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LC-MS/MS-TQ METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE ORIGIN OF GELATINE IN FOOD SUPPLEMENTS

Year 2025, Volume: 50 Issue: 5, 825 - 845, 15.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD25078

Abstract

In this study, a method for the determination of gelatin species in dietary supplements was developed by LC-MS/MS-TQ technique, which is at the highest level in terms of reliability and sensitivity. Six parameters were taken into consideration during the validation studies: limit of detection (LOD), precision, accuracy, false-positive, false-negative and reliability. The developed method, which has a 0.012% limit of detection, demonstrated precision, accuracy, false-positive, false-negative, and reliability of 100%. The present study employed a validated method for the determination of gelatin species in a total of 25 dietary supplements (8 produced in Turkey and 17 imported) available on the market. The study revealed the presence of porcine gelatin in one of these supplements, despite the labels of Turkish supplements indicating the use of bovine gelatin. Furthermore, in one sample from this supplement group, the presence of both porcine and bovine gelatine was not detected. Porcine gelatine was identified in eight imported supplements, none of which declared it on their labels. The results of the study demonstrated the importance of regular determination of gelatin species in these dietary supplements by reliable methods. Furthermore, it was concluded that the extraction process, which requires 16 hours of enzymatic digestion at 37°C, can be completed in a reduced timeframe of 30 minutes by dissolving the sample in an ultrasonic water bath for 15 minutes and then undergoing enzymatic digestion in an ultrasonic water bath for a further 15 minutes.

References

  • Anonim (2008). Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives. Official Journal of the European Union, L 354/16 from 31.12.2008.
  • Anonim (2014). Eurachem-Analitik yöntemlerin amaca uygunluğu (The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods) https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/MV_guide_2nd_ed_TR.pdf
  • Anonim (2016). Analitik Kimyagerler Derneği (AOAC-Association of Official Analytical Chemists)’nin Standart Metot Performans Gereksinimleri Kılavuzu https://www.aoac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/app_f.pdf
  • Anonim (2017). Türk Gıda Kodeksi. Gıda Etiketleme ve Tüketicileri Bilgilendirme Yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 29960 (Mükerrer). Erişim adresi: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/01/20170126M1-6.htm
  • Anonim (2018). TOB Kimyasal ve Fiziksel Analizlerde Metot Validasyonu/Verifikasyonu Rehberi. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/ GKGM/Belgeler/DB_Gida_Kont/Kimyasal_Fiziksel_Val_Ver_Rehberi.pdf
  • Anonim (2021). Gıda ve Yemde Pestisit Kalıntıları Analizi için Analitik Kalite Kontrol ve Metot Validasyonu Prosedürleri (Sante/11312/2021 V2) https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/GKGM/Belgeler/DB_Gida_Kont/Pestisit_El_Kitabi.pdf
  • Ahmad, T., Ismail, A., Ahmad, S. A., Khalil, K. A., Kumar, Y., Adeyemi, K. D., Sazili, A. Q. (2017). Recent advances on the role of process variables affecting gelatin yield and characteristics with special reference to enzymatic extraction: A review. Food Hydrocolloids, 63, 85–96.
  • Altun, H. K., Ermumcu, M. S. K., Kurklu, N. S. (2021). Evaluation of dietary supplement, functional food and herbal medicine use by dietitians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health Nutrition, 24(5): 861–869. doi:10.1017/ S1368980020005297.
  • Boran, G. (2011). Bir Gıda Katkısı Olarak Jelatin: Yapısı, Özellikleri, Üretimi, Kullanımı ve Kalitesi. Gıda, 36(2), 97–104.
  • Çavuş, F. (2018). Yumuşak Şekerlemelerde Kullanılan Yenilebilir Jelatin Orijininin LC- Q-TOF ile Belirlenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kimya Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Bilecik, Türkiye.
  • Cebi, N., Durak, M. Z., Toker, O. S., Sagdic, O., Arici, M. (2016). An evaluation of Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy method for the classification and discrimination of bovine, porcine and fish gelatins. Food Chemistry, 190, 1109–1115.
  • Demirhan, Y., Ulca, P., Senyuva, H. Z. (2012). Detection of Porcine DNA in Gelatine and Gelatine-Containing Processed Food Products—Halal/Kosher Authentication. Meat Science, 90(3):686–689.
  • Deng, G., Guo, S., Zaman, F., Li, T., Huang, Y. (2020). Recent advances in animal origin identification of gelatin-based products using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods: A mini review. Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 39(1), 260–271.
  • Doğan, S., Okumuş, E., Bakkalbaşı, E., Cavidoğlu, İ. (2020). Tüketicilerin takviye edici gıdaları kullanım amacı, satın alma tercihleri, ürünlere olan güveni ve yasal düzenlemeler hakkındaki düşünceleri: Van ili örneği. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(4): 821–831, doi: 10.29133/yyutbd.733454
  • Doi, H. I. D., Atanabe, E. R. W., Hibata, H. A. S., Anabe, S. O. T. (2009). A Reliable Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of Bovine and Porcine Gelatin in Processed Foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57:1721–1726.
  • Guifeng Z., Tao L., Qian W., Li C., Jiandu L., Guanghui M., Zhiguo S. (2009). Mass Spectrometric detection of marker peptides in tryptic digests of gelatin: A New Method to differentiate between bovine and porcine gelatin, Food Hydrocolloids, 23, 2001–2007.
  • Grundy, H. H., Reece, P., Buckley, M., Solazzo, C. M., Dowle, A. A., Ashford, D., ... Collins, M. J. (2016). A mass spectrometry method for the determination of the species of origin of gelatine in foods and pharmaceutical products. Food Chemistry, 190, 276–284.
  • Jannat, B., Ghorbani, K., Shafieyan, H., Kouchaki, S., Behfar, A., Sadeghi, N., ... Sadeghi, M. (2018). Gelatin speciation using real-time PCR and analysis of mass spectrometry-based proteomics datasets. Food Control, 87, 79–87.
  • Karim, A. A., Bhat, R. (2008). Gelatin alternatives for the food industry: recent developments, challenges and prospects. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 19(12), 644–656.
  • Mursyidi, A. (2013). The role of chemical analysis in the halal authentication of food and pharmaceutical products. Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1).
  • Rohman, A., Windarsih, A., Erwanto, Y., Zakaria, Z. (2020). Review on analytical methods for analysis of porcine gelatine in food and pharmaceutical products for halal authentication. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 101, 122–132.
  • Shabani, H., Mehdizadeh, M., Mousavi, S. M., Dezfouli, E. A., Solgi, T., Khodaverdi, M., ... Alebouyeh, M. (2015). Halal authenticity of gelatin using species-specific PCR. Food Chemistry, 184, 203–206.
  • Tukiran, N. A., Ismail, A., Mustafa, S., Hamid, M. (2016). Development of Antipeptide Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Determination of Gelatin in Confectionery Products. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(1):54–60.
  • Venien, A., Levieux, D. (2005). Differentiation of bovine from porcine gelatines using polyclonal anti-peptide antibodies in indirect and competitive indirect ELISA. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 39(3-4), 418–424.
  • Yap, B. K., Gam, L. H. (2019). Differentiation of bovine from porcine gelatin capsules using gel electrophoresis method. Food Chemistry, 274, 16–19.
  • Sha, X. M., Hu, Z. Z., Ye, Y. H., Xu, H., Tu, Z. C. (2019). Effect of extraction temperature on the gelling properties and identification of porcine gelatin. Food Hydrocolloids, 92, 163–172, ISSN 0268-005X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.01.059.
  • Sha, X. M., Wang, G. Y., Li, X., Zhang, L. Z., Tu, Z. C. (2020). Identification and quantification of gelatin by a high-resolution mass spectrometry-based label-free method. Food Hydrocolloids, 101, 105476.
  • Zhang G. F., Liu, T., Wang, Q., Lei, J-D., Ma, G-H., Su, Z-G. (2008). Identification of Marker Peptides in Digested Gelatins by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 36(11),1499–1504.
  • Zhu, X., Gu, S., Guo, D., Huang, X., Chen, N., Niu, B., Deng, X. (2023). Determination of porcine derived components in gelatin and gelatin-containing foods by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Hydrocolloids, 134, 107978.

TAKVİYE EDİCİ GIDALARDA LC-MS/MS-TQ YÖNTEMİ İLE JELATİN TÜR TAYİNİ

Year 2025, Volume: 50 Issue: 5, 825 - 845, 15.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD25078

Abstract

Bu araştırmada hem ülkemizde hem de tüm dünyada tüketimi çok büyük boyutlara ulaşmış takviye edici gıdalarda, güvenirlik ve hassasiyet açısından modern analitik bir teknik olan LC-MS/MS-TQ ile jelatin tür tayinine yönelik bir metot geliştirilmiştir. Validasyon çalışmalarında tespit limiti (LOD), hassasiyet, doğruluk, yanlış-pozitif, yanlış negatif ve güvenirlik olmak üzere altı farklı parametre göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Tespit limiti %0.012 olarak saptanan yöntemin hassasiyet, doğruluk, yanlış-pozitif, yanlış negatif ve güvenirliğinin %100 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Valide edilen bu metot ile, piyasada satılan 8 adet yurtiçi ve 17 adet yurtdışı olmak üzere toplam 25 adet takviye edici gıdalarda jelatin tür tayini yapılmıştır. Türkiye menşeili ürünlerin etiketlerinde sığır jelatini olduğu belirtilmesine rağmen bir tanesinde domuz jelatini tespit edilmiş, bir tanesinde ise her iki tür de tespit edilememiştir. Buna karşın, yurtdışı menşeili sekiz adet ürünün etiketlerinde belirtilmemesine rağmen domuz jelatini tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, söz konusu takviye edici gıdalarda jelatin tür tayininin düzenli olarak güvenilir metotlarla yapılmasının önemini ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, 37°C’de 16 saatlik enzimatik parçalamayı gerektiren ekstraksiyon işlemi, 15 dakika ultrasonik su banyosunda çözündürme ve daha sonra 15 dakika ultrasonik su banyosunda enzimatik parçalama işlemi ile sadece 30 dakika içinde tamamlanabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

References

  • Anonim (2008). Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives. Official Journal of the European Union, L 354/16 from 31.12.2008.
  • Anonim (2014). Eurachem-Analitik yöntemlerin amaca uygunluğu (The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods) https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/MV_guide_2nd_ed_TR.pdf
  • Anonim (2016). Analitik Kimyagerler Derneği (AOAC-Association of Official Analytical Chemists)’nin Standart Metot Performans Gereksinimleri Kılavuzu https://www.aoac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/app_f.pdf
  • Anonim (2017). Türk Gıda Kodeksi. Gıda Etiketleme ve Tüketicileri Bilgilendirme Yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 29960 (Mükerrer). Erişim adresi: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/01/20170126M1-6.htm
  • Anonim (2018). TOB Kimyasal ve Fiziksel Analizlerde Metot Validasyonu/Verifikasyonu Rehberi. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/ GKGM/Belgeler/DB_Gida_Kont/Kimyasal_Fiziksel_Val_Ver_Rehberi.pdf
  • Anonim (2021). Gıda ve Yemde Pestisit Kalıntıları Analizi için Analitik Kalite Kontrol ve Metot Validasyonu Prosedürleri (Sante/11312/2021 V2) https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/GKGM/Belgeler/DB_Gida_Kont/Pestisit_El_Kitabi.pdf
  • Ahmad, T., Ismail, A., Ahmad, S. A., Khalil, K. A., Kumar, Y., Adeyemi, K. D., Sazili, A. Q. (2017). Recent advances on the role of process variables affecting gelatin yield and characteristics with special reference to enzymatic extraction: A review. Food Hydrocolloids, 63, 85–96.
  • Altun, H. K., Ermumcu, M. S. K., Kurklu, N. S. (2021). Evaluation of dietary supplement, functional food and herbal medicine use by dietitians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health Nutrition, 24(5): 861–869. doi:10.1017/ S1368980020005297.
  • Boran, G. (2011). Bir Gıda Katkısı Olarak Jelatin: Yapısı, Özellikleri, Üretimi, Kullanımı ve Kalitesi. Gıda, 36(2), 97–104.
  • Çavuş, F. (2018). Yumuşak Şekerlemelerde Kullanılan Yenilebilir Jelatin Orijininin LC- Q-TOF ile Belirlenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kimya Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Bilecik, Türkiye.
  • Cebi, N., Durak, M. Z., Toker, O. S., Sagdic, O., Arici, M. (2016). An evaluation of Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy method for the classification and discrimination of bovine, porcine and fish gelatins. Food Chemistry, 190, 1109–1115.
  • Demirhan, Y., Ulca, P., Senyuva, H. Z. (2012). Detection of Porcine DNA in Gelatine and Gelatine-Containing Processed Food Products—Halal/Kosher Authentication. Meat Science, 90(3):686–689.
  • Deng, G., Guo, S., Zaman, F., Li, T., Huang, Y. (2020). Recent advances in animal origin identification of gelatin-based products using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods: A mini review. Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 39(1), 260–271.
  • Doğan, S., Okumuş, E., Bakkalbaşı, E., Cavidoğlu, İ. (2020). Tüketicilerin takviye edici gıdaları kullanım amacı, satın alma tercihleri, ürünlere olan güveni ve yasal düzenlemeler hakkındaki düşünceleri: Van ili örneği. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(4): 821–831, doi: 10.29133/yyutbd.733454
  • Doi, H. I. D., Atanabe, E. R. W., Hibata, H. A. S., Anabe, S. O. T. (2009). A Reliable Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of Bovine and Porcine Gelatin in Processed Foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57:1721–1726.
  • Guifeng Z., Tao L., Qian W., Li C., Jiandu L., Guanghui M., Zhiguo S. (2009). Mass Spectrometric detection of marker peptides in tryptic digests of gelatin: A New Method to differentiate between bovine and porcine gelatin, Food Hydrocolloids, 23, 2001–2007.
  • Grundy, H. H., Reece, P., Buckley, M., Solazzo, C. M., Dowle, A. A., Ashford, D., ... Collins, M. J. (2016). A mass spectrometry method for the determination of the species of origin of gelatine in foods and pharmaceutical products. Food Chemistry, 190, 276–284.
  • Jannat, B., Ghorbani, K., Shafieyan, H., Kouchaki, S., Behfar, A., Sadeghi, N., ... Sadeghi, M. (2018). Gelatin speciation using real-time PCR and analysis of mass spectrometry-based proteomics datasets. Food Control, 87, 79–87.
  • Karim, A. A., Bhat, R. (2008). Gelatin alternatives for the food industry: recent developments, challenges and prospects. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 19(12), 644–656.
  • Mursyidi, A. (2013). The role of chemical analysis in the halal authentication of food and pharmaceutical products. Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1).
  • Rohman, A., Windarsih, A., Erwanto, Y., Zakaria, Z. (2020). Review on analytical methods for analysis of porcine gelatine in food and pharmaceutical products for halal authentication. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 101, 122–132.
  • Shabani, H., Mehdizadeh, M., Mousavi, S. M., Dezfouli, E. A., Solgi, T., Khodaverdi, M., ... Alebouyeh, M. (2015). Halal authenticity of gelatin using species-specific PCR. Food Chemistry, 184, 203–206.
  • Tukiran, N. A., Ismail, A., Mustafa, S., Hamid, M. (2016). Development of Antipeptide Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Determination of Gelatin in Confectionery Products. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(1):54–60.
  • Venien, A., Levieux, D. (2005). Differentiation of bovine from porcine gelatines using polyclonal anti-peptide antibodies in indirect and competitive indirect ELISA. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 39(3-4), 418–424.
  • Yap, B. K., Gam, L. H. (2019). Differentiation of bovine from porcine gelatin capsules using gel electrophoresis method. Food Chemistry, 274, 16–19.
  • Sha, X. M., Hu, Z. Z., Ye, Y. H., Xu, H., Tu, Z. C. (2019). Effect of extraction temperature on the gelling properties and identification of porcine gelatin. Food Hydrocolloids, 92, 163–172, ISSN 0268-005X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.01.059.
  • Sha, X. M., Wang, G. Y., Li, X., Zhang, L. Z., Tu, Z. C. (2020). Identification and quantification of gelatin by a high-resolution mass spectrometry-based label-free method. Food Hydrocolloids, 101, 105476.
  • Zhang G. F., Liu, T., Wang, Q., Lei, J-D., Ma, G-H., Su, Z-G. (2008). Identification of Marker Peptides in Digested Gelatins by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 36(11),1499–1504.
  • Zhu, X., Gu, S., Guo, D., Huang, X., Chen, N., Niu, B., Deng, X. (2023). Determination of porcine derived components in gelatin and gelatin-containing foods by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Hydrocolloids, 134, 107978.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Food Safety, Traceability, Certification and Authenticity
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nazan Bingöl Yılmaz This is me 0009-0002-3547-8381

Selim Sünnetçi This is me 0009-0003-8366-2156

Oktay Yemiş 0000-0002-7461-5185

Publication Date October 15, 2025
Submission Date June 18, 2025
Acceptance Date September 8, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 50 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Bingöl Yılmaz, N., Sünnetçi, S., & Yemiş, O. (2025). TAKVİYE EDİCİ GIDALARDA LC-MS/MS-TQ YÖNTEMİ İLE JELATİN TÜR TAYİNİ. Gıda, 50(5), 825-845. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD25078
AMA Bingöl Yılmaz N, Sünnetçi S, Yemiş O. TAKVİYE EDİCİ GIDALARDA LC-MS/MS-TQ YÖNTEMİ İLE JELATİN TÜR TAYİNİ. The Journal of Food. October 2025;50(5):825-845. doi:10.15237/gida.GD25078
Chicago Bingöl Yılmaz, Nazan, Selim Sünnetçi, and Oktay Yemiş. “TAKVİYE EDİCİ GIDALARDA LC-MS MS-TQ YÖNTEMİ İLE JELATİN TÜR TAYİNİ”. Gıda 50, no. 5 (October 2025): 825-45. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD25078.
EndNote Bingöl Yılmaz N, Sünnetçi S, Yemiş O (October 1, 2025) TAKVİYE EDİCİ GIDALARDA LC-MS/MS-TQ YÖNTEMİ İLE JELATİN TÜR TAYİNİ. Gıda 50 5 825–845.
IEEE N. Bingöl Yılmaz, S. Sünnetçi, and O. Yemiş, “TAKVİYE EDİCİ GIDALARDA LC-MS/MS-TQ YÖNTEMİ İLE JELATİN TÜR TAYİNİ”, The Journal of Food, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 825–845, 2025, doi: 10.15237/gida.GD25078.
ISNAD Bingöl Yılmaz, Nazan et al. “TAKVİYE EDİCİ GIDALARDA LC-MS MS-TQ YÖNTEMİ İLE JELATİN TÜR TAYİNİ”. Gıda 50/5 (October2025), 825-845. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD25078.
JAMA Bingöl Yılmaz N, Sünnetçi S, Yemiş O. TAKVİYE EDİCİ GIDALARDA LC-MS/MS-TQ YÖNTEMİ İLE JELATİN TÜR TAYİNİ. The Journal of Food. 2025;50:825–845.
MLA Bingöl Yılmaz, Nazan et al. “TAKVİYE EDİCİ GIDALARDA LC-MS MS-TQ YÖNTEMİ İLE JELATİN TÜR TAYİNİ”. Gıda, vol. 50, no. 5, 2025, pp. 825-4, doi:10.15237/gida.GD25078.
Vancouver Bingöl Yılmaz N, Sünnetçi S, Yemiş O. TAKVİYE EDİCİ GIDALARDA LC-MS/MS-TQ YÖNTEMİ İLE JELATİN TÜR TAYİNİ. The Journal of Food. 2025;50(5):825-4.