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Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Hastalık Olarak Norovirüs Salgınlarının Önemi

Year 2013, Volume: 38 Issue: 2, 119 - 126, 01.04.2013

Abstract

Dünya genelinde akut gastroenteritlerin % 50’den daha fazlasından sorumlu tutulan NoV’ler genel olarak gıda kaynaklı salgınlara sebep olabilmektedir. Gıdaların orijini açısından değerlendirildiğinde meyve ve sebzeler, çiğ deniz ürünleri ve hazır gıdalar enfeksiyonun yayılımında önemli rol oynamaktadırlar. Özellikle insanların toplu halde yaşadığı yerler (örn., hapishane, okul, yurt, bakım evi) ve restoranlar hastalığın ortaya çıkışını ve yayılımını kolaylaştırmaktadır. NoV’lerin gıdalardaki tespiti RT-PZR’ın yanı sıra; daha kolay ve ucuz yöntemlerle belirlenmesine yönelik bazı alternatif metotlar geliştirilmiş (İMA, lateks aglütinasyon testi) ve bu konudaki çalışmalar halen güncelliğini koruyarak geliştirilmeye devam edilmektedir. Gıdalardaki NoV’lerin inhibisyonuna yönelik kimyasal metotların (klorin, ozon, sodyum bikarbonatla muamele) yanı sıra; fiziksel metotlar (ısıl işlem, dondurma ve yüksek basınç uygulamaları) uygulanmaktadır. Salgınları orta düzeyde sağlık problemlerine sebep olabilen NoV’lerin epidemiyolojik çalışmaları için hızlı tespit edilebilir metotların ve korunma yöntemlerinin belirlenmesine yönelik daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu derlemede NoV’lerin gıdalardaki varlığı, tespit edilme yöntemleri ve gıdalarda kontrolüne yönelik uygulamalar ele alınmıştır.

References

  • Martinez A, Dominguez A, Torner N, Ruiz L, Camps N, Barrabeig I, Arias C, Alvarez J, Godoy P, Balaña PJ, Pumares A, Bartolome R, Ferrer D, Perez U, Pinto R, Buesa J. 2008. The Catalan Viral Gastroenteritits Study Group: Epidemiology of foodborne Norovirus outbreaks in Catalonia, Spain. BMC Infect Dis, 8, 47.
  • Green KY, Ando T, Balayan MS, Berke T, Clarke IN, Estes MK, Matson DO, Nakata S, Neill JD, Studdert MJ, Thiel HJ. 2000. Taxonomy of the caliciviruses. J Infect Dis, 181 (2), 322-330.
  • Guevremont E, Brassard J, Houde A, Simard C, Trottier YL. 2006. Development of an extraction and concentration procedure and comparison of RT-PCR primer systems for the detection of hepatitis A virus and norovirus GII in green onions. J Virol Methods, 134 (1-2), 130-135.
  • Schultz AC, Saadbye P, Hoofar J, Norrung B. 2007. Comparison of methods for detection of norovirus in oysters. Int J Food Microbiol, 114 (3), 352-356.
  • Ponka A, Maunula L, Von Bonsdorff CH, Lyytikainen O. 1999. Outbreak of calicivirus gastroenteritis associated with eating frozen raspberries. Euro Surveill, 4 (6), 66-69.
  • Barrabeig I, Rovira A, Buesa J, Bartolome R, Pinto R, Prellezo H, Dominguez A. 2010. Foodborne norovirus outbreak: the role of an asymptomatic food handler. BMC Infect Dis, 10, 269.
  • Rutjes SA, Lodder-Verschoor F, Van der Poel WHM, Van Duijnhoven YTHP, Husman AMD. 2006. Detection of noroviruses in foods: A study on virus extraction procedures in foods implicated in outbreaks of human gastroenteritis. J Food Protect, 69 (8), 1949-1956.
  • Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV. 1999. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis, 5 (5), 607-625.
  • Estes MK, Prasad BV, Atmar RL. 2006. Noroviruses everywhere: has something changed? Curr Opin Infect Dis19 (5), 467-474.
  • Elmnasser N, Guillou S, Leroi F, Orange N, Bakhrouf A, Federighi M. 2007. Pulsed-light system as a novel food decontamination technology: a review. Can J Microbiol, 53 (7), 813-821.
  • Vasickova P, Dvorska L, Lorencova A, Pavlik I. 2005. "Viruses as a cause of foodborne diseases: a review of the literature." Veterinarni Medicina, 50 (3), 89-104.
  • Svraka S, Duizer E, Vennema H, de Bruin E, van der Veer B, Dorresteijn B, Koopmans MJ. 2007. Etiological role of viruses in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in The Netherlands from 1994 through 2005. Clin Microbiol, 45(5), 1389-1394. 17. Adak GK, Meakins SM, Yip H, Lopman BA, O'Brien SJ. 2005. Disease risks from foods, England and Wales, 1996-2000. Emerg Infect Dis, 11 (3), 365-372.
  • Parashar U, Quiroz ES, Mounts AW, Monroe SS, Fankhauser RL, Ando T, Noel JS, Bulens SN, Beard SR, Li JF, Bresee JS, Glass RI. 2001. "Norwalk-like viruses". Public health consequences and outbreak management. MMWR Recomm Rep, 50 (RR-9), 1-17.
  • Cheng PK, Wong DK, Chung TW, Lim WW, 2005. Norovirus contamination found in oysters worldwide. J Med Virol, 76 (4), 593-597.
  • Koh SJ, Cho HG, Kim BH, Choi BY. 2011. An Outbreak of Gastroenteritis Caused by Norovirus -Contaminated Groundwater at a Waterpark in Korea. J Korean Med Sci, 26 (1), 28-32.
  • Butot S, Putallaz T, Sanchez G. 2007. Procedure for rapid concentration and detection of enteric viruses from berries and vegetables. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73 (1), 186-192.
  • Friedman DS, Heisey-Grove D, Argyros F, Berl E, Nsubuga J, Stiles T, Fontana J, Beard RS, Monroe S, McGrath ME, Sutherby H, Dicker RC, DeMaria A, Matyas BT. 2005. An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with wedding cakes. Epidemiol Infect, 133 (6), 1057-1063.
  • Cotterelle B, Drougard C, Rolland J, Becamel M, Boudon M, Pinede S, Traore O, Balay K, Pothier P, Espie´ E. 2005. Outbreak of norovirus infection associated with the consumption of frozen raspberries, France, March 2005. Euro Surveill, 10 (4), 2690.
  • Alfano-Sobsey E, Sweat D, Hall A, Breedlove F, Rodriguez R, Greene S, Pierce A, Sobsey M, Davies M, Ledford SL. 2012. Norovirus outbreak associated with undercooked oysters and secondary household transmission. Epidemiol Infect, 140 (2), 276-282.
  • Uyar Y, Carhan A, Ozkaya E, Ertek M. 2008. Evaluation of laboratory diagnosis of the first norovirus outbreak in Turkey in 2008. Mikrobiyol Bul, 42 (4), 607-615.
  • Sair AI, D’Souza DH, Moe CL, Jaykus LA. 2002. Improved detection of human enteric viruses in foods by RT-PCR. J Virol Methods, 100 (1-2), 57-69.
  • Kobayashi S, Natori K, Takeda N, Sakae K. 2004. Immunomagnetic capture RT-PCR for detection of norovirus from foods implicated in foodborne outbreak. Microbiol Immunol, 48 (3), 201-204.
  • Rabenau HF, Sturmer M, Buxbaum S, Walczok A, Preiser W, Doerr HW. 2003. Laboratory diagnosis of norovirus: Which method is the best? Intervirology, 46 (4), 232-238.
  • Fumian TM, Leite JPG, Marin VA, Miagostovich MP. 2009. A rapid procedure for detecting noroviruses from cheese and fresh lettuce. J Virol Methods, 155 (1), 39-43.
  • Lee H, Park Y, Kim M, Jee Y, Cheon DS, Jeong HS, Ko G. 2010. Development of a Latex Agglutination Test for Norovirus Detection. J Microbiol, 48 (4), 419-425.
  • Abd El Galil KH, El Sokkary MA, Kheira SM, Salazar AM, Yates MV, Chen W, Mulchandani A. 2004. Combined immunomagnetic separation- molecular beacon-reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of hepatitis A virus from environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol, 70 (7), 4371-4374.
  • Garcia-Aljaro C, Bonjoch X, Blanch AR. 2005. Combined use of an immunomagnetic separation method and immunoblotting for the enumeration and isolation of Escherichia coli O157 in wastewaters. J Appl Microbiol, 98 (3), 589-597.
  • Park Y, Cho YH, Jee Y, Ko G. 2008. Immunomagnetic separation combined with real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assays for detection of norovirus in contaminated food. Appl Environ Microb, 74 (13), 4226-4230.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009. Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks-United States, 2006. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 58, 609-615.
  • Duizer E, Bijkerk P, Rockx B, De GA, Twisk F, Koopmans M. 2004. Inactivation of caliciviruses. Appl Environ Microbiol, 70 (8), 4538-4543.
  • Cannon JL, Papafragkou E, Park GW, Osborne J, Jaykus L, Vinje J. 2006. Surrogates for the study of norovirus stability and inactivation in the environment: a comparison of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus. J Food Prot, 69 (11), 2761- 2765.
  • Thurston-Enriquez JA, Haas CN, Jacangelo J, Gerba CP. 2005. Inactivation of enteric adenovirus and feline calicivirus by ozone. Water Res, 39 (15), 3650-3656.
  • Malik YS, Goyal SM. 2006. Virucidal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate on a food contact surface against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate. Int J Food Microbiol, 109 (1-2), 160-163.
  • Mormann S, Dabisch M, Becker B. 2010. Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods. Appl Environ Microb, 76 (2), 536-545
  • Sanglay GC, Li JR, Uribe RM, Lee K. 2011. Electron-Beam Inactivation of a Norovirus Surrogate in Fresh Produce and Model Systems. J Food Protect, 74 (7), 1155-1160.
  • Hirneisen KA, Markland SM, Kniel KE. 2011. Ozone Inactivation of Norovirus Surrogates on Fresh Produce. J Food Protect, 74 (5), 836-839.
  • Kingsley DH, Hollinian DR, Calci KR, Chen HQ, Flick GJ. 2007. Inactivation of a norovirus by high-pressure processing. Appl Environ Microb, 73 (2), 581-585.
  • Jean J, Morales-Rayas R, Anoman MN, Lamhoujeb S. 2011. Inactivation of hepatitis A virus and norovirus surrogate in suspension and on food-contact surfaces using pulsed UV light (pulsed light inactivation of food-borne viruses). Food Microbiol, 28 (3), 568-572.
  • Feng K, Divers E, Ma YM, Li JR. 2011. Inactivation of a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Human Norovirus Virus-Like Particles, and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus by Gamma Irradiation. Appl Environ Microb, 77 (10), 3507-3517.

The Importance of Norovirus Outbreaks as a Foodborne Disease (Turkish with English Abstract)

Year 2013, Volume: 38 Issue: 2, 119 - 126, 01.04.2013

Abstract

NoV which are responsible for more than 50% of acute gastroenteritis worldwide in general may lead to foodborne outbreaks. In terms of the origin of foods; fruits and vegetables, raw seafood and ready-to-eat food play an important role in the dissemination of the infection. Particularly in semi-closed environments (e.g., prisons, schools, dormitories, nursing houses) and restaurants facilitate the emergence and spread of infection. As well as RT-PCR detection of NoVs in foods, some alternative methods (IMS and latex agglutination test) have been developed for easier and cheaper detection of them and the studies on this topic are still being developed by keeping up to date. Besides the chemical methods (chlorine, ozone, sodium bicarbonate treatment), physical methods (heating, freezing and high pressure practice) are applied for the inhibition of NoV. More studies on the rapid detection and prevention methods for the epidemiology of NoV, of which outbreaks may lead to relatively mild health problems, are required. In this review, the presence of NoVs in foods, their detection methods and the application on the control of them in foods were discussed.

References

  • Martinez A, Dominguez A, Torner N, Ruiz L, Camps N, Barrabeig I, Arias C, Alvarez J, Godoy P, Balaña PJ, Pumares A, Bartolome R, Ferrer D, Perez U, Pinto R, Buesa J. 2008. The Catalan Viral Gastroenteritits Study Group: Epidemiology of foodborne Norovirus outbreaks in Catalonia, Spain. BMC Infect Dis, 8, 47.
  • Green KY, Ando T, Balayan MS, Berke T, Clarke IN, Estes MK, Matson DO, Nakata S, Neill JD, Studdert MJ, Thiel HJ. 2000. Taxonomy of the caliciviruses. J Infect Dis, 181 (2), 322-330.
  • Guevremont E, Brassard J, Houde A, Simard C, Trottier YL. 2006. Development of an extraction and concentration procedure and comparison of RT-PCR primer systems for the detection of hepatitis A virus and norovirus GII in green onions. J Virol Methods, 134 (1-2), 130-135.
  • Schultz AC, Saadbye P, Hoofar J, Norrung B. 2007. Comparison of methods for detection of norovirus in oysters. Int J Food Microbiol, 114 (3), 352-356.
  • Ponka A, Maunula L, Von Bonsdorff CH, Lyytikainen O. 1999. Outbreak of calicivirus gastroenteritis associated with eating frozen raspberries. Euro Surveill, 4 (6), 66-69.
  • Barrabeig I, Rovira A, Buesa J, Bartolome R, Pinto R, Prellezo H, Dominguez A. 2010. Foodborne norovirus outbreak: the role of an asymptomatic food handler. BMC Infect Dis, 10, 269.
  • Rutjes SA, Lodder-Verschoor F, Van der Poel WHM, Van Duijnhoven YTHP, Husman AMD. 2006. Detection of noroviruses in foods: A study on virus extraction procedures in foods implicated in outbreaks of human gastroenteritis. J Food Protect, 69 (8), 1949-1956.
  • Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV. 1999. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis, 5 (5), 607-625.
  • Estes MK, Prasad BV, Atmar RL. 2006. Noroviruses everywhere: has something changed? Curr Opin Infect Dis19 (5), 467-474.
  • Elmnasser N, Guillou S, Leroi F, Orange N, Bakhrouf A, Federighi M. 2007. Pulsed-light system as a novel food decontamination technology: a review. Can J Microbiol, 53 (7), 813-821.
  • Vasickova P, Dvorska L, Lorencova A, Pavlik I. 2005. "Viruses as a cause of foodborne diseases: a review of the literature." Veterinarni Medicina, 50 (3), 89-104.
  • Svraka S, Duizer E, Vennema H, de Bruin E, van der Veer B, Dorresteijn B, Koopmans MJ. 2007. Etiological role of viruses in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in The Netherlands from 1994 through 2005. Clin Microbiol, 45(5), 1389-1394. 17. Adak GK, Meakins SM, Yip H, Lopman BA, O'Brien SJ. 2005. Disease risks from foods, England and Wales, 1996-2000. Emerg Infect Dis, 11 (3), 365-372.
  • Parashar U, Quiroz ES, Mounts AW, Monroe SS, Fankhauser RL, Ando T, Noel JS, Bulens SN, Beard SR, Li JF, Bresee JS, Glass RI. 2001. "Norwalk-like viruses". Public health consequences and outbreak management. MMWR Recomm Rep, 50 (RR-9), 1-17.
  • Cheng PK, Wong DK, Chung TW, Lim WW, 2005. Norovirus contamination found in oysters worldwide. J Med Virol, 76 (4), 593-597.
  • Koh SJ, Cho HG, Kim BH, Choi BY. 2011. An Outbreak of Gastroenteritis Caused by Norovirus -Contaminated Groundwater at a Waterpark in Korea. J Korean Med Sci, 26 (1), 28-32.
  • Butot S, Putallaz T, Sanchez G. 2007. Procedure for rapid concentration and detection of enteric viruses from berries and vegetables. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73 (1), 186-192.
  • Friedman DS, Heisey-Grove D, Argyros F, Berl E, Nsubuga J, Stiles T, Fontana J, Beard RS, Monroe S, McGrath ME, Sutherby H, Dicker RC, DeMaria A, Matyas BT. 2005. An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with wedding cakes. Epidemiol Infect, 133 (6), 1057-1063.
  • Cotterelle B, Drougard C, Rolland J, Becamel M, Boudon M, Pinede S, Traore O, Balay K, Pothier P, Espie´ E. 2005. Outbreak of norovirus infection associated with the consumption of frozen raspberries, France, March 2005. Euro Surveill, 10 (4), 2690.
  • Alfano-Sobsey E, Sweat D, Hall A, Breedlove F, Rodriguez R, Greene S, Pierce A, Sobsey M, Davies M, Ledford SL. 2012. Norovirus outbreak associated with undercooked oysters and secondary household transmission. Epidemiol Infect, 140 (2), 276-282.
  • Uyar Y, Carhan A, Ozkaya E, Ertek M. 2008. Evaluation of laboratory diagnosis of the first norovirus outbreak in Turkey in 2008. Mikrobiyol Bul, 42 (4), 607-615.
  • Sair AI, D’Souza DH, Moe CL, Jaykus LA. 2002. Improved detection of human enteric viruses in foods by RT-PCR. J Virol Methods, 100 (1-2), 57-69.
  • Kobayashi S, Natori K, Takeda N, Sakae K. 2004. Immunomagnetic capture RT-PCR for detection of norovirus from foods implicated in foodborne outbreak. Microbiol Immunol, 48 (3), 201-204.
  • Rabenau HF, Sturmer M, Buxbaum S, Walczok A, Preiser W, Doerr HW. 2003. Laboratory diagnosis of norovirus: Which method is the best? Intervirology, 46 (4), 232-238.
  • Fumian TM, Leite JPG, Marin VA, Miagostovich MP. 2009. A rapid procedure for detecting noroviruses from cheese and fresh lettuce. J Virol Methods, 155 (1), 39-43.
  • Lee H, Park Y, Kim M, Jee Y, Cheon DS, Jeong HS, Ko G. 2010. Development of a Latex Agglutination Test for Norovirus Detection. J Microbiol, 48 (4), 419-425.
  • Abd El Galil KH, El Sokkary MA, Kheira SM, Salazar AM, Yates MV, Chen W, Mulchandani A. 2004. Combined immunomagnetic separation- molecular beacon-reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of hepatitis A virus from environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol, 70 (7), 4371-4374.
  • Garcia-Aljaro C, Bonjoch X, Blanch AR. 2005. Combined use of an immunomagnetic separation method and immunoblotting for the enumeration and isolation of Escherichia coli O157 in wastewaters. J Appl Microbiol, 98 (3), 589-597.
  • Park Y, Cho YH, Jee Y, Ko G. 2008. Immunomagnetic separation combined with real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assays for detection of norovirus in contaminated food. Appl Environ Microb, 74 (13), 4226-4230.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009. Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks-United States, 2006. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 58, 609-615.
  • Duizer E, Bijkerk P, Rockx B, De GA, Twisk F, Koopmans M. 2004. Inactivation of caliciviruses. Appl Environ Microbiol, 70 (8), 4538-4543.
  • Cannon JL, Papafragkou E, Park GW, Osborne J, Jaykus L, Vinje J. 2006. Surrogates for the study of norovirus stability and inactivation in the environment: a comparison of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus. J Food Prot, 69 (11), 2761- 2765.
  • Thurston-Enriquez JA, Haas CN, Jacangelo J, Gerba CP. 2005. Inactivation of enteric adenovirus and feline calicivirus by ozone. Water Res, 39 (15), 3650-3656.
  • Malik YS, Goyal SM. 2006. Virucidal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate on a food contact surface against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate. Int J Food Microbiol, 109 (1-2), 160-163.
  • Mormann S, Dabisch M, Becker B. 2010. Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods. Appl Environ Microb, 76 (2), 536-545
  • Sanglay GC, Li JR, Uribe RM, Lee K. 2011. Electron-Beam Inactivation of a Norovirus Surrogate in Fresh Produce and Model Systems. J Food Protect, 74 (7), 1155-1160.
  • Hirneisen KA, Markland SM, Kniel KE. 2011. Ozone Inactivation of Norovirus Surrogates on Fresh Produce. J Food Protect, 74 (5), 836-839.
  • Kingsley DH, Hollinian DR, Calci KR, Chen HQ, Flick GJ. 2007. Inactivation of a norovirus by high-pressure processing. Appl Environ Microb, 73 (2), 581-585.
  • Jean J, Morales-Rayas R, Anoman MN, Lamhoujeb S. 2011. Inactivation of hepatitis A virus and norovirus surrogate in suspension and on food-contact surfaces using pulsed UV light (pulsed light inactivation of food-borne viruses). Food Microbiol, 28 (3), 568-572.
  • Feng K, Divers E, Ma YM, Li JR. 2011. Inactivation of a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Human Norovirus Virus-Like Particles, and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus by Gamma Irradiation. Appl Environ Microb, 77 (10), 3507-3517.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Alper Baran Ahmet Erdoğan This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 38 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Erdoğan, A. B. A. . (2013). Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Hastalık Olarak Norovirüs Salgınlarının Önemi. Gıda, 38(2), 119-126.
AMA Erdoğan ABA. Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Hastalık Olarak Norovirüs Salgınlarının Önemi. The Journal of Food. April 2013;38(2):119-126.
Chicago Erdoğan, Alper Baran Ahmet. “Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Hastalık Olarak Norovirüs Salgınlarının Önemi”. Gıda 38, no. 2 (April 2013): 119-26.
EndNote Erdoğan ABA (April 1, 2013) Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Hastalık Olarak Norovirüs Salgınlarının Önemi. Gıda 38 2 119–126.
IEEE A. B. A. . Erdoğan, “Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Hastalık Olarak Norovirüs Salgınlarının Önemi”, The Journal of Food, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 119–126, 2013.
ISNAD Erdoğan, Alper Baran Ahmet. “Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Hastalık Olarak Norovirüs Salgınlarının Önemi”. Gıda 38/2 (April 2013), 119-126.
JAMA Erdoğan ABA. Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Hastalık Olarak Norovirüs Salgınlarının Önemi. The Journal of Food. 2013;38:119–126.
MLA Erdoğan, Alper Baran Ahmet. “Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Hastalık Olarak Norovirüs Salgınlarının Önemi”. Gıda, vol. 38, no. 2, 2013, pp. 119-26.
Vancouver Erdoğan ABA. Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Hastalık Olarak Norovirüs Salgınlarının Önemi. The Journal of Food. 2013;38(2):119-26.

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