Kapsayıcı büyüme ölçümüne yönelik uluslararası kuruluşlarca geliştirilen yaklaşımlar ve bir yöntem önerisi

Abstract

Ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde yaşanılan eşitsizlikler ve karşılaşılan sorunların da etkisiyle günümüz kalkınma ekonomisi politikalarında büyüme eksenli yaklaşımdan öteye kapsayıcı ve sürdürülebilir bir gelişme sürecine geçiş öngörülmektedir. Kapsayıcı büyümeyle; ekonomik büyümeye her bireyin katkı sunması, büyümenin sunduğu fırsatların ve sağladığı faydaların toplumun bütün kesimlerince paylaşılması hedeflenmektedir. Ancak bu alanda yapılan çalışmaların henüz gelişim sürecinde olduğu, kapsayıcı büyümenin ölçümü konusunda ilave çalışmaya ihtiyaç bulunduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada kapsayıcı büyümenin ölçümüne yönelik uluslararası kuruluşların yaklaşımları incelenerek, bu yaklaşımlardan hareketle bir yöntem önerisinde bulunulması amaçlanmaktadır. Böylece kapsayıcı büyüme ölçümünün, uluslararası kuruluşların kapsayıcı büyüme analizlerinde ortak önem atfettiği politika tercihlerine ya da yüksek düzeyde öne çıkan temel önceliklerine dayandırılmasına çalışılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda Asya Kalkınma Bankası, Afrika Kalkınma Bankası, OECD, UNDP, Dünya Ekonomik Forumu, Avrupa Birliği, IMF ve Dünya Bankasından oluşan sekiz uluslararası kuruluş çalışmaları incelenmektedir. Bu kuruluşların kapsayıcı büyümenin ölçümüne yönelik geliştirdikleri yöntem ya da endeksler, kapsayıcı büyümeye ilişkin politika çerçeveleri, gösterge setleri ve operasyonel programları irdelenmektedir. İncelenen çalışmaların ortak yanları ya da yüksek düzeyde öne çıkan önceliklerinden hareketle, bu çalışmada ağırlık yapılarıyla bütünleşik 16 gelişme ekseninden oluşan kapsayıcı büyüme bileşik endeksi önerisinde bulunulmaktadır.

Keywords

• kapsayıcı büyüme
• ölçme yöntemi
• bileşik endeks
• uluslararası kuruluşlar

Approaches of international organizations for inclusive growth measurement and a suggestion for a method

Abstract

With the impact of the inequalities and problems encountered at the domestic and international level, today's development economy policies have encountered transition from a growth-oriented approach to an inclusive and sustainable development process. By means of inclusive growth, each individual contributes to economic growth and all segments of the society share the opportunities and benefits of growth. However, the studies in this field are still in the process of development and there is a need for additional work on the measurement of inclusive growth. The aim of this study is examining the approaches of international organizations for the measurement of inclusive growth and proposing a method based on these approaches. Therefore, it is tried to base the inclusive growth measurement on the policy preferences that international organizations attach common importance in inclusive growth analyzes or on the main priorities that come to the fore at a high level. In this context, the studies of eight international organizations consisting of Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, OECD, UNDP, World Economic Forum, European Union, IMF and World Bank is examined. The analysis of methods or indices for the measurement of inclusive growth, policy frameworks, indicator sets and operational programs developed by these institutions regarding inclusive growth were notable part of this study. Based on the common aspects or highly prominent priorities of the studies analyzed, this study proposes an inclusive growth composite index consisting of 16 development axes integrated with weight structures.

Keywords

• inclusive growth
• measurement method
• composite index
• international organizations

References

1. ADB (2004). Enhancing the fight against poverty in Asia and The Pacific - The poverty reduction strategy of the Asian Development Bank. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank.
2. ADB (2008). Strategy 2020- The long-term strategic framework of the Asian Development Bank 2008–2020. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank.
3. ADB (2011). Framework of inclusive growth indicators-Key indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2011. Special supplement. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank.
4. ADB (2014). Framework of inclusive growth indicators 2014-Key indicators for Asia and the Pacific. Special supplement. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank.
5. ADB (2018). Strategy 2030- Achieving a prosperous, ıinclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank.
6. Akbaş, G. ve Apar, A. (2010). Avrupa 2020 Stratejisi: Akıllı, sürdürülebilir ve kapsayıcı büyüme için Avrupa stratejisi - Özet bilgi notu. Ankara: Avrupa Birliği Genel Sekreterliği. Erişim adresi: https://www.ab.gov.tr/files/SBYPB/Sosyal%20Politika%20ve%20%C4%B0stihdam/avrupa_2020_stratejisi.pdf
7. Alekhina, V. ve Ganelli, G. (2020), Determinants of inclusive growth in ASEAN. IMF Working Paper. WP/20/118. Erişim adresi: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2020/07/03/Determinants-of-Inclusive-Growth-in-ASEAN-49547
8. Ali, I. (2007). Pro-poor to inclusive growth: Asian prescriptions. The ERD Policy Brief Series No: 48. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank. Erişim adresi: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28103/pb048.pdf

9. Ali, I. ve Son, H.H. (2007). Measuring inclusive growth. Asian Development Bank. Asian Development Review, 24(1), 11-31.
10. Ali, I. ve Zhuang, J. (2007). Inclusive growth toward a prosperous Asia: Policy implications. The ERD Policy Brief Series No: 97. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank. Erişim adresi: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28210/wp097.pdf
11. Alvaredo, F., Chancel, L, Piketty, T., Saez, E. ve Zucman, G. (2017), World Inequality Report 2018, World Inequality Lab.
12. Anand, R., Mishra, S. ve Peiris, S.J. (2013a), Inclusive growth: Measurement and determinants. IMF Working Paper. WP/13/135. Erişim adresi: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Inclusive-Growth-Measurement-and-Determinants-40613
13. Anand, R., Mishra, S. ve Peiris, S.J. (2013b). Inclusive growth revisited: Measurement and determinants. World Bank Economic Premise 122. Erişim adresi: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22618
14. Birdsall, N., de la Torre, A. ve Caicado, F.V. (2010). The Washington consensus: Assessing a damaged brand. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. WPS5316. Erişim adresi: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/3802
15. Boarini, R., Murtin, F. ve Schreyer, P. (2015). Inclusive growth: The OECD measurement framework. OECD Statistics Working Papers 2015/06. STD/DOC(2105)6. OECD Statistics Directorate. Erişim adresi: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/inclusive-growth_5jrqppxjqhg4-en
16. Chimhowu, O.A, Hulme, D. ve Munro, L.T. (2019). “The ‘New’ national development planning and global development goals: Processes and partnerships”. World Development, 120, 76–89.
17. Commission on Growth and Development (2008). The growth report: Strategies for sustained growth and inclusive development. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
18. de Mello, L. ve Dutz, M.A. (2012). Executive summary. L. de Mello, M.A. Dutz (Ed.). Promoting inclusive growth: Challenges and policies içinde (9-14. ss.). Paris: OECD Publishing.
19. European Commission (2010). Europe 2020 – A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. COM(2010)2020 final. Brussels. Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:2020:FIN:EN:PDF
20. European Commission (2018). A clean planet for all - A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy. COM(2018)773 final. Brussels. Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0773
21. European Commission (2019a). The European Green Deal. COM(2019)640 final. Brussels. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/european-green-deal-communication_en.pdf
22. European Commission (2019b). Annual sustainable growth strategy 2020. COM(2019)650 final. Brussels. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/2020-european-semester-annual-sustainable-growth-strategy_en.pdf
23. European Commission (2020a). A new industrial strategy for Europe. COM(2020)102 final. Brussels. Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0102&from=EN
24. European Commission (2020b). Annual sustainable growth strategy 2021. COM(2020)575 final. Brussels. Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0575&rid=7
25. Eurostat (2019). Smarter, greener, more inclusive? Indicators to support the Europe 2020 Strategy. 2019 edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
26. Eurostat, (2021, 15 Ekim). Database - Europe 2020 indicators. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/data/database
27. Hakimian, H. (2013). The search for inclusive growth in North Africa: A comparative approach. Economic Brief. African Development Bank. Erişim adresi: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Economic_Brief_-_The_Search_for_Inclusive_Growth_in_North_Africa-_A_Comparative_Approach.pdf
28. Hakimian, H. (2016). Measuring inclusive growth: from theory to applications in North Africa. Working Paper. African Development Bank. Erişim adresi: https://www.afdb.org/fr/news-and-events/measuring-inclusive-growth-from-theory-to-applications-in-north-africa-16618
29. Ianchovichina, E. ve Lundstrom, S. (2009). Inclusive growth analytics: Framework and application. Policy Research Working Paper. WPS4851. The World Bank. Erişim adresi: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/771771468180864543/pdf/WPS4851.pdf
30. ILO (2017). World Social Protection Report 2017–19. Geneva: PRODOC.
31. ILO (2020). World Employment and Social Outlook - Trends 2020. Geneva: PRODOC.
32. IMF (2017a). Fostering inclusive growth. G-20 Leaders' Summit, July 7-8, 2017. Erişim adresi: https://www.imf.org/external/np/g20/pdf/2017/062617.pdf
33. IMF (2017b). Promoting inclusive growth. Annual Report 2017. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
34. Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) (2018). Inclusive growth: A synthesis of findings from recent IEG evaluations. Washington, DC: The World Bank - The Independent Evaluation Group.
35. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2018). Global warming of 1.5 ºC. Working Group I Technical Support Unit. Erişim adresi: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_Low_Res.pdf
36. Khan, M.H. (2012). The political economy of inclusive growth. L. de Mello, M.A. Dutz (Ed.), Promoting inclusive growth: Challenges and policies içinde (15-54. ss.). Paris: OECD Publishing.
37. Klasen, S. (2010). Measuring and monitoring inclusive growth: Multiple definitions, open questions, and some constructive proposals. ADB Sustainable Development Working Paper Series No:12. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank.
38. Lopes, C. (2012). Economic growth and ınequality: The new post-Washington consensus. RCSS Annual Review, 4, 69-85.
39. McKinley, T. (2010). Inclusive growth criteria and ındicators: An inclusive growth index for diagnosis of country progress. ADB Sustainable Development Working Paper Series No:11. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank.
40. Memiş, H., Kara, M. ve Tayfur, L. (2010). Yoksulluk, yapısal uyum programları ve Sahra Altı Afrika ülkeleri. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(14), 325-346.
41. Meyer, D.F. ve Meyer, N. (2019). Assessment of inclusive growth performance: A comparative analysis of the BRICS countries. Œconomica, Acta Universitatis Danubius. 15( 4), 191-207.
42. Naim, M. (2000). Fads and fashion in economic reforms: Washington consensus or Washington confusion?. Third World Quarterly, 21(3), 505-528.
43. OECD (2007). Promoting pro-poor growth - Policy guidance for donors. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series, Paris: OECD Publishing.
44. OECD (2014a). All On Board-Making Inclusive Growth Happen. OECD Secretariat and Ford Foundation.
45. OECD (2014b). Report on the OECD framework for inclusive growth. Meeting of the OECD Council at Ministerial Level, 6-7 May 2014. Paris: OECD Publications.
46. OECD (2018). Opportunities for all: A framework for policy action on inclusive growth. Paris: OECD Publishing.
47. OECD (2019). Society at a Glance 2019 - OECD social indicators. Development Centre Studies, Paris: OECD Publishing.
48. OECD (2020). Beyond growth - Towards a new economic approach. Paris: OECD Publishing.
49. Ranieri, R. and Ramos, A.R. (2013). Inclusive growth: Building up a concept. Working Paper No: 104. Brasilia, DF: International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
50. Rauniyar, G. and Kanbur, R. (2009). Inclusive growth and inclusive development: A review and synthesis of Asian Development Bank literature. Occasional Paper No: 8. Metro Manila: Asian Development Bank.
51. Rodrik, D. (2016). Goodbye Washington consensus, hello Washington confusion? A review of the World Bank's economic growth in the 1990s: Learning from a decade of reform. Journal of Economic Literature, 44(4), 973-987.
52. Saad-Filho, A. (2011), Growth, poverty and ınequality: Policies and debates from the (post-) Washington consensus to inclusive growth. Indian Journal of Human Development, 5(2), 321-344.
53. Taşkın, T. (2014). “GDP growth in Turkey: Inclusive or not?. Central Bank Review, 14 (May 2014), 31-64.
54. The World Bank (2005). Economic growth in the 1990s: Learning from a decade of reform. Washington DC: The World Bank.
55. The World Bank Group (2014). World Bank Group strategy. October 2013. Washington, DC: The World Bank Group.
56. The World Bank (2018). Piecing together the poverty puzzle - Poverty and shared prosperitiy 2018. Washington DC: World Bank Publications.
57. UNCTAD (2014). Social inclusion programmes and inclusive growth in developing countries: Note by the UNCTAD Secretariat. TD/B/C/IEM.7/2. Geneva. Erişim adresi: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ciem7d2_en.pdf
58. UNDP (2016). From MDGs to sustainable development for all. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
59. UNDP (2017). UNDP’s strategy for inclusive and sustainable growth. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
60. UNDP (2019), Human Development Report 2019, New York: United Nations Development Programme.
61. United Nations (2015a). Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. The General Assembly, A/RES/70/1. Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E
62. United Nations (2015b). Outcome document of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development: Addis Ababa Action Agenda. A/CONF.227/L.1, Addis Ababa, 13-16 July 2015. Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/CONF.227/L.1
63. United Nations (2015c). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. New York.
64. United Nations (2017). World Economic and Social Survey 2017: Reflecting on 70 years of development policy analysis. E/2017/50/Rev.1-ST/ESA/365. New York: United Nations publication.
65. United Nations (2019a). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019. New York: United Nations publication.
66. United Nations (2019b), Report of the Secretary-General on SDG progress 2019, Special Edition, New York: United Nations publication.
67. United Nations (2020a). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020. New York: United Nations publication.
68. United Nations (2020b). World Social Report 2020 - Inequality in a rapidly changing world. New York: United Nations publication.
69. United Nations (2021c). Climate Change Annual Report 2020. Bonn: UNFCCC
70. United Nations (2021a). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2021. New York: United Nations publication.
71. WEF (2015a). The Inclusive Growth and Development Report 2015-Insight report. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
72. WEF (2015b). Global challenge initiatives: Overview. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
73. WEF (2017). The Inclusive Growth and Development Report 2017-Insight report. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
74. WEF (2018a). The Global Competitiveness Report 2018. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
75. WEF (2018b). The inclusive development index 2018-Summary and data highlights. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
76. Yıldırım, C. (2011). Birinci ve ikinci nesil Washington uzlaşması: Neoliberal iktisat politikalarının 1980’den sonraki evrimi. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7( 2), 1-23.