. 1984. Specification for soybean oilcake as livestock and poultry feed, Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, First Revision, 3thEdition, No. 800.
  • ISIRI. 2002. Sunflower meal specification and test methods in feed stuff, Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, second Revision, No. 322.
  • Akinhanmi TF, Atasie VN, Akintokun PO. 2008. Chemical compositon and physicochemical properties of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) oil and cashew nut shell liquid. J Agric Food Environ Sci, 2(1): 1-10.
  • Okon BD. 1983. Studies on the chemical composition and nutritive value of the fruits of African star apple. M.Sc. Thesis, Univ., Calabar, pp. 67.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Somayeh Sadat Fakoor Janati This is me

Hamed Reza Beheshti This is me

Javad Feizy This is me

Niloofar Khoshbakht Fahim This is me

Publication Date October 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 37 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Janati, S. S. F. ., Beheshti, H. R. ., Feizy, J. ., Fahim, N. K. . (2012). Limon (Citrus Limon) Kabuklarının Kimyasal Bileşimi ve Hayvan Yemi Olarak Değerlendirilmesi (İngilizce). Gıda, 37(5), 267-271.
AMA Janati SSF, Beheshti HR, Feizy J, Fahim NK. Limon (Citrus Limon) Kabuklarının Kimyasal Bileşimi ve Hayvan Yemi Olarak Değerlendirilmesi (İngilizce). The Journal of Food. October 2012;37(5):267-271.
Chicago Janati, Somayeh Sadat Fakoor, Hamed Reza Beheshti, Javad Feizy, and Niloofar Khoshbakht Fahim. “Limon (Citrus Limon) Kabuklarının Kimyasal Bileşimi Ve Hayvan Yemi Olarak Değerlendirilmesi (İngilizce)”. Gıda 37, no. 5 (October 2012): 267-71.
EndNote Janati SSF, Beheshti HR, Feizy J, Fahim NK (October 1, 2012) Limon (Citrus Limon) Kabuklarının Kimyasal Bileşimi ve Hayvan Yemi Olarak Değerlendirilmesi (İngilizce). Gıda 37 5 267–271.
IEEE S. S. F. . Janati, H. R. . Beheshti, J. . Feizy, and N. K. . Fahim, “Limon (Citrus Limon) Kabuklarının Kimyasal Bileşimi ve Hayvan Yemi Olarak Değerlendirilmesi (İngilizce)”, The Journal of Food, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 267–271, 2012.
ISNAD Janati, Somayeh Sadat Fakoor et al. “Limon (Citrus Limon) Kabuklarının Kimyasal Bileşimi Ve Hayvan Yemi Olarak Değerlendirilmesi (İngilizce)”. Gıda 37/5 (October 2012), 267-271.
JAMA Janati SSF, Beheshti HR, Feizy J, Fahim NK. Limon (Citrus Limon) Kabuklarının Kimyasal Bileşimi ve Hayvan Yemi Olarak Değerlendirilmesi (İngilizce). The Journal of Food. 2012;37:267–271.
MLA Janati, Somayeh Sadat Fakoor et al. “Limon (Citrus Limon) Kabuklarının Kimyasal Bileşimi Ve Hayvan Yemi Olarak Değerlendirilmesi (İngilizce)”. Gıda, vol. 37, no. 5, 2012, pp. 267-71.
Vancouver Janati SSF, Beheshti HR, Feizy J, Fahim NK. Limon (Citrus Limon) Kabuklarının Kimyasal Bileşimi ve Hayvan Yemi Olarak Değerlendirilmesi (İngilizce). The Journal of Food. 2012;37(5):267-71.

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