The Holy Book Between Strong and Weak Thoughts (Ontologies)

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 26, 359 - 416, 15.07.2024

Fatma Sayın , Burhanettin Tatar

https://doi.org/10.53683/gifad.1461937

Abstract

In this essay, we attempt to ascertain the place of the holy book in the metaphysical (strong) thought systems of the Peripatetic philosophers and the post-metaphysical philosophies of Vattimo and Caputo, considering Eliade's archaic (primitive) ontology. The following queries are at the heart of this article: Are we creatures who endeavor to perceive reality to some extent? Or can it take on the function of the universal arbitrator, able to climb to the position of defining boundaries between various (opposite, competing) conceptions of reality by discerning between the real and the unreal in their purest form? These queries highlight the areas of distinction between classical and modern philosophical systems and post-modern thought.
Post-modern philosophers contend that the best we can do is attempt to bear witness to reality, and that metaphysical systems' creation of meta-narratives amount to nothing more than the presenting of a particular historical interpretation or point of view as a universal meta-narrative. Metaphysical perspectives, both classical and contemporary, acknowledge that the human intellect is capable of becoming the ultimate arbiter. The question of whether or not humans can directly pierce reality is the key difference between these two methodologies. Although Vattimo and Caputo acknowledge that people may only reach reality indirectly—that is, through interpretation—through things like culture, tradition, language, and so on, metaphysical philosophies contend that humans can reach truth directly by piercing the realm of interpretation.

Keywords

Islamic Philosophy, Holy book, Peripatetic Philosophy, Post-metaphysical thought, John Caputo, Gianni Wattimo

Güçlü ve Zayıf Düşünceler (Ontolojiler) Arasında Kutsal Kitap

Abstract

Bu makalede Eliade’ın arkaik (primitif) ontolojisini dikkate alarak, Meşşai filozofların metafiziksel (güçlü) düşünce sistemleri ve Vattimo ile Caputo’nun post-metafiziksel felsefeleri içinde kutsal kitabın nasıl konumlandırıldığını belirlemeye çalışmaktayız. Bu yazının merkezinde şu sorular bulunmaktadır: İnsan gerçekliğe şu veya bu ölçüde tanıklık etmeye çalışan bir varlık mıdır? Yoksa gerçek ile gerçek olmayanı saf haliyle birbirinden ayırabilecek bir konuma yükselebilen, dolayısıyla birbirinden farklı (zıt, çatışan) gerçeklik tasavvurları arasında sınırlar çizen evrensel hakem rolünü üstlenebilir mi? Bu sorular post-modern düşünce ile klasik ve modern metafiziksel sistemlerin birbirinden ayrıştığı noktayı gösterirler. Post-modern filozoflar en fazla gerçekliğe tanık olmaya çalışabileceğimizi, metafiziksel sistemlerin ürettiği üst anlatılarının sadece tarihsel bir yorum veya perspektifin evrensel bir üst-anlatı gibi takdiminden ibaret olduğunu ileri sürerler. Klasik ve modern metafiziksel yaklaşımlar ise insan aklının evrensel hakem konumuna yükselebileceğini kabul ederler. Bu iki yaklaşımı birbirinden ayıran en temel husus ise insanın gerçekliğe doğrudan nüfuz edip edemeyeceği sorusudur. Vattimo ve Caputo insanın gerçekliğe ancak dolaylı yani yorum (kültür, gelenek, dil vs) üzerinden erişebildiğini kabul ederken, metafiziksel felsefeler insanın gerçekliğe yorum mekânını aşarak doğrudan nüfuz edebildiğini ileri sürerler.

Keywords

İslam Felsefesi, Kutsal kitap, Meşşai felsefe, Post-metafiziksel düşünce, John Caputo, Gianni Vattimo

References

• “Babel”. Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/word/Babel.
• Alper, Ömer Mâhir. İslâm Felsefesinde Akıl-Vahiy, Felsefe-Din İlişkisi. İstanbul: Ay Işığı Kitapları, 2000.
• Avicenna. “On the Proof of Prophecies and the Interpretation of the Prophets’ Symbols And Metaphors”. trans. Michael E. Marnura ed. R. Lerner, M. Mahdi, Medieval Political Philosophy: A Sourcebook. İthaca: Cornell University Press, 1963.
• Avicenna. Healing: Metaphysics X, trans. Michael E. Marmura in Medieval Political Philosophy: A Sourcebook, ed. R. Lerner and M. Mahdi, İthaca: Cornell University Press, 1963.
• Başaran, Abdullah. “Weak Thought and Religion in Gianni Vattimo: Implications and Repercussions”. Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi 22/3 (2023), 938-952. https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1340172
• Benjamin, Walter. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, Illuminations. ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Harry Zohn, New York: Schocken Books, 1969. https://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/benjamin.pdf
• Benso, Silvia. “From Veritas to Caritas, or How Nihilism Yields to Democracy”. Human Studies 29/ 4 (Dec. 2006), 503-508.
• Bostrom, Nick. “Are You Living In A Computer Simulation?”. Philosophical Quarterly 53/211 (2003), 243‐255. https://simulation-argument.com/simulation.pdf
• Canan, Sinan. “Simülasyonda Mıyız?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-Ten7ZeDA4&t=199s
• Caputo, John. “Does God Exist? Jack Caputo on Homebrewed Christianity Unfiltered” 08.02.2024 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xBMYzPuDtQ
• Caputo, John. On Religion. London: Routledge, 2001.
• Caputo, John. “Richard Kearney’s Enthusiasm”. After God: Richard Kearney and The Religious Turn in Continental Philosophy. ed. J. P. Manoussakis, New York: Fordham University Press, 2006.
• Caputo, John. “Spectral Hermeneutics”. After God, After God: Richard Kearney and The Religious Turn in Continental Philosophy. ed. J. P. Manoussakis, New York: Fordham University Press, 2006.
• Caputo, John. “The Return of Anti-Religion: From Radical Atheism to Radical Theology”. Journal of for Cultural and Religious Theory 11/2 (2011), 32-124. https://jcrt.org/archives/11.2/caputo.pdf
• Caputo, John. The Weakness of God: A Theology of Event, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, Bloomington & 2006.
• Carravetta, Peter. “Repositioning Interpretive Discourse From "Crisis of Reason" to "Weak Thought". Differentia Review Of Italian Thought 2 (1988), 83-126.
• Chen, Chung-Hwan. “Different Meanings Of The Term Energeia In The Philosophy Of Aristotle”. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 17/1 (Sep., 1956), 56-65. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2104687
• Cleary, John J. "Powers That Be": The Concept Of Potency In Plato And Aristotle”. Méthexis 11 (1998), 19-64. de Waal, Martijn. “Body Movies: The City as Interface Contemporary Culture”. New Directions in Art and Humanities. ed. Judith Thissen, Robert Zwijnenberg, Kitty Zijlmans, Amsterdam University Press, 2013.
• Derrida, Jacques. “Khora”. On The Name. ed. Thomas Dutoit & Jacques Derrida, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.
• Derrida, Jacques. Writing and Difference. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1978.
• Drucker, Johanna. “Reading Interface”, PMLA 128/1 (January 2013), 213-220.
• Eliade, Mircea. The Myth of the Eternal Return. trans. Willard R. Trask, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1959.
• Ellul, Joseph. “Scriptural Prophecy and Islamic Metaphysics”, Angelicum 93/ 3, Colloquium de Dei Verbo (2016), 513-536.
• Elmqaddem, Noureddine. “Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Education. Myth or Reality? International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)14/3 (February 2019), 234-242. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i03.9289
• Escalante, Lucía Miridiel Esnaurrizar. “Weak thought and Deep Listening. An Intersection Between Gianni Vattimo and Free Improvisation” 1-15.https://www.academia.edu/102543721/Weak_thought_and_Deep_Listening_An_intersection_between_Gianni_Vattimo_and_free_improvisation
• Farabi. Kitabu Ara-i Ehli’l- Medineti’l-Fazile. Beyrut: Darul’l-Maşriq, 1985.
• Farabi. Kitabü’l-Mille (Din Kitabı), çev. Fatih Toktaş, Divan 1 (2002), 247-273. https://divandergisi.com/pdf/109.pdf
• Farabi. Risale fi’l-Aql, ed. Maurice Bouyges, Beyrouth: Imperie Catholique, 1938.
• Ferraris, Maurizio. Anna Taraboletti Segre. “Postmodernism and The Deconstruction of Modernism”, Design 4, ½ (1988), 12-24.
• Gazali. el-Munkizu mine’d-Dalâl. thk. Cemil Saliba, Kamil Iyad, Beyrut: Dâru’l-Endelus, 7. Basım, 1967.
• Ghilotti, Francesco. “Earth and Underground in Early Sumerian Sources”, Expression 6 (August 2014), 84-95.
• Gurevitch, Zali. Gideon Aran. “Never in Place: Eliade and Judaïc Sacred Space”, Archives de Sciences Sociales Des Religions 39/87 (July - Sep., 1994), 135-152.
• Hayyam, Ömer. Dörtlükler. çev. Sebahattin Eyüpoğlu, İstanbul: Çan Yayınları, 1961.
• Horowitz, Maryanne Cline. “The Stoic Synthesis of the Idea of Natural Law in Man: Four Themes”. Journal of the History of Ideas 35/1 (1974), 3-16.
• Hybs, Ivan. “Beyond The Interface: A Phenomenological View of Computer Systems Design”. Leonardo 29/ 3 (1996), 215-223.
• Ibn Sina. Fî Ithbât al-Nubuwwât (Proof of Prophecies). ed. Michael Marmura, Beirut: Dar an-Nahar, 1968.
• İbn Sina. Ahvalü’n-Nefs. thk. A. F. El-Ehvani, Kahire: İsa el-Babi el-Halebi, 1952.
• İbn Sînâ. eş-Şifâ Metafizik II, (el-İlâhiyyât). çev. Ekrem Demirli, Ömer Türker, İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık 2005.
• İbn Sîna. eş-Şifa: el-İlahiyat (10). thk: G. C. Anawati vd. 2. Cilt, Kahire: 1960.
• Jolivet, Jean. “L'intellect Selon Al-Fārābī: Quelques Remarques”. Bulletin d'études Orientales 29, Mélanges Offerts A Henrı Laoust, Volumepremier (1977), 251-259.
• Lindsey, Jason Royce. “Vattimo's Renunciation of Violence”. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 16/ 1 (February 2013), 99-111.
• Mahdi, Muhsin. Alfarabi and The Foundation of Islamic Political Philosophy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2010.
• Marmodoro, Anna. “Potentiality in Aristotle’s Metaphysics”. Handbook of Potentiality. ed. K. Engelhard, M. Quante, Netherland: Springer Science and Business Meiad B.V, 2018.
• Meisami, Sayeh. “Ibn Sīnā’s Philosophical Interpretation of Sūrat al-Falaq”. Al-Bayan – Journal of Qurʾan and ḤadĪth Studies 15 (2017), 1-19.
• Moosa, Ebrahim. Ghazali: The Poetics of Imagination. University of California Press, 2005.
• Morioka, Masahiro. “Artificial Intelligence and Contemporary Philosophy Heidegger, Jonas, and Slime Mold”. Journal of Philosophy of Life 13/1 (January 2023), 29-43.
• Nietlong, Joseph. “Derrida and the Structure of the ‘Messianic’ in the Specter of Marx”. Predestinasi, 12/2, (December 2019), 102- 120.
• Papaioannou, Chrysi Andriani. Ahead of Its Time: Historicity, Chronopolitics, and the Idea of the Avant-Garde after Modernism. Leeds: The University of Leeds School of Fine Art, History of Art and Cultural Studies Doktora Tezi, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16922/1/Papaioannou_Ahead%20of%20Its%20Time.pdf
• Platon. Apology. https://www2.hawaii.edu/~freeman/courses/phil100/04.%20Apology.pdf
• Platon. Devlet. çev. Sabahattin Eyüboğlu, M. Ali Cimcoz, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 1995.
• Rahman, Fazlur. Prophecy in Islam. Liverpool: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1958.
• Robin, Jeffrey W. “On the Power of the Powerless: Dialogue with John D. Caputo”. After the Death of God. ed. J.
• W. Robbins, New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
• Rorty, Richard. “Foreword”. Gianni Vattimo Nihilism & Emancipation: Ethics, Politics, & Law. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
• Royal, T. A. C., “Māori Creation Traditions”. Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand (2005, 5 February). http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/maori-creationtraditions
• Smith, Daniel W. “The Concept of the Simulacrum: Deleuze and The Overturning Of Platonism”. Continental Philosophy Review 38 (2006), 89-123.
• Styers, Randall. “Gianni Vattimo and the Return of the Sacred”. Annali d'Italianistica, 25, Literature, Religion, and the Sacred (2007), 47-75.
• Suruş, Abdülkerim. Nebevî Rüyaların Ravisi Hz. Muhammed. der., çev. Asiye Tığlı, İstanbul: Mana Yayınları, 2018.
• The Holy Bible. I. Cor. 1: 25. https://www.bibleref.com/1-Corinthians/1/1-Corinthians-1-25.html
• Tığlı, Asiye. “Nebevi Tecrübenin Genişlemesi mi Daralması mı? (I) Abdulkerim Suruş’un Nebevî Rüya Nazariyesi Hakkında Bir Tahlil Denemesi”. Yetkin Düşünce 4/15 (2021), 165-186.
• Valgenti, Robert T. “Weak Thought and the Recovery of Reason”. https://www.academia.edu/80140688/Weak_Thought_and_the_Recovery_of_Reason
• Vattimo, Gianni. "Verwindung": Nihilism and the Postmodern in Philosophy”. SubStance 6/ 2 (1987), 8-14.
• Vattimo, Gianni. “The End of (Hi)story”. Chicago Review 35/4 (1987), 20-30.
• Vattimo, Gianni. “Toward a Nonreligious Christianity”. After the Death of God. ed. J. W. Robbins, New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
• Vattimo, Gianni. The Transparent Society. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1992.
• Walsh, Eamonn. David A Oakley, “Editing Reality In The Brain”. Neuroscience of Consciousness 1 (2022). doi: 10.1093/nc/niac009.
• Ware, Owen. “Universality and Historicity On the Sources of Religion”. Research in Phenemenology 36/1(2006), 238-254, https://philarchive.org/archive/WARUAH.
• White, Stephen K. “Violence, Weak Ontology, and Late-Modernity”. Political Theory 37/ 6 (December 2009), 808-816.
• Zhou, Zhuang. The Complete Works of Zhuangzi. çev. Burton Watson, New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.