Research Article

Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR

Volume: 12 Number: 3 October 29, 2026
TR EN

Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR

Abstract

Unemployment, as a multidimensional phenomenon, remains a persistent challenge for both policymakers and researchers, particularly in regions characterized by structural disparities. This study investigates the determinants of provincial unemployment rates in Türkiye with an emphasis on spatial heterogeneity. Using data from 81 provinces for 2024, the analysis employs Ordinary Least Squares, Weighted Least Squares, and Geographically Weighted Regression methods. While Ordinary Least Squares and Weighted Least Squares models reveal limitations due to heteroskedasticity and spatial autocorrelation, the Geographically Weighted Regression approach successfully addresses these issues by incorporating spatial variation into parameter estimation. The findings demonstrate that employment exerts an unemployment-reducing effect in all provinces, statistically significant in most of them, whereas utilized agricultural land significantly decreases unemployment particularly in the south-eastern border provinces around Lake Van and in north-central Anatolia. Migration exhibits heterogeneous impacts, increasing unemployment in the Western Black Sea and Central Anatolia while reducing it in the east, and exports reveal regionally divergent effects, with positive associations in some provinces and negative in others. Model comparisons confirm the superiority of Geographically Weighted Regression, which explains nearly 80% of the variation in unemployment and provides the best overall model fit. The results highlight that spatially sensitive approaches are essential for producing reliable estimates and for designing effective, region-specific labor market policies in Türkiye.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Econometric and Statistical Methods, Applied Macroeconometrics, Econometrics (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

October 29, 2026

Submission Date

September 15, 2025

Acceptance Date

August 8, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 12 Number: 3

APA
Görür, Ç. (2026). Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR. Gazi İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 12(3), 641-658. https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003
AMA
1.Görür Ç. Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi. 2026;12(3):641-658. doi:10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003
Chicago
Görür, Çetin. 2026. “Spatial Heterogeneity of Unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR”. Gazi İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi 12 (3): 641-58. https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003.
EndNote
Görür Ç (October 1, 2026) Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi 12 3 641–658.
IEEE
[1]Ç. Görür, “Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR”, Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 641–658, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003.
ISNAD
Görür, Çetin. “Spatial Heterogeneity of Unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR”. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi 12/3 (October 1, 2026): 641-658. https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003.
JAMA
1.Görür Ç. Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi. 2026;12:641–658.
MLA
Görür, Çetin. “Spatial Heterogeneity of Unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR”. Gazi İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 3, Oct. 2026, pp. 641-58, doi:10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003.
Vancouver
1.Çetin Görür. Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi. 2026 Oct. 1;12(3):641-58. doi:10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003